Seminar diselenggarakan oleh Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perumahan dan Permukiman, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum. Jakarta 31 Oktober-2 Nopember 2012

2. Proceeding
3rd International Seminar on Tropical Eco-Settlements
Urban Deprivation: A Challenge to Sustainable Urban Settlements
October 31 – November 2, 2012, Grand Sahid Jaya Hotel, Jakarta – Indonesia
Research Institute for Human Settlements
Agency for Research and Development
Ministry of Public Works Indonesia
ISBN 978-602-8330-63-3

3. Disclaimer
All the papers published in this proceeding have been reviewed by the scientific committee. The
Research Institute of Human Settlements has endeavored to the maximum possible extent to ensure the
format of all the technical papers to conform to the manuscript template requirement applied in this
proceeding. The Research Institute has made necessary formatting and minor editorial changes
without altering the substance of the respective papers. Any views and opinions expressed in the
papers are solely those of the corresponding authors and do not necessarily represent the views and
opinions of the Research Institute.

4. PREFACE
In developing countries which are mostly located in the tropical zones, population is concentrated in
urban areas. The proliferation of urban migrants has caused many people lack of access to many kinds
of infrastructure facilities, such as sanitation, transportation, or durable houses. The reduction of
inequalities within cities has been constantly mentioned to the importance of sustainable development.
Urban services should not discriminate against poorer urban inhabitants. Urban deprivation has
become a characteristic of large cities in all parts of the world, which mostly occurs due to the limited
capacity of the cities to meet people's needs. Therefore, to ensure future progress in the improvement
of economic, social, and environmental conditions in urban settlements, we must begin with
recognizing and dealing with urban deprivation.
Poor management and planning and the absence of coherent urban policies create urban problems
especially environments rather than urbanization. Deteriorating environmental conditions can cause
serious impact on human health and welfare, particularly the urban poor. Harmonized environments
can only result from urban settlements that are planned, developed and improved by considering all
sustainable development principles and their components. This concept has been adopted in most
countries to address the issue of today's increasing world temperature, whilst the climatic
characteristics relate to the form of cities, urban designs, and buildings.
Since 2006 the Research Institute for Human Settlements has organized Bi-annual International
Seminars on Ecosettlements and this year’s Seminar is the third. It is a settlement concept that
harmonizes social, economic, and ecological aspects in the quest of developing a sustainable tropical
ecosystem. Given the serious issues associated with urban deprivation, the 2012 Seminar’s theme is
Urban Deprivation: a Challenge to Sustainable Urban Settlements.
A total of 35 papers from different countries were accepted and categorized into three major issues:
new approach in sustainable urban planning and design, ecological concern in green building and
urban infrastructure accessibility. They have been orally presented in the parallel sessions on Day
One and Day Two. Optional field-trips were held on Day Three to Tapak Bumi Eco-village.
On this occasion, I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards all the parties for their
remarkable contribution that made this Seminar possible. I do hope this Seminar can provide the
opportunity for academics and industry practitioners to share their views and experiences from both
tropical and non-tropical countries on how to deal with urban deprivation problems.
Jakarta, 2 November 2012
Dr. Anita Firmanti E. S.
Director of Research Institute for Human Settlements
i

5. STEERING COMMITTEE
1. Mr. Djoko Kirmanto
2. Mr. Graita Sutadi
3. Dr. Anita Firmanti
EDITOR
1. Ms. Siti Zubaidah Kurdi
2. Ms. Rian Wulan Desriani
3. Mr. Puthut Samyahardja
4. Prof. R. Suprapto
5. Mr. Rahim Siahaan
6. Ms. Nurhasanah Azhar
7. Dr. Ing. Andreas Wibowo
8. Ms. Fitrijani Anggraini
9. Ms. Elis Hastuti
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
1. Prof. Dr. R. Suprapto
2. Ratna Inge Komardjaja, Ph.D
3. Dr. Priyana Sudjono
4. Mr. Imam Santoso Ernawi
5. Dr. Dedy Supriadi Priatna
6. Dr. Hideyuki Kobayashi
7. Mr. George Soraya
8. Ms. Natlja Weihmer
9. Mr. Pasi Lehmusluoto
ORGANISING COMMITTEE
1. Ms. Siti Zubaidah Kurdi
2. Mr. Puthut Samyahardja
3. Prof. Dr. R. Suprapto
4. Mr. Rahim Siahaan
5. Ms. Nurhasanah Azhar
6. Dr. Ing. Andreas Wibowo
7. Ms. Fitrijani Anggraini
8. Ms. Elis Hastuti
9. Ms. Rian Wulan Desriani
10. Mr. Iwan Suprijanto
11. Mr. Tibin Ruby Prayudi
12. Ms. Rydha Riyana Agustien
13. Ms. Sri Maria Senjaya
14. Ms. Adhi Yudha Mulia
15. Ms. Nitnit Anitya
16. Ms. Siti Sadiah
17. Ms. Lucky Adhyati P
18. Ms. Siska Purniati
19. Ms. Roosdharmawati
20. Mr. Yana Suryana
ii

6. 21. Mr. Sujarwanto
22. Mr. Waridjo
23. Mr. Reza Hari K
24. Ms. Dhea P
25. Ms. Siti Rachmawati
26. Mr. Budiono
27. Mr. Jajang Mulyana
28. Mr. Sobar
iii

7. TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................i
STEERING COMMITTEE........................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................................................iv
Issue: New approach in sustainable urban planning and design
A-01 DEVELOPING GREEN OPEN SPACE IN URBAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS THROUGH
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION APPROACH By Agung Wahyudi .........................................1
A-02 RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY AND SPATIAL EXTERNALITIES AS A CHALLENGE TO
SUSTAINABLE URBAN SETTLEMENTS IN SURABAYA CITY By Alen Miftahul And
Dian Rahmawati ..........................................................................................................................11
A-03 DEFINING URBAN ACUPUNCTURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY TO CURE
THE CITY PROBLEMS OF INDONESIA By Astri Anindya Sari And Shirleyana ..................21
A-04 THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SUSTAINABILITY ON VERTICAL HOUSING
DEVELOPMENT THROUGH WHOLE SYSTEM DESIGN By Christiono Utomo And Yani
Rahmawati ...................................................................................................................................31
A-05 RIVERINE ECOLOGY DEGRADATION AND HUMAN SETTLEMENT
VULNERABILITY IN CITARUM RIVER BANK AND ADJACENT AREA By Harri A.
Setiadi ..........................................................................................................................................41
A-06 THE INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION TO THE INDOOR TEMPERATURE IN TROPICAL
AREA By Khalid A.Mannan , Elisa Anggraeni , Aisyah N. Hayati Aulia F. Muchlis................55
A-07 A STUDY ON THE EXTERNALITY OF GAS-STATIONIN URBAN AREA, A CASE
STUDY OF BANDUNG, INDONESIA By Mahatma Sindu Suryo And Arip Pauzi Rachman ..65
A-08 DEVELOPMENT OF A RAPID SYSTEM FOR URBAN AIR QUALITY INDEX
MEASUREMENT BASED ON PHOTONIC CRYSTAL SENSOR By Mamat Rahmat,
Muhamad Azis ,Erus Rustami, Wenny Maulina, Isnaeni, Husin Alatas, Arief S. Yuwono, Yong-
Hoon Cho And Kudang B. Seminar ............................................................................................73
A-09 THE SYSTEMIC DEPRIVATION OF URBAN GREEN OPEN SPACE: A CHALLENGE OF
MAKING AN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL-FRIENDLY By Martinus B. Susetyarto............85
A-10 ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL OF TRADITIONAL OF
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS IN THE UNDISAN VILLAGE - BALI PROVINCE By Muhajirin
And Iwan Suprijanto ....................................................................................................................95
A-11 LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN DENPASAR CITY By Ni Made Yudantini ..............................109
iv

8. A-12 MODEL OF GREENSPACE RANGE EFFECT TOWARDS SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN
URBAN AREA By Putri Yasmin Nurul Fajri ...........................................................................119
A-13 THE STUDY OF SO2 POLLUTANT EMISSION FROM BOILER STACK OF BIODIESEL
PLANT USING ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION MODELLING By Rosmeika, Arief S. Yuwono
And Armansyah H. Tambunan ...................................................................................................129
A-14 THE EMERGENCE OF INFORMAL RIVERSIDE SETTLEMENTS AND CHALLENGES
FOR PLANNING: THE CASE OF KALI MAS IN SURABAYA, INDONESIA By Shirleyana
And Astri Anindya Sari ..............................................................................................................137
A-15 THE CONTRIBUTION OF HOUSING SECTOR TO ANTICIPATE THE INCREASED
DEGRADATION OF URBAN AREAS: A CASE STUDY OF BANDUNG CITY By Siti
Zubaidah Kurdi ..........................................................................................................................149
A-16 HIGH-DENSITY HOUSING IN KAMPUNG BRAGA IN BANDUNG By Sri Suryani And
Ismet B. Harun ...........................................................................................................................157
A-17 THE CAPACITY OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT, A CASE STUDY OF URBAN KAMPONG
AT BANDUNG By Surjamanto W And Sahid...........................................................................167
A-18 LANDSCAPE O N LIMITED YARD AS A MICROCLIMATE CONTROL: A CASE STUDY
OF MAKASSAR SUBURBAN HOUSING By Veronica N And S.Wunas ...............................173
Issue: Ecological concern in green building
B-01 THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF BUILDING FORM TOWARDS
THE THERMAL COMFORT IN FLATS BUILDINGS By Arief Sabaruddin And Rumiati R.
Tobing ........................................................................................................................................181
B-02 INTEGRATED DESIGN AND PLANNING PROCESS TOWARDS GREEN BUILDING
DEVELOPMENT CASE STUDIES IN DAHANA OFFICE BUILDING AND MINISTRY OF
PUBLIC WORKS OFFICE BUILDING By Dian Fitria...........................................................187
B-03 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF GREEN BUILDING IN MALANG CITY; CASE STUDY OF
COMMERCIAL PUBLIC BUILDINGS By Fitria A. Feliciani, Andika Citraningrum, Agung
Murti Nugroho, Damayanti Asikin.............................................................................................199
B-04 FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE SLAB WITH
WASTE PUMICE AGGREGATE By Hazairin, Bernardinus Herbudiman And Syarief
Abdurrachman ...........................................................................................................................211
B-05 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VEGETATION AS A NOISE REDUCTION IN A BUILDING By
Imam Baihaqi , Irwan Suminto Adi , Nur Lailatul Fitria Sulianto , Ernaning Setiyowati.........219
B-06 THE INDEPENDENT HOUSE ENERGY FROM RESOURCES THE ENERGY OF
POTENTIAL FROM ATMOSPHERE By Lilik Slamet S ........................................................227
B-07 ENERGY-EFFICIENT STRATEGY IN JAVANESE TRADITIONAL HOUSE By Mohammad
Pranoto Soedjarwo ....................................................................................................................235
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9. B-08 RESOURCES CONSUMPTION ASSESSMENT TO ACHIEVE FUTURE GREEN OF
PRINCE OF SONGKLA UNIVERSITY, SURAT THANI CAMPUS By Piyamas Samsuwan
And Somtip Danteravanich ........................................................................................................243
B-09 PEOPLE’S BEHAVIOUR IN THE MARKET WASTE MANAGEMENT: RAU
MARKET, SERANG BANTEN By Retta Siagian....................................................................253
B-10 ROLE OF PASSIVE AND ACTIVE STRATEGY IN GREEN BUILDING CONTEXT By
Sahid, Surjamanto W And Sugeng Triyadi.................................................................................261
B-11 NEW APPROACH POSSIBILITIES OF USING A SIMPLE LIGHT REFLECTION FOR
SAVING ENERGY IN URBAN BUILDINGS By Suriansyah. Y And Gunawan. R ................269
B-12 PROBLEMATIC OF HIGH-RISE BUILDING FLATS IN INDONESIA BASED ON
THERMAL COMFORT AND FIRE SAFETY PERSPECTIVES By Wahyu Sujatmiko ,
Hermawan K. Dipojono, Soegijanto, And F.X. Nugroho Soelami.............................................275
Issue: Urban infrastructure accessibility
C-01 BASIN MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS APPROACH TO OFF-SET INFRASTRUCTURE
INACCESSIBILITY UNDER RAPID URBANIZATION AND DUE WEAK GOVERNANCE
By J Matsushita And Suharyanto ...............................................................................................285
C-02 STRATEGIC STUDY OF SPAM DEVELOPMENT IN PONTIANAK CITY FOR MDGS
TARGET ACHIEVEMENT 2015 By Laili F. Mahdi And Prof. Arwin A. Sabar .....................297
C-03 DOMESTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR REDUCING RIVER POLLUTION: A CASE
STUDY CIBEUREUM VILLAGE AND MELONG VILLAGE, DISTRICT OF SOUTH
CIMAHI By Puti Renosori, Chusharini Chamid And Yuliadi .............................................309
C-04 WASTE REDUCTION THROUGH 3 R (REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLING)
PROGRAM: A CASE STUDY OF SURABAYA CITY, INDONESIA By Sri Darwati .........319
C-05 OPTIMAL SCALE OF WATER SUPPLY PROVISION IN INDONESIA By Sri Maryati ....329
vi

10. [ A-01]
DEVELOPING GREEN OPEN SPACE IN URBAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS
THROUGH COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION APPROACH
Agung WAHYUDI1
ABSTRACT: The increase of urban population is closely interconnected to the demand for living
spaces that accommodate various urban activities. When the balance between the need for, and the
availability of such spaces is disturbed, unlivable spaces are generated which would eventually
downgrade the quality of urban environment. Bearing in mind the increasing clamor over global
warming during the last two decades, urban planners should carefully anticipate the issue and put their
focus on, and even provoke the creation of sustainable green space development, including the creation
of open green urban spaces. Accommodating the aspirations and participation of citizens, through the
application of the development principle based on “from, by and for them”, becomes a most import
ant part of the strategy to achieve sustainable development patterns. The worsening environmental
deterioration due to the stakeholders becoming unheedful about the issue should be taken into serious
consideration. In the study, observations have been conducted in a descriptive manner by using a non
randomized experimental design using control at three neighborhoods in West Jakarta, with one of them
being the controller. It showed that after the first 6 months, the application of green environment
approach in the neighborhoods was maintained through self-help and communal actions. Community
organizations that have been established on the spirit of mutual cooperation becomes determinative for
the success of such sustainable pattern; the sustainability would in phases also improve the people’s
economy and their social interaction. The involvement of local governments, the private sector and the
community would also greatly influence the creation of sustainable green development pattern, and
should continuously be evaluated and improved for replications in other locations in an ever perfect
process.
KEYWORDS: Sustainability, green open space, participation, partnership.
1 INTRODUCTION
Urban areas develop in line with the fast growing number of incoming people who are tempted to
settle because of the seemingly great attractions offered by cities which become destinations of
urbanization. As such, urban birth rate accelerates, increasing the demand for new housing areas.
Urban spatial and land use planning develop horizontally and vertically, complemented by a
proportional planning of the necessary infrastructure. Residential areas expand with the development
of new settlements as well as through the renewal or improvement of several old housing areas located
in the city centers, causing increased densities.
Ideal spatial planning is applied to the new settlement areas through the creation of proper balance
between closed and open, green areas to foster quality, healthy and humane life for the people.
Bearing in mind the increase of global temperature during the last decade, which has triggered a great
number of natural disasters world wide, it has now become of utmost importance to apply the green-
life principle for the benefit of the whole world. Essentially, green-life principle is saving and
maintaining natural resources in all activities which should be understood and applied by mankind.
1
Lecturer, Departement of Architecture, Gunadarma University, Indonesia
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Initially, this principle should be generated and applied within every household, and further extended
to the respective settlement up to the entire district and urban levels with the ultimate goals of creating
a green development. Several literature and practices around the world reveal that green development
can be conducted through consistent green life style which should eventually result in a sustainable
green development. It is therefore exigent to disseminate the principle properly, comprehensively and
in a fast as well as in a target-oriented manner. Points to be publically communicated are for example
the need to save and conserve potable water, decrease pollution by proper waste management, taking
up healthy life style through the creation of clean, tranquil and verdurous environments which could
well be done by increasing the number of shady and leafy trees in the dwelling environments.
Furthermore, energy saving measures through making use of natural resources such as sun rays, wind,
and waterfalls if available. The ultimate goal is to foster public awareness that would stimulate real
actions.
In the context of urban settlements, the importance and meaning of this principle is integrated into the
spatial planning process through the planning of green open spaces in proper balance with the closed
environments. The creation of green open spaces in settlements should be followed by the necessary
proper maintenance. This is a critical point as without maintenance all that have been initiated and
planted would eventually disappear which would curtail the expected impact against all the
expenditure and make the whole effort uneconomical. This would especially happen if the green
environment campaign is left to the local administration without being complemented by any
communal action or role; the whole campaign would be totally ineffective.
New residential areas that are planned and built by private developers, and which are generally catered
for the middle and upper classes, have a well planned spatial planning with a properly balanced
division between the closed occupied areas and green open areas. The maintenance of each green area
in the front, side or back gardens is carried out by the respective occupant. The maintenance of green
open areas outside the housing plots is initially carried out by the local administration, to be later taken
over by the respective housing management and financed by the residents who are not directly
involved in the proper activities. In densely urban housing areas of the middle and low income groups,
besides the limited open space within the settlement areas, the management depends on the
participative and mutual self help actions of the community. In settlements without the communal
spirit and self help actions, the principle of green living is naturally absent. This study puts the focus
on such settlements.
The clean city and green development campaign through the implementation of sustainable
development has been conducted for one-and half decade. Quite a number of community
organizations, communal self-help institutions, community oriented institutions within universities as
well as programs of local authorities have been actively involved in the efforts to anticipate and
address the problems of this issue. Some have succeeded to achieve positive results and persevered,
some have booked initial success but then meandered off due to inconsistent actions, though some
have even managed to achieve much more than planned. Those different cases in three settlements in
West Jakarta are elaborated discussed in the present study.
The non-physical aspect, community participation, is further referred to as soft technology which
should be properly planned; then there is hard technology which refers to complying with technical
computations. The two technologies should be integrated in a balanced manner in order to
successfully generate sustainable development programs. By conducting a study using a non-
randomized experimental design through the application of control (Abramson, 1990), it has become
clear that the program’s success is equally determined by the availability of partnership from the
stakeholders which comprise the respective community, the local authorities and private developers.
To obtain programs of sustainability, it is exigent to have the commitments of those stake holders in
the implementation of all the activities by also taking into consideration the aspect of process, besides
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the technical aspect, through the integration of the respective social, economic and environmental
aspects.
2 SUSTAINABLE GREEN DEVELOPMENT THROUGH COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
APPROACH
Currently, the term sustainability has already become an everyday term that is so often used and
widely spoken; however, we do sometimes wonder if its true meaning is equally comprehended. In
addition, it is also important to distinguish between “sustainability‟ and “sustainable
development”. From several discussion on a number of references, it is concluded that
“sustainability” in general means the capacity of natural systems to endure, to remain diverse and
productive over time. Sustainable development, on the other hand is the practice of humans arriving at
a level of economic and social development that does not inevitably alter ecological balance (Slavin,
2011).
Sustainability in development programs is achieved through a multi-sector planning pertaining to the
aspects of economy, food production, built environment, transportation system, utilization of water
and energy and waste management, all of which should be environment friendly. Hence, sustainable
development is invariably connoted to green development or green life style. The ultimate result of
sustainable development is an improved social life. It is therefore necessary to observe the following
three main aspects pertaining to the implementation of sustainable development: the environment,
social and economic aspects all of which should be integrated intertwined. This comprehensive
meaning should be disseminated and socialized among all development stakeholders. The method of
dissemination and socialization should be effective and should not follow the pattern of modern
development theory which tends to be ‘‘top down ‟; but rather, it should be conducted with the
active participation of all actors involved in the collective planning, formulation and implementation
according to their different respective roles and abilities. It should be conducted in a participative
approach by putting the interests of local communities as the focus of development programs which
can be achieved by transforming ‘’experts‟ into ‘’facilitators‟ who collect local knowledge that
enable all actors according to their respective capacities (Hickey & Mohan, 2004) The active
participative role of stakeholders in development activities is determinative for the success of program
sustainability in a holistic manner.
The implementation of sustainable green open space development should be conducted in all lines of
development, including in the development of urban settlements through the integration of the
respective environmental, social and economic aspects of the community. From several literature it
can be summarized that the aspects of environment, sense of openness and space for reflection have
become the main focus of interest in planning green open spaces in the urban areas; this should first be
commonly agreed by the community. The provision of green open space has the objective of creating
a balance in the rapid physical urban development; it is like providing treatment to the psychological
mental balance of the urban inhabitants (Carmona,2003). Green life style will move the people to
prioritize adopting natural sustainable system within urban growth that is currently solely motivated
by economic development interests. Psychologically, the creation of green open space would improve
community creativity due to the verdurous natural surroundings which would act as a mental
refreshing agent for urban inhabitants, making them become more innovative and creative.
Viewed from the communal social aspect, there are three points that need to be taken into
consideration in planning sustainable development; they are the principle of democracy, the principle
of justice and the principle of sustainability. Pertaining to the principle of democracy, the interests of
the community should be prioritized and all the information obtained should be accountable to the
public. Participatory planning that involves active participation of the public right from the planning
process provides the solution to underline the democratic nuance (Servaes,1996). The principle of
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justice is implemented in a transparent planning system as it provides the opportunity of proportional
distribution of the benefit and cost. The principle of justice dictates equal treatment to everybody,
underlining the importance to manage natural resources for the benefit of future generations. The
principle of sustainability emphasizes the awareness of long-term planning. It is necessary to
formulate development actions that put the focus on innovate breakthroughs in energy saving and
conduct research in alternative proper utilization of resources so they can benefit the life of future
generations.
The economic aspect entails economical fund management in the implementation of all development
activities. Solution to limited funding can be achieved by implementing development in stages.
Problems may arise when development in stages do not run consistently, and in some cases it may
even be impossible to continue the implementation, resulting in uncompleted development due to
absence of funds. For the implementation of successful and economically resilient sustainable
development, it is most exigent to have a planning that would effectively take advantage of the
available potentials; this could be achieved by building a sense of ownership among members of the
community so as to encourage them to fund the maintenance independently. As such, environmental
quality would be gradually established by the community themselves.
The three above mentioned aspects need to be scrutinized and adjusted particularly to the respective
field conditions, issues and potentials. Community participation starting from the planning stage up to
the implementation and evaluation of the program should be consistently maintained. Through
discussions with the community, an analysis could be made as to which aspect should be decided as an
entry point for all the activities, in order to avoid possible impeding constraints.
3 GREEN OPEN SPACE DEVELOPMENT IN URBAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS
The terminology of ‘’green development’’ refers generally speaking to all environment friendly
development actions, that emphasize maintenance and non-pollution of the natural environment, the
innovative usage of renewed energy, water conservation, limiting air pollution globally. In short, all
development activities that do not destroy the ecosystem.
Following are several results obtained from field studies at a number of housing areas in West Jakarta,
using the non-randomized experimental design using control. The study observes the creation and
maintenance of green open space and green life style in three study locations. Before the developments
were observed in the three locations, exposures and trainings were first provided on the importance of
sustainable management of green open areas by the community. The study locations were: Rukun
Warga (RW) 04 (citizens association) Housing Settlement, North Kedoya Subdistrict, RW 01 Housing
Settlement, South Sukabumi Subdistrict and RW 05 Housing Settlement, Palmerah Subdistrict. In the
last two settlements, implementation of the development activities had been continuously monitored
through participative approach, and observations made in the first settlement, RW 4, North Kedoya
Subdistrict, was discontinued after successfully conducting the initial training; the location was then
determined as a point of control.
Physical data of the three study locations show the same general characteristics: densely populated
settlements located in the center of West Jakarta, people have easy access to enter and leave the
settlement although the road access in front of the houses are pedestrian paths, have public electricity,
accessible to potable water with each occupant having his or her own ground water well, and the
average earning of the family head belongs to the middle low income group working as labors, private
entrepreneurs with a few being civil servants. Due to the population density, the housing plots are
almost entirely covered by houses and the public space comprises the pedestrian paths in front of the
houses and very narrow front gardens.
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The study started in the beginning of 2005. The physical appearances of the green open public space in
the three locations were the same: they all depended on the government maintenance initiative which
in fact was very limited indeed. Community understanding about green life style was also non-
existent, and as such the outside space tended to appear arid, hot and dirty. The action for clean living
and creating verdurous and cool settlement environments by the municipality was conducted following
the relevant programs of the central government which comprised increasing awareness of urban
communities on environmental cleanliness and greening of urban areas.
Several locations in the city had been made as monitoring points for the “Adipura” award (for
green and clean environments) which is a central government program . (Adipura is a tribute to cities
in Indonesia are managed in hygiene and urban environmental management) In the middle of 2005,
the three study locations were part of more than a hundred monitoring points for the Award in West
Jakarta. Consequently, the local authorities had intensified maintenance activities. The actions taken
by the respective sub-districts were assisted by the West Jakarta Community Forum of Environment
Conscious Community (an NGO in the field of the environment) and the Community Service Institute
of Gunadarma University which encouraged the inhabitants to actively maintain the parks and gardens
by conducting information campaigns and periodic field actions using participative technology. Since
the evaluation was done every four months and the findings were then disseminated nationally, the
local communities were motivated to act in the third month after the first evaluation. Information
material was drawn up with the participation of the community, and agreed upon before dissemination
in the field. Members of the community were selected in a non randomized manner since the people
living in the study locations were given priority.
In the first location, RW 4 Housing Settlement of North Kedoya Subdistrict (see Figure 1), drawing up
the program started by giving initial information and conducting the Planning, Agreement and
Implementation Program which was discussed during three participative meetings led by a facilitator
from the Support Program who played the role of External Motivator. Initial Drawing up and Planning
was done three times at the beginning of the first three months through the formulating and to down
the problems that need to be solved, and formulating the follow-up steps and action stages which were
adjusted to the local available potentials. This was followed by monthly counselings and consultations
in the fourth to the sixth months. As the head chief of RW 4 was very enthusiastic and the
community‟s high awareness and eagerness to achieve result s in a s hort time, the creation of
green clean and healthy environments could be completed in the 6th month.
(a) RW 4 North Kedoya (b) Stage 1 (c) Stage 2 (d) Stage 3
Figure 1. RW 4 North Kedoya
After community participation had already been established, in the second month of the
implementation of program 6, the chief Housing Settlement received funding assistance from the sub-
district head based on the results that had been achieved which was creating a clean, green and healthy
housing environment. One year after the program was under way, the location won the price in the
Jakarta competition of green and clean environments. As a present, the location received green support
program phase two from private sponsors. In addition, a number of green and clean cadres were
appointed to follow training on Green Development; they were among others trained in appropriate
recycling of waste water in order to maximize water usage, besides making simple absorbing wells.
The community’s initiative to participatively build a multi-purpose shelter as a meeting venue for the
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people had given a unique characteristic to the location. Since community participation had already
been firmly established, the maintenance and utilization of green open space becomes one of the
discussion topics during community meetings.
The sense of ownership of green open space has become an established part of the community’s daily
life. In 2007 , the location was chosen as a model location for the surrounding area that has the
intention to establish green and clean environments of their own. This year, RW 4 has become self-
sustainable and independent as far as green and clean environment is concerned, and no more requires
the assistance of outside motivators. That was the argument why in this study, RW 4 was made as
point of control, since the other two locations are still working together with the supervisor who is
acting as a partner consultant.
In the second case study, RW 1 Housing Settlement, South Sukabumi Subdistrict (see Figure 2), the
green and clean program was also implemented in stages using the participative approach. The
implementation method did not differ much from that in the first location. The movement to create a
green environment through potted plants started in the first or third month. General environment
cleaning activities were also conducted periodically, every first Sunday of the month as agreed by the
community during a participative community meeting. At every community meeting, the location of
the green spatial planning work program was discussed with inputs from invited outside resource
persons. The new information transmitted to the community included management of household
waste; waste is turned into compost for the benefit of the inhabitants and when there is a surplus of
compost, it would be sold and the proceeds transferred to the community chest. As such, it was hoped
that all activities organized by the Housing Settlement would be self financing.
(a) RW 1 South Sukabumi (b) Stage 1 (c) Stage 2 (d) Stage 3
Figure 2. RW 1 South Sukabumi
Since all decisions were communally agreed upon, including the time table of community meetings,
and although mass actions pertaining to green and clean programs were not too often conducted due
to the citizens limited free time, it was still possible to establish and maintain green
environments albeit at a slow pace. The people’s sense of belonging to the programs was gradually
established. Green and clean activities were replicated in stages throughout the whole housing
settlement during three years. As of today, there are 5 field cadres (internal activity) in the RW 1
community organization and consultations with supervisors who act as external motivators, are still
being conducted. The third location comprises RW 5 Housing Settlement, Palmerah Subdistrict where
maintenance of the clean environment, greening of the environment and generating green culture
started in the middle of 2005.
Similar to the two previous locations, the RW 05 Housing Settlement at Palmerah Subdistrict (see
Figure 3) was inhabited by the low income group. Due to limited surface areas of the housing plots,
the families in general, especially those with the status of extended families, had virtually no open
space since the houses were gradually and informally extended, eventually covering almost the whole
surface plot. The building density is very high and the open space has an average ratio of 10% of the
house ground plan, while those whose entire plot are covered by the building. The pedestrian paths
running outside the houses are utilized as part of the outside open space. The atmosphere in this
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housing location is most suffocating and it is the typical housing settlement of the low income group
that was gradually and informally built and expanded. This location was also included in the green and
clean program with participatory approach. It turned out that within the first month, the inhabitants
already started putting potted plants in the narrow outer space and even hanging potted plants above
the pedestrian paths, and the pergolas along the pedestrian paths were hung with several decorative
potted plants. There were even rare traditional medicinal herbs. Community participation was
extremely high and every new program pertaining to clean and green environment was enthusiastically
anticipated, among other things, by making compost from household waste and digging water
absorption holes along the pedestrian paths in the housing environment. Mass cleaning programs were
conducted every Sunday. The sense of program ownership had already been generated and had
become a tangible part of the people’s everyday life.
(a) RW 5 Palmerah (b) Stage 1 (c) Stage 2 (d) Stage 3
Figure 3. RW 5 Palmerah
Although planning of green areas in stages had not yet been evenly conducted throughout the whole
RW housing settlement, the initial supervised location already yielded more than expected as was
partially evident in the activities of the environment cadres who participated in developing housing
environments in other RW areas. Until today, the people in this location still work together with the
initial supervisor playing the role of a consultant for the implementation of their program through the
participative approach. Observations of the three locations were conducted during the last two years of
2009 – 2010 and the findings were quite astounding, The first case location which had progressed
very rapidly has now fallen into a critical time. The quality of greening activities and the planning of
green life style have declined. The program sustainability, that had been expected to be long term and
sustainable, has become more uncertain; the situation is decidedly different compared to the last two
locations where the participative approach in program development is still conducted consistently.
4 DISCUSSIONS
The initial important step taken in the three case study locations was to transmit the comprehensive
substance of sustainable green development to the respective communities, and to foster their
awareness and appreciation towards it. Implementation of the program through participatory approach
was carried out by treating members of the community as the main actors, and by transmitting
information on an equal footing. Considerable time was required to convey the explanation and also
since in the participatory process consensus by all participants was constantly sought, including
training them to make self-assessments during the evaluation of activities.
From the experiments conducted in the initial period in two locations, RW 4 North Kedoya and RW 5
Palmerah, in 2005 and in RW 1 South Sukabumi in 2006, it became evident that the participation rate
tended to increase when the community’s way of deliberations and needs were taken into
consideration when formulating information materials as well as when implementing the program in
the field. The same applied to the community’s awareness on the essence of sustainable
development. They showed strong willingness to implement all development programs in their
respective areas, including maintaining and developing open public spaces and green housing
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environments in the following years (2006 and 2007 for the second location). A number of external
motivators were required in the process of developing community’s participation. This was done by
the local authorities with the support of NGOs. In other cases, the community was able to make direct
contacts with the NGO, without intervention of the authorities. In the first case of RW 4, North
Kedoya and the third case of RW 5 Palmerah, facilitators as external motivators came in the initial
period from the West Jakarta Forum of Environment Caring Community who worked together with
several academics of the Community Service Institute, Gunadarma University who provided the
necessary technical assistance.
In the process of providing material pertaining to environment sustainability, social sustainability and
economical sustainability, the local authorities had also been involved in their capacity as officials
responsible for the area’s general well being. During the discussions, it was gradually realized who
have the potentials as leaders among the community members; they would then be geared to become
internal motivators and leaders at the same time. Such also happened in the second location, RW 1
South Sukabumi where the NGO person was also a local inhabitant. By adopting the existing
community structure, comprising rukun tetangga (neighborhood association) and rukun warga
(citizens association), the process of identifying people with leadership potentials in the three locations
could be achieved in the third month during meetings conducted every three weeks. In the fourth
month, the community organization for each location was appointed with the duty to draw up the
organization rules that should be accountable to the community. In the end they were named
‘’accountable organizations‟. The process of establishing such organizations required some time
and also the active participation of the community to develop social solidarity; this was necessary to
ensure that the established organizations would function properly. Solidarity function is a social
capital and is the wealth generated by participation. The higher the community participation, the
higher the social solidarity of its member’s. For example, maintaining the open space is conducted
together in the spirit of partnership to minimize the expenditures. The saved money could then be
allocated to acquire additional facilities and plants for the public open spaces.
Technical support provided by the academics in the spirit of partnership raised the community’s
mobility. For example, members of the organizations in the three locations were instructed by the
technical support agents (NGO) in the technique of plant management and making compost from
household waste. After implementing the acquired knowledge in their respective areas and having
gained experienced, they represented their organization and became resource persons in other
locations that require their expertise. As such, the spirit of solidarity to the community’s
organizations was further enhanced and the solidarity among the members was strengthened.
The improved solidarity was complemented by the growing commitment among community members
to keep their environments, located in such densely populated areas, clean and green; this took place
through a process of several months. Working organizations among the inhabitants were also
developed and through such organizations the inhabitants improved the cleanliness and greenness in
their respective areas. It was first necessary to convince the inhabitants of the benefits of the several
activities before the spirit of solidarity among them could be strengthened. Their eagerness to keep
their environment clean and green by placing as many planted pots as possible was promoted to other
sub districts. In 2006, the green and clean movements had been widespread among other densely
populated neighborhoods in other sub-districts. The Palmerah Housing Community for example had
taught the technique of maintaining rare plants and they themselves were also taught by the
community of RW 4, North Kedoya on how to turn discarded packages into saleable handicraft items.
The second location, RW 2 South Sukabumi also experienced the same process as the two already
mentioned locations. However, it took a longer time. It was not possible for the external motivators to
force the program implementation through the participatory approach, and the role of the respective
stakeholders had to be called in. Green Development activities in the three locations were also
monitored in 2009 and 2010. In RW 4, North Kedoya, which at the beginning of the live time span had
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fastly progressed, showed a decline in activities during the last two years. This was due to the fact that
at the end of 2009, no community meetings were conducted pertaining to participatory environment
maintenance. It is not yet possible to establish the reasons why this had happened. What is already
clear, however, is that the External Activist should be immediately called infuse fresh breath in the
community organization in order for it to accomplish again its past excellent achievements.
The experience gained from the above cases indicates that external and internal motivators are
indispensable in order to generate and improve the communities’s awareness in maintaining and
developing the potentials of their environments. Prior to this, it is necessary to establish the same
perceptions and motivations among the inhabitants pertaining to what should be done. For further
development, it is necessary to involve other stakeholders in partnership relation, such as private
entrepreneurs.
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Sustainable Green Open Space Development has an important role in supporting the social life of
urban communities, as well as in balancing urban ecological conditions. Both points are important for
the implementation of the sustainability principle into urban planning. Hence, it is necessary that all
urban citizens should be informed of the importance of Green Concept in developing urban housing
settlements. This is especially true for communities living in areas with limited open public space. The
respective knowledge and new information should be continuously disseminated with the ultimate
objective of creating a common perception that is to be used in the implementation of future
development programs, particularly sustainable development.
The Principle of Sustainable Development through Community Participation Approach should be
made known to all stakeholders and dissemination of this information should be conducted
transparently in order to strengthen the sense of ownership among the community, which is
indispensable for sustainable development. It is also necessary to conduct law enforcement of already
existing local rules and regulations pertaining to the conditions for green open space in urban areas.
An agenda need to be drawn up pertaining to the formulation of participative role divisions among the
stakeholders, with the focus on sustainable development. Data base of open public space owned by
local authorities should be made and kept up to date.
It is necessary to establish a partnership between the government, communities and the private sector
to arrive at a division of roles among the stakeholders, particularly pertaining to the creation of green
open space in urban areas and to eventually maintain them and prevent them from deterioration. Such
partnership would stimulate participative planning which would ensure that what have been mutually
agreed would become the commitments of all parties concerned in conducting sustainable
development activities.
6 REFERENCES
Abramson JH, 1990, Survey Methods in Community, 4th ed, Churchil Livingstone., New York, USA.
Carley, M. et al., 2001, Urban Development and Civil Society, the Role of Communities in Sustainable
Cities, Earthscan Publications Ltd, London UK.
Carmona M. et.al., 2003, Public Places – Urban Spaces, The Dimension of Urban Design, Elsevier,
Oxford.
Craig, C and Mayo, M, 1995, Community Empowerment, a Readed in Participation and Development,
Zed Books Ltd., London, UK.
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Hickey, S. and Mohan, G., 2004, Participation, from Tyranny to Transformations?, Zed Books Ltd.,
London, UK.
Kersten, G.E. et al., 2000, Decision Support Systems for Sustainable Development, International
Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Lineberry W.P., 1989, Assessing Participatory Development, Westview Press Inc., Boulder, Colorado.
USA.
Mattessich, P.W. et Al. (1997), Community Building: What Makes It Work, Amherst Wilder Foundation,
Saint Paul, MN, USA.
Nas, P.J.M. et al (1999). Modernization, Leadership, and Participation, Leiden University Press,
Leiden, The Netherlands.
Rizalsyah, Ady Thahir (2012) Generating Sustainable Green Open Space Development in Urban
Residential, Proceding IsLivas, Trisakti University, Jakarta
Servaes, J. et al. (1996). Participatory Communication for Social Change, Sage Publications,New Delhi,
India.
Slavin. L.M., (2011), Sustainability in Americas Cities, Island Press, Washington, Covelo, London.
Steele, J. (1997). Sustainable Architecture, Principles, Paradigms and Case Studies, McGraw- Hill,
New York. Spencer L. J. (1989). Winning through Participation, Kendall/ Hunt Publishing Co.
USA.
Williams D.E., (2007). Sustainable Design, Ecology, Architecture, and Planning, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
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RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY AND SPATIAL EXTERNALITIES AS A CHALLENGE
TO SUSTAINABLE URBAN SETTLEMENTS IN SURABAYA CITY
Alen MIFTAHUL1 and Dian RAHMAWATI2
ABSTRACT: Population movement more done along with the increasing development needs of urban
communities that vary. The population movement in terms of meeting housing needs in the city, both
inside and on the edge of town, is called residential mobility. This movement became one of the main
drivers of change in land use in the short term, and changes in the structure of urban space in the long
term. Residential mobility has led to new patterns of living and a lot going on in the big cities in
developed countries and in developing countries. The occurrence of the residential mobility is
unavoidable, especially for the variables of human life-cycle and limited land in urban areas. Residential
mobility raises many externalities, both positive and negative externalities, especially the change of the
structure of space in big cities in Indonesia, including Surabaya. As the second largest city in Indonesia,
Surabaya has a high attraction as a migration destination. This has an impact on the growing housing
needs where demand is then affects the occurrence of changes in land use and socio-economic
characteristics in the suburbs city of Surabaya and surrounding areas immediately adjacent to Surabaya.
Physically, this change appears to be an urban sprawl. Externalities posed a challenge in creating a
sustainable settlement area. The purpose of this study is to achieve the decisions about the effect of
residential mobility on sustainable housing in the city of Surabaya. This goal is achieved through two
objectives, namely (1) identify the general characteristics of residential mobility obtained through the
literature studies related to the phenomenon of residential mobility in major cities around the world; (2)
analyse the characteristics of residential mobility and housing externalities generated in Surabaya
obtained through quantitative-qualitative descriptive analysis techniques.
KEYWORDS: Settlements, Residential Mobility, Housing Externalities.
1 PREFACE
As the second largest city, Surabaya became the center of the development and growth with the very
high population number. The population doing movements, both in the city or outside the city in order
to get a better life. Population movements within the city known as residential mobility. There is a
strong connection between residential mobility and the structure of urban space where the connection
gives the cyclical effects and cumulative impacts on the demand for housing and urban structure. The
cause of residential mobility is an internal factor, i.e. life-cycle, and external factors, i.e. housing
supply. Life-cycle is a variable associated with life events experienced by the households, including
the age head of the family, status (married or divorced), the number of family members, occupation
and dwelling duration. While housing supply include the amount of housing supply variable each year
and the growth of the house each year. Residential mobility can be seen as a demand for the
availability of housing. Increasing demand on housing has lead the externalities to the occurrence of
other housing developments. According to Brown and Holmes changes in the housing location in
urban areas play an important role in changing the urban system and urban spatial structure. Moreover,
the construction of housing also consume energy and require materials that can cause environmental
degradation (Holden, 2004).
1
Student, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Indonesia
2
Lecturer, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Indonesia
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The research was conducted at Kenjeran District, Muloyerjo District, Sukolilo District and Rungkut
District which are a suburb of Surabaya. The district has a development function which is mutually
exclusive because it is directed as the enclaves of settlements, but on the other hand also have a
referral to a conservation area. Sustainable development requires a combination and balance of
economic, social and environment, therefore, important to understand the forms of residential mobility
and housing externalities as external and internal factors to approach the sustainable urban settlements
in the context of the urban economy.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY; POPULATION MOVEMENT PHENOMENON AS AN ACCESS
TO THE HOUSE
Research on residential mobility has been done in many cities. In various studies, some variables that
lead to residential mobility has been known. The decision to move has proved closely related to the
events in someone's life, such as the establishment of family, dissolution and in particular changes in
the employment (Dieleman, the Caldera, 2011).
Residential mobility in line with the way of life or lifecourse (Módenes; Puga, in Fullaondo; Cladera,
2006), the major life events that led to the movement are marriage, child birth and divorce (Pujadas et
al in Fullaondo; Cladera., 2006). Rossi (Feijten; van Ham, 2007) describes the connection between the
households career and housing career, have an effect on the household's decision to move. Life events
such as leaving the parents’ house, getting married, and having children often coincides with the
decision to move.
Age of the household head is likely to affect household decisions to move. Younger households have a
higher tendency to move as compared to the older households. The existing evidence confirms that in
many countries, households between the ages of 20 and 35 years old have a higher tendency to move
(Dieleman, the Caldera, 2011). Previous studies have shown that changes in the job over long
distances naturally require the house movement (Clark; Withers, the Caldera, 2011) and that the
decision to change jobs is closely related to the decision to move (Bartel, the Caldera, 2011). The
number of family members who have worked inversely proportional to the residential mobility. This
means that the more members of working families, the lower the level of residential mobility.
Dwelling duration is also one significant determinant of residential mobility decisions. The longer
duration of stay at a site, the lower the tendency to move. This proves the hypothesis of inertia that
inhibits the possibility to move because of the connections between the dwelling duration with the
current environmental conditions (Habib; Miller, 2007). Household characteristics such as number of
family members, marital status and age of head of household also influenced the decision to move
(Caldera, 2011). Residential mobility is seen as a form of housing opportunities, demand and
availability of houses, urban renewal, and as a result of income, family size.
2.2 HOUSING EXTERNALITIES AS THE EXTERNAL FACTORS OF RESIDENTIAL
MOBILITY
Brown and Moore (in Dieleman, 2001) divides the residential mobility process into two phases. In the
first stage, the perpetrators are not comfortable with his current condition due to changes in certain
parts of neighborhood. Along with the increasing sense of discomfort, bring the perpetrators to the
second stage: the searching process of the house availability and the decision to stay or move. Fischer
(2000) says that housing-related aspects dominate the movement, mainly because households wanted a
house with better quality. At this stage, external factors have a significant role because of the decision
to migrate is influenced by the availability of appropriate housing to suit the needs of the offender.
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Generally, the availability of housing the city involving various stakeholders, including the
government as the main provider of housing for low-income people in particular; private sector as a
provider of housing for people who are generally middle and upper because the main goal is profit
oriented, and other providers are by themselves as has been widely described by Turner (in Rahmawati
et al, 2012). Availability of house or housing supply is closely related to the housing market, one of
which affected the externality of the housing is a development of the concept of economic
externalities, i.e. the impact of a city's economic activity is non-market (can not be traded) because of
market failure. Housing construction activity is one of the city's economic activity that is suspected to
have a strong impact on the surrounding, either positive or negative; impact on producers (in this
context, housing developers) and consumers (the general public, and the inhabitants of a particular
housing).
The concept of housing externalities have been studied previously in the developed and developing
countries. It was found that in developed countries, the development and revitalization of an urban
housing area has an impact on the increase in land values in the surrounding areas up to a few miles
from the housing (Rossi-Hansberg et al, 2010). Meanwhile in developing countries it was found that
the construction of a housing having an impact on the rapid growth of housing development in the
surrounding area resulting from the agglomeration economies (Rahmawati et al, 2012). Housing
externalities become a driver of increasing housing supply, where the higher housing supply is
expected to increase the residential mobility in Surabaya, especially in the countryside. The more
vigorous the developers build houses, the more the land for housing and settlements and the possibility
to move from one center to the other areas will also be greater. In other words, the government policy
in the context of housing and settlement development and the ability to adapt to the needs of real estate
developers become one the factors triggering the residential mobility. It is feared that it will be a
decrease and the region has experienced setbacks dispersion. Indicator of the house availability will be
illustrated through the supply of houses every year, while the indicator housing externalities will be
illustrated by the growth rates concentrated in certain areas as a depiction of the agglomeration
economies.
2.3 THE REALIZATION OF SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT REGARDING TO RESIDENTIAL
MOBILITY AND HOUSING EXTERNALITIES PHENOMENON
Sustainable city associated with the condition of housing and settlements within it. Housing is one
form of the specific aspects of sustainable development called consumption. The needs of housing and
of course the needs of the household is a form of energy consumption in large quantities. Housing
development in recent decades has led to the environmental degradation. Housing requires sufficient
energy for daily operational needs. However, Housing is not only consume energy. A large number of
material required to operate and maintain the housing units. Including furniture and furnishings,
technical purposes and electronic equipment, and other equipment in order to maintain and operate the
house inside or outside. Individually, these products do not represent a massive consumption, but at
the same time these products consume enormous energy (Holden, 2004). Perhaps, the most prominent
feature on the pattern of energy consumption in the last decade is the increasing consumption that
occurred in the transport sector. The house is often becomes the center of transportation consumption,
where the house becomes the starting point of departure to the office, care centers, schools, shops and
other activities (Holden, 2004).
3 STUDY
3.1 RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY IN VARIOUS CITIES
In many countries, research on residential mobility has been done and there are wide range of
residential mobility characteristics were found. In the study, variables are known to influence the
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residential mobility. Rossi (Feijten and van Ham, 2007) explains that there is a close association
between the life of the household (household careers) and housing programs (housing careers) in the
household's decision to move on a journey of life. The study presented by Muhammad Ahsanul Habib
and Eric J. Miller in 2007, suggested that in the Greater Toronto Area, the variables associated with
residential mobility are:
 Age of the head of the family and the life cycle, such as the birth of children (number of
children) have a significant effect on residential mobility. Young households have more
tendency to move as compared to older households.
 The number of working family members have inverse ratio to the level of residential mobility.
The more family members working, the lower the level of residential mobility.
 Dwelling duration also become one of the significant determinants of residential mobility
decisions nowadays. The higher the duration in the current location, the lower the possibility of
moving.
 In various studies, the ownership of (property) is considered to be an important variable in
explaining residential mobility.
 The model shows that if the Decision Making Unit (DMU) is in a stable community, (no change
over the past five years), then it affects the low level of residential mobility.
 Changes in interest rates also affect the decision to move.
 Distance houses, workplaces and CBD have a significant impact on the decision to move.
While the research conducted by Aida Caldera Sanchez and Dan Andrews took place in all member
countries of the OECD (Economic Co-operation and Development), which includes 26 countries
around the world and performed in 2011. In these studies can be drawn, namely:
 Generally, the owner of the house, has a low tendency to move than renters.
 In many countries, residential mobility among households living in social housing or subsidized
housing are lower because they have to waive his right when doing movement.
 Higher transaction costs in buying and selling property affects the low level of residential
mobility, especially for a young group of households.
 The availability of Housing (housing supply) is associated with high residential mobility.
 Residential mobility tends to be higher proportional to the ease of access to credit (loan to buy
the property). Further evidence suggests that younger households get more benefits from the
greater access to credit in terms of mobility.
From the research that has been conducted in various countries, it can be seen that residential mobility
is influenced by several variables that can be grouped into internal and external factors. Where the
paper is limited to internal factors related variables associated with the life-cycle, while external
factors related to housing supply variables.
3.2 RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY CHARACTERISTICS IN THE SUBURB OF SURABAYA
Spatial scope in this study took the suburb area of Surabaya, so the population in this study is the
residents of suburb of Surabaya. Where are specified districts selection studies over again on the
suburb of Surabaya which only has planned to be as conservation areas. Then to determine the sample
districts, conducted by the delineation of districts based on the highest population comes. And these
districts are appertain of administration area of East Surabaya. The study took sample of 182
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households spread over four districts to investigate the characteristics of the residential mobility.
Internal factors (life-cycle) further translated into five variables, age head of household, marital status,
occupation, family size and dwelling duration. While the external factors (housing supply) is the
amount of housing supply every year and number of housing growth every year. Based on the
descriptive analysis and Likert scale, these variables are described as follows:
3.2.1 Validity Test and Reliability
Based on a primary survey Rungkut District, Kenjeran District, Sukolilo and Mulyorejo District, there
were 182 respondents who doing the residential mobility. In the results, the questionnaire are tested
with the validity and reliability test. Reliability values can be seen from the value of Cronbach's Alpha
if Item Deleted while the value of validity can be seen from the value of Corrected Item-Total
Correlation in SPSS test results. For the results of the test validity and reliability varabel presented in
Table 1 below.
Table 1. Validity and Reliability Test Results in Residential Mobility
Variables in the Suburbs of Surabaya
Validity Reliability
Indicator Variable Notes
(r tabel= 0,144) (α= 0,6)
Age of the head of household 0,032 0,704 Not Valid and Reliable
Status 0,317 0,678 Valid and Reliable
Life-Cycle Number of family member 0,017 0,710 Not Valid and Reliable
Job type 0,156 0,695 Valid and Reliable
Dwelling duration 0,355 0,674 Valid and Reliable
Number of housing supply
Valid and Reliable
Housing every year 0,543 0,646
Supply Growth of the house every
Valid and Reliable
year 0,467 0,662
Source: Miftahul, 2012
It can be seen from the table above that the age of family head and family size variables do not have a
sufficient validity number to be considered as variables associated with residential mobility in the
suburbs of Surabaya. In statistical tests, these two variables have no correlation values and the
variability that can represent the association on residential mobility. Meanwhile, below are presented
on Table 2 Likert scale results for each variable of residential mobility.
Table 2. Likert Scale Results on Each Variables
Level of Linkages Index
Indicator Variable
1 2 3 4 Value
Marital Status 10 51 61 60 133,75
Life-Cycle Job Type 9 88 64 21 115,25
Dwelling Duration 24 110 40 8 99
Number of
housing supply 11 99 58 14 109,75
Housing
every year
Supply
Growth of the
19 99 47 17 106,5
house every year
Total 1377,253
Average 105,944
3
The total amount is obtained from addition of all factors in each indicator, however in this paper, authors only described life-
cycle and housing supply indicator.
4
Value of mean also obtained from all the factors, thus the value of mean is 105,94.
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source: Miftahul, 2012
Based on the results of the study, it is known that the age of head household, family size and dwelling
duration variables have no association with residential mobility in the suburbs of Surabaya. This is
caused by a different response to each household on residential mobility variables. Thus, the variables
of internal factors associated with residential mobility in the suburbs of Surabaya are marital status
and occupation. As for the external factor is the amount of housing supply each year and the annual
growth.
3.2.2 Marital Status
Based on interviews with 182 respondents which have been done, it was found several factors related
to the decision to move. One of the factors that are related is marital status. The fact on the study
showed that all the samples (actors residential mobility) are in married status. From the Likert scale
results also showed that the marital status having the highest scores. For them, marriage is the most
appropriate moment to move and have a house (residential mobility). Changes in the status of being
married has a higher tendency to move. Therefore, a new household demand for housing. This is in
line with Rossi (Feijten; van Ham, 2007) that life events are associated with residential mobility.
Figure 1 describes the results a study conducted using questionnaires. The majority of
respondents from all four districts agree that marital status has an impact on the decision to
residential mobility. As much as 121 of the respondents of 182 respondents claimed that
the main reason they moved was because of the change in status (especially since the
wedding). While the rest respondents do not consider marital status of his decision to
move. Particularly, the reason is because the migrants have managed to buy a house before
marriage.
Source: Miftahul, 2012
Figure 1. Number of respondents of change in status variable
3.2.3 Job
Regarding the job variable, in this study, work is described as a career change, change of job sites or
even change the work itself that causes the household must make some adjustments to their homes.
From the study conducted in four districts, it is known that the majority actors of residential mobility
has a job as a self-employed (entrepreneur/businessman). Household characteristics including type of
job, impact on the response of household residential mobility. Including the preference of households
to a new house location. The Table 3 below shows the number of respondents for every type of job.
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Table 3. Number of Respondents by Type of Job
District
Job Type Total
Kenjeran Mulyorejo Rungkut Sukolilo
Army/Police 2 0 1 0 3
Civil Servants 8 6 14 5 33
Entrepreneur/Businessman 17 25 10 27 79
Labor 4 3 1 2 10
Teacher/Lecturer 1 1 1 2 5
Private Employees 10 9 13 9 41
Retired 0 1 5 0 6
Other 1 2 2 0 5
Total 43 47 47 45 182
Source: Miftahul, 2012
In certain cases it was found that the house be used as “working capital” and it cause the households
should move. They sell their house so they get money to expand their business. The case occurred in
households with a head of household working as self-employed (entrepreneur/businessman). In fact,
they moved 12 times. In this case, it appears that type of job in each household associated with
residential mobility, and it is dependent on the life-cycle of each household.
Figure 2 shows the frequency for each type of job displacement on the districts studied. The majority
of households move only once. But the reason for their displacement varies according to the
characteristics of the household. The frequency of residential mobility indicates how often the
households move within the city. This will lead to higher circulation supply and demand for housing
market in which households with a high frequency of residential mobility takes more houses. But the
old house house is to be a supply for households who want to move.
Source: Miftahul, 2012
Figure 2. Frequency of residential mobility for every type of job
In Figure 3 below, it is known that the majority of households that move, have an income of Rp.
750,000 to Rp. 2.5 million per month. This means that low income households are more likely to make
the decision to move.
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Source: Miftahul, 2012
Figure 3. Total Revenue for Every Job
While in Figure 4 shows the data about the proximity to the trade preferences for each type of job. It is
known that the head of the household who works as a self-employed (entrepreneur/businessman) tend
to choose the location of the house adjacent to the trading facilities. The reason is the easiness to get
their daily needs and it is considered as a business opportunity. Location which is adjacent to the
trading facility will facilitate the household who works as self-employed (entrepreneur/businessman)
to develop their business.
Source: Miftahul, 2012
Figure 4. Proximity preference to the trading facility
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3.2.4 Total House Supply Every Year (Supply)
The availability of house in a certain location considered to influence household’s decisions to move.
Mobility models often treat the supply of housing as an exogenous factor, purportedly because
complex government interventions in land use and in finance, construction and pricing of housing
constrain the supply of (new) housing (Strassman, in Dieleman 2001). These are presented on the
extent of housing built by developers in every district.
Tabel 4. Size of House Construction in Every District
District Number of Developer Area
Kenjeran N/A N/A
Sukolilo 11 378,96
Mulyorejo 12 766,91
Rungkut 19 883,89
Source: Miftahul, 2012
From the data above it can be seen that there are quite a lot of housing developers are doing
development in the districts study. Housing can be an alternative to potential actors of residential
mobility. This availability has a close connection to the household's decision to move. If the
availability of houses (supply) are considered better than the house occupied now, the household tends
to want to move. Moreover, if the household has increased economic or social side. So basically the
displacement done to get a better life.
3.2.5 House Growth Every Year
These variables explain the growth in the number of houses for a year. The growth of house can be a
measure of going phenomenon of residential mobility. Where the house growth is a form of demand
increasing housing needs. If the needs of housing increases, there will be a growing number of house.
As noted earlier that residential mobility is one part in a housing market where every household that
does residential mobility needs a new house (demand) and leave the old house into the supply for
other households. Growth of the new houses are also considered as a new residential alternative that
better be an option for households to residential mobility.
4 CONCLUSION
Referring to the results of the study, residential mobility in the suburbs the city of Surabaya has
associated with internal and external factors. Internal factors include marital status and employment,
while the external factors are the supply of houses every year (supply) and the annual growth. Where
these factors have an impact on the household's decision to move. Reactions to residential mobility
factor may vary according to the household characteristics. This study is important because of the
ever-increasing demand of the housing needs trial the balance of the sustainability in the urban
periphery especially at East Surabaya. The further recommendation study is to formulate spatial
externalities impact level in sustainable urban settlement provision in Surabaya.
5 REFERENCES
Adjisasmita, Sakti, 2011, Transportasi dan Pengembangan Wilayah, Graha Ilmu Publisher, Jakarta.
Habib, M Ahsanul. Miller, Eric J., 2007, Modeling Residential and Spatial Search Behaviour, Evidence
from Greater Toronto Area, Toronto.
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Cadwallader, Martin, 1992, Migration and Residential Mobility: Macro and Micro Approaches, The
University of Winconsin Press, London.
Beatty, Christina. Lawless, Paul. Pearson, Sarah. Wilson, Ian, 2009, Residential Mobility and Outcome
Change in Deprived Areas: Evidence from The New Deal for Communities Programme, Sheffield
Hallam University, London.
Caldera Sanchez, A. Andrews, Dan., 2011, To Move or Not to Move: What Drives Residential Mobility
Rates in the OECD? OECD Publishing, Paris.
Dieleman, Frans M., 2001, Modelling Residential Mobility: a Review Of recent Trends in Research.
Utrecht University, Netherlands.
Feijten, Peteke. Van Ham, Maarten, 2007, Residential Mobility and Migration of The Divorced and
Separated, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Jerman.
Fischer, Claude, 2000, Ever-More Rooted American, University of California, Berkeley.
Fullaondo, Arkaitz. Cladera, Josep R., 2006, Residential Mobility and Foreign Immigration Settlement
in the Metropolitan area of Barcelona, Barcelona.
Holden, Ering., 2004, Ecological Footprints and Sustainable Urban Form, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Printed in the Netherlands.
Miftahul, Alen., 2012, Mobilitas Residensial di Surabaya Timur, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
Surabaya.
Tjiptoherijanto, Prijono., 2000, Paper Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Nasional: Mobilitas
Penduduk dan Pembangunan Ekonomi, Jakarta.
Rahmawati, et.al., 2012, Kajian Eksternalitas Perumahan di Kota Surabaya, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember Surabaya.
Rossi-Hansberg, E., Sarte, P.-D., & Owens III, R., 2010, Housing Externalities, Journal of Political
Economy, pp. 118 (3).
World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987, Our Common Future, Oxford.
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DEFINING URBAN ACUPUNCTURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY TO CURE
THE CITY PROBLEMS OF INDONESIA
Astri Anindya SARI1 and SHIRLEYANA2
ABSTRACT: Urban acupuncture is an approach offered to cure acute environmental disease in the city
as well as improving the quality of urban life. As a combination between urban design and traditional
Chinese medicine called acupuncture, this strategy views cities as living, breathing organisms and
pinpoints areas in need of repair. The treatment is conducted by revitalizing some small strategic aspects
of the problem which could finally trigger other aspects to make good improvement. Public open space
is one of the strategic aspects that affect the quality of the city. By doing some small intervention on it,
we can directly improving the quality of urban life. Through comparative study on the application of
urban acupuncture in four successful public open spaces in the world, this paper attempts to study the
strength and weaknesses of the approach and the possibility to be applied in Indonesia. From the
literature study, this paper highly recommends inclusion of public space planning in the urban
development. Further, it also strengthens the importance of joint planning between the government and
the community to avoid providing spaces in vain. Sense of belonging from the community can come up
if the community involved in the planning and implementation. Thus creating attractive and unique
public spaces for the community in Indonesia is possible within limited spaces and resources.
KEYWORDS: Urban acupuncture, public open space, quality of urban life, participative planning.
1 BACKGROUND
Big cities in developing countries including Indonesia suffer significant urban problems. The socio-
economic problems like poverty, waste management, uneven development, slums, traffic congestions,
and environmental degradation become a common thing in the life of the urban society. These
problems represent the poor quality of life especially in the urban area.
Jaime Lerner, an urban design expert, stated that the poor quality of life is the implications of the poor
quality of urban space. Therefore, the essential requirement to improve and enhance the quality of
people in cities is to improve the quality of public open spaces. This would not be easy, since the
urban problems has a strong chain reaction among the different socio-economic, political, and
environmental factors. Appropriate methods and approaches are needed to break the chain thus the
current problems can be solved without creating new problems.
The complexity of the problems is in need of urgent solving. However, it is difficult to find the most
appropriate approach to solve the problems. Many concepts offered from developed countries cannot
be implemented directly, since they have to be in accordance with the socio-economic conditions of
developing countries, like Indonesia. There are differences in geography, socio-economic, culture, and
also planning systems.
Another point which hampers the effort to solve urban problems is the perspective of the policy
makers. Many policy makers assume the answer to cure such problems is sufficient financial resources
1
Lecturer in Architecture, Widya Kartika University, Surabaya, Indonesia
2
Lecturer in Architecture, Widya Kartika University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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and good capability of planning instruments problems (Lerner, 2011). As a matter of fact, financial
resources have been encountered as the major problems of developing countries. According to Lerner,
many policy makers in developing countries merely focused on the magnitude of the problems rather
than finding ways to make their cities better through developing the cities’ potentials. This false
paradigm implies in the delay of improvement of the cities. This condition will further influence the
peoples’ point of view. People would think that urban problems were prominent and there is no
solution to find a better city. This can result in apathetic community, considering the poor quality of
life as a normal way of life with no effort to alter the pathetic condition.
2 URBAN ACUPUNTURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY FOR IMMEDIATE
SOLUTION
Urban Acupuncture is one of the alternative strategies to resolve the current urban problems with
immediate effects. It is recognized as urban acupuncture since this strategy combines urban design
with acupuncture, a traditional medical techniques from China. In Urban Acupuncture, cities are
considered as one living organism with pinpoints areas in need of repair (Lerner, 2003; Harsema,
2011). Cities are treated as one living body with its parts, thus when one of the body part started to
decay, it should not be cut off. Hence, it is better to repair and make the organism work in different
way. The healing of this broken part will likely bring much improvement to cities instead of just
simply removing or changing it.
“A city is like a family portrait. You may not like the nose of your uncle but you don’t tear up the whole
family photo. You don’t do this because the family portrait is you.” (Jamie Lerner, 2011)
Cities revitalization using the urban acupuncture should be done by giving interventions to the vital
parts of the cities. The successful of this treatment will eventually lead to synergism and improvement
of quality of life in the surrounding areas and the city as a whole. Simply using this small intervention
to the necessary vital part can minimize the cost for the cities revitalization and faster, compared as if
the whole cities were changed.
"Sometimes, urban planning is just too slow and laborious," Lerner has said. The acupuncture
strategy is therefore "a way of supplying the city with a quick dose of energy, using few
resources" (Lerner 2003).
“A city consists of a complex network of interconnected spaces. These nerve pathways are not always
visible, physically, but can also be constituted by intensity zones in the smooth space”(cf. Deleuze
& Guattari, Thoughts).
As mentioned above, Urban Acupuncture is a method to enhance the quality of the city through small
interventions at critical parts of the city. One way to locate the critical parts of the city is to perform
mapping of the intensity of the community activities (cJuul | Frost Architects, 2011). Places with high
intensity of activities can be identified as a strategic pinpoint of repair. On the contrary, the strategic
locations in the cities but having low intensity of activities from the community could be a sign of
decay hence this area need intervention or improvement.
Apart from the mapping method, the critical points of the city can be identified from their relation to
the main aspects that determine the quality of the city. Jaime Lerner (2011) acknowledged three main
keys to the good quality of urban life: mobility, sustainability, and identity.
The three main keys were applied by Lerner in his efforts to improve the quality of urban and
community life in Curitiba. The mobility is implemented through integrated public transport and
infrastructure planning, known as Bus Rapid Transit (Lerner, 2011). This system gives priority and
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convenience to public transportation users. Eventually, this affects public preferences towards the use
of transport mode. This successful strategy is evidenced by reduced number of private vehicles and
traffic congestion, which used to happen on the streets of Curitiba.
The sustainability is applied by building a collective dream within the community and inviting them to
participate to determine the future of their city (Lerner, 2011). The community involvement is needed
to build their dream together to bring the sense of ownership and public awareness of the city to assure
that the projects will sustain. The community involvement in Curitiba for improving the quality of life
can be examined from implementation of waste management. They can now have a higher awareness
to manage their solid waste and to wisely use the existing natural resources.
To form the image of the city, revitalizing the city center is performed through the implementation of
pedestrian mall and historical area restoration. Besides, Lerner also planned a network of public parks
which function is not just as a gathering space for community, but also to solve the drainage problem
and illegal occupation of blighted areas. These parks also serve as vegetation and animal’s habitat. All
of these parks were designed with attractive theme and different character for a unique and pleasing
appearance.
All efforts are made with an emphasis on the functionality, begins with the community participation to
build a collective dream. This good practice results in the enhancement of the quality of public spaces
and the life of Curitiba citizens which has been significant increasing since 1940. Almost all of
Curitiba people feel happy to live there.
3 PUBLIC SPACE FOR A BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE
According to Jaime Lerner (2003), livable cities should offer a better quality of life. Big cities start to
miss the value of community and humanity, when cities fail to maintain the three basic elements of
space: river, street and square- the public open spaces. To have a public life, a public open space is
necessary to be developed. Public spaces are the heart of a city. They offer open access for diverse
activities and social interaction (Madanipour, 1996). They can be in forms of nodes, focal points,
symbolizing identities and culture of a city. Public spaces are tangible spaces with tangible qualities
where communities have social interaction, doing business or just relaxing (Carr, S et al, 1992). In
neighborhood context those spaces can be parks, playgrounds, playing fields, school playgrounds, and
incidental spaces. While, in civic urban context, public spaces serve a bigger area like squares, plazas,
and recreational spaces like parks, hospital grounds, transport and waterway corridors (rivers, canals,
railways, and roads) (Wolley, 2003).
Worpole and Greenhalgh (1996, in Shaftoe, 2008) mentioned the importance of public space as central
to questions sustainable, equitable and enriching urban life. Further, Wolley (2003) also emphasized
the importance of a well planned, designed, and managed open spaces and community involvement to
enhance the quality of life of the people. People do not want bland spaces, and those spaces will not
benefit their life. The benefits and opportunities of open space in urban context have been recognized
as:
1. Social benefits. Public open spaces provide spaces for event and activities, either for
recreational, cultural, or educational purposes. Active and passive recreation involving
communities can take part in these spaces. Active recreation allows active participation in
activities for groups and sports, like football, basketball, or just jogging and walking. Passive
recreation considers small activities like reading and watching children, vegetation, animals,
and surrounding activities. All these activities provide facts that urban open spaces as a focus
to community and even enhance the value of community attributes to its urban open spaces.
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2. Health benefits. Urban open spaces are used for improving people’s physical and mental
health. This means people have opportunities to use these spaces for exercising, resting, and
relaxing.
3. Environmental benefits. Urban open spaces bring on more than just greeneries and preserving
wildlife habitat. They improve airflow, reduce air pollution, air temperature, and reduce noise
pollution. Availability of these spaces improves the urban climate through vegetation and
green spaces.
4. Economic benefits. Green spaces will increase property values and provide a variety of
employment opportunities and promote tourism. They develop self esteem and empower
communities to develop new skills (ibid).
These benefits are closely related to measurement for the quality of life. Thompson and Travlou
(2007) associate a better quality of life to “concepts of independence, active social life, good health,
and good neighborhood environment.”. Carr, S et al (1992) emphasized the need to improve public
space as the way to reach public welfare. Nevertheless, urban sprawl has turned down the use of
public space and the importance of these spaces for activities and communication (Madanipour, 1992).
Especially in developing countries, public spaces have turned into left over spaces.
Learning of the roles of public open spaces in improving quality of life, there should be a concern for
effective use of public spaces, not just making these spaces functionally appropriate, but also
consistent with the surrounding character (Pasaogullari and Doratli, 2004). Using the principle of
urban acupuncture, there should be lines of actions, to treat urban open spaces as living organisms, to
produce immediate effects, with reasonable cost and applicable to managed (Lerner, 2011).
4 LESSONS LEARNED FROM BEST PRACTISES IN PUBLIC SPACE ACUPUNCTURE
4.1 CHEONGGYECHEON STREAM REVITALIZATION - SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA
An example of small intervention with a big impact to urban public space is the revitalization project
of Cheonggyecheon Stream in Seoul, South Korea (Murray., et al, 2010). Cheonggyecheon used to be
a stream flows from West to the East through the central part of Seoul downtown until mid of 1970s.
Its strategic location stimulated the area along the Cheonggyecheon Stream to be vital parts for Seoul
inhabitants. Since the Dinasty of Joseon, the Stream became densely populated and a well-known
business district (Hwang, 2007).
During 1967-1976, the Korean Government decided to cover the approximately 6 kilometers stream of
Cheonggyecheon and change it with public road, and even made elevated highway with total length of
5,84 kilometers above the road. This highway construction became a symbol of South Korean
development for years. Yet, it also resulted in a decline in the quality of the surrounding environment
of Cheonggyecheon. For many years, more than 168 cars per day passed by the highway and 62.5% of
them are stuck in traffic (Hwang, 2007). Moreover, the residents living around Cheonggyecheon suffer
respiratory diseases more than twice as compared to the other residents. Years over years, number of
people resides in the downtown of Seoul has decreased by 66%. This happened as well to business
activities in the city center, which sharply decreased over the years.
According to Hwang (2007), the new paradigm towards sustainable development has brought the idea
for the Cheonggyecheon Stream Revitalization, along with the problem of security and the high cost
for highway’s service and maintenance. This project later on is considered to be the first right step to
improve the quality of urban life.
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