SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 11
Baixar para ler offline
Fundamentalsof Crime Mapping 4
Mental Maps

    ◦ Over time, making repetitive journeys to various
      locations gives us knowledge of the routes and
      characteristics of these places
    Activity space

    ◦ The well-known areas, those places visited
      frequently and the routes that connect these areas
    Awareness space

    ◦ There are also locations that, while we do not
      regularly frequent them, we still know about them
    Target backcloth

    ◦ The distribution of targets in the environment
Journey an offender travels when he commits

    a crime
    Generally measured as the distance between

    the offender’s home and the location of his
    crime                                       AV E R AG E O F
                    CR I M E C AT E GO R Y          T R IPS            M E D IA N*       M O DE **

                          A GG . AS S AU L T                  1 . 18            1. 4 9           0. 2 0
                                    AR S O N                  1 . 32            0. 5 3           0. 5 9

                             AU TO T H E F T                  2 . 88            2. 4 0           1. 8 5

                               BU R GL A RY                   2 . 34            1. 1 0           2. 7 5
                       D R UG O F F E N S E S                 2 . 27            1. 5 3           8. 4 1
                                 M UR D E R                   2 . 38            1. 7 5         1 0. 9 5

                                      R AP E                  1 . 35            1. 7 0            N/ A

                                RO B BE RY                    3 . 23            1. 9 5           2. 8 3

                                     T H EF T                 3 . 18            1. 8 6           0. 5 3

                  * & ** C alcu late d on n on -z er o d ista nc es on ly
Crimes against persons, such as

    homicide, assault, and rape, occur closer to
    home than property crimes, such as larceny
    and burglary (Brantingham &
    Brantingham, 1981).
    Overall average about 2 miles

    Distance decay

    ◦ Probability decays or drops off as distance from the
      offender’s residence increases
Burgled
                                   Homes


                                             X
    X                          X
                   X


X
             Suspect’s


                                       X
        Home and Buffer Zone




                X
It is important to note that offenders do

    commit crimes within their buffer zone;
    however, there may be areas outside their
    buffer zone where they commit more crimes.
    The buffer zone represents an area of reduced
    activity not an area of “no” criminal activity
Police investigation strategy that uses the

    locations in a connected crime series to narrow
    the search for likely suspects
    Manage large amounts of information

    Help focus limited resources on the most likely

    area of offender residence
    Crime series

    ◦ a set of crimes believed to have been committed by
      the same offender.
Searching methods

    ◦ Hunter (or marauder)
       sets out from his home specifically to find a victim
    ◦ Poacher (or commuter)
       specifically sets out to find a victim, but his search is
        from a location other than his home
    ◦ Troller
      opportunistically encounter a victim during normal
       activities
    ◦ Trapper
      set up a situation in which victims come to them
Methods of attack

    ◦ Raptor
      attacks the victim upon encounter
    ◦ Stalker
      follows the victim away from the encounter point then
       attacks
    ◦ Ambusher
      attacks a victim that he has lured to a location he
       controls
Investigative Strategies

    ◦ Prioritizing records from the various computerized
      police files
    ◦ Prioritize areas for directed police patrols or area
      canvasses
    ◦ Direct community mailings and/or conduct a media
      campaign
Software Available

    ◦ RIGEL
       Developed by Environmental Criminology Research Inc. (ECRI)
        of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, uses the Criminal
        Geographic Targeting algorithm invented by Dr. Kim Rossmo
        in 1991 to produce a probability map
    ◦ Dragnet
       created by Dr. David Canter of the University of
        Liverpool, England, uses a negative exponential mathematical
        function to produce a probability map
       Crime Analysis Unit Developer Kit free
    ◦ Crime Stat III (JTC only)
       created by Ned Levine and & Associates of Houston, Texas
       Free through NIJ

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Destaque

AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfAI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
 
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
 
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsKurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Tessa Mero
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...RachelPearson36
 
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
 
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at WorkGetSmarter
 

Destaque (20)

AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfAI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
 
Skeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture CodeSkeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture Code
 
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
 
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
 
How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations
 
Introduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data ScienceIntroduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data Science
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project management
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
 
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
 
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
 
ChatGPT webinar slides
ChatGPT webinar slidesChatGPT webinar slides
ChatGPT webinar slides
 
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike RoutesMore than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
 

Fundamentalsof Crime Mapping 4

  • 2. Mental Maps  ◦ Over time, making repetitive journeys to various locations gives us knowledge of the routes and characteristics of these places Activity space  ◦ The well-known areas, those places visited frequently and the routes that connect these areas Awareness space  ◦ There are also locations that, while we do not regularly frequent them, we still know about them Target backcloth  ◦ The distribution of targets in the environment
  • 3. Journey an offender travels when he commits  a crime Generally measured as the distance between  the offender’s home and the location of his crime AV E R AG E O F CR I M E C AT E GO R Y T R IPS M E D IA N* M O DE ** A GG . AS S AU L T 1 . 18 1. 4 9 0. 2 0 AR S O N 1 . 32 0. 5 3 0. 5 9 AU TO T H E F T 2 . 88 2. 4 0 1. 8 5 BU R GL A RY 2 . 34 1. 1 0 2. 7 5 D R UG O F F E N S E S 2 . 27 1. 5 3 8. 4 1 M UR D E R 2 . 38 1. 7 5 1 0. 9 5 R AP E 1 . 35 1. 7 0 N/ A RO B BE RY 3 . 23 1. 9 5 2. 8 3 T H EF T 3 . 18 1. 8 6 0. 5 3 * & ** C alcu late d on n on -z er o d ista nc es on ly
  • 4. Crimes against persons, such as  homicide, assault, and rape, occur closer to home than property crimes, such as larceny and burglary (Brantingham & Brantingham, 1981). Overall average about 2 miles  Distance decay  ◦ Probability decays or drops off as distance from the offender’s residence increases
  • 5. Burgled Homes X X X X X Suspect’s X Home and Buffer Zone X
  • 6. It is important to note that offenders do  commit crimes within their buffer zone; however, there may be areas outside their buffer zone where they commit more crimes. The buffer zone represents an area of reduced activity not an area of “no” criminal activity
  • 7. Police investigation strategy that uses the  locations in a connected crime series to narrow the search for likely suspects Manage large amounts of information  Help focus limited resources on the most likely  area of offender residence Crime series  ◦ a set of crimes believed to have been committed by the same offender.
  • 8. Searching methods  ◦ Hunter (or marauder)  sets out from his home specifically to find a victim ◦ Poacher (or commuter)  specifically sets out to find a victim, but his search is from a location other than his home ◦ Troller  opportunistically encounter a victim during normal activities ◦ Trapper  set up a situation in which victims come to them
  • 9. Methods of attack  ◦ Raptor  attacks the victim upon encounter ◦ Stalker  follows the victim away from the encounter point then attacks ◦ Ambusher  attacks a victim that he has lured to a location he controls
  • 10. Investigative Strategies  ◦ Prioritizing records from the various computerized police files ◦ Prioritize areas for directed police patrols or area canvasses ◦ Direct community mailings and/or conduct a media campaign
  • 11. Software Available  ◦ RIGEL  Developed by Environmental Criminology Research Inc. (ECRI) of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, uses the Criminal Geographic Targeting algorithm invented by Dr. Kim Rossmo in 1991 to produce a probability map ◦ Dragnet  created by Dr. David Canter of the University of Liverpool, England, uses a negative exponential mathematical function to produce a probability map  Crime Analysis Unit Developer Kit free ◦ Crime Stat III (JTC only)  created by Ned Levine and & Associates of Houston, Texas  Free through NIJ