1. DataLength of StayAgeSexPrincipal Payer Total ChgesRT
ChgeImaging ChargesLab ChargesDrug Charges477FCARE$
10,258.04$ 1,300.71$ 480.63$ 1,417.29$
1,059.41574FCARE$ 8,845.63$ 261.32$ 886.14$ 872.56$
825.61681FCARE$ 8,561.29$ 447.92$ 870.07$ 239.97$
1,003.32787FCARE$ 8,744.77$ 457.42$ 60.30$ 1,087.94$
1,139.10865FCARE$ 7,473.72$ 381.40$ 15.82$ 679.23$
397.27980FCARE$ 8,557.10$ 463.12$ 709.47$ 277.08$
1,107.43290FCARE$ 9,017.12$ 855.92$ 1,468.80$
630.97$ 61.44366FBC$ 8,369.42$ 72.48$ 157.95$
1,447.43$ 691.55487FBC$ 8,371.65$ 28.81$ 394.24$
1,340.25$ 608.35577FBC$ 7,040.53$ 18.73$ 357.02$
468.49$ 196.29774FBC$ 9,027.60$ 375.14$ 438.80$
1,040.24$ 1,173.42881FBC$ 8,406.36$ 60.96$ 601.89$
1,086.30$ 657.20987FBC$ 9,576.50$ 914.93$ 1,489.36$
917.28$ 254.93465FBC$ 8,643.63$ 683.12$ 892.84$
530.09$ 537.57680FBC$ 9,326.02$ 980.82$ 144.89$
776.74$ 1,423.57590FBC$ 9,343.93$ 1,415.51$ 270.45$
487.20$ 1,170.76666FBC$ 8,878.88$ 369.10$ 386.02$
921.90$ 1,201.85487FBC$ 9,368.94$ 1,205.58$ 1,134.55$
66.56$ 962.25772FBC$ 8,163.33$ 879.24$ 15.46$
1,003.25$ 265.38877FBC$ 11,054.84$ 1,409.86$
1,121.31$ 1,068.17$ 1,455.49474FHMO$ 8,922.92$
25.90$ 706.68$ 993.93$ 1,196.42381FHMO$ 8,549.67$
62.45$ 668.80$ 1,400.03$ 418.38287FHMO$ 9,482.28$
1,096.25$ 856.82$ 598.43$ 930.79165FHMO$ 8,604.37$
1,365.91$ 11.50$ 604.02$ 622.94580FHMO$ 9,425.82$
1,296.19$ 767.03$ 393.80$ 968.80690FHMO$ 9,544.74$
981.61$ 1,477.83$ 176.33$ 908.97766FHMO$ 8,803.99$
1,124.91$ 1,018.15$ 356.25$ 304.68887FHMO$ 9,022.59$
1,438.65$ 682.02$ 46.61$ 855.30976FHMO$ 8,667.50$
31.82$ 1,101.40$ 317.30$ 1,216.98677FCARE$ 9,600.11$
888.77$ 748.72$ 496.11$ 1,466.52774FCARE$ 8,872.57$
853.22$ 832.44$ 1,012.88$ 174.02881FCARE$ 9,813.57$

2. 1,471.71$ 1,384.39$ 812.14$ 145.33987FCARE$
9,369.43$ 303.87$ 1,304.72$ 1,312.62$
448.22265FOGVT$ 8,977.19$ 127.92$ 1,151.84$ 433.41$
1,264.02380FCARE$ 8,966.71$ 444.74$ 1,316.78$
495.19$ 709.99490FCARE$ 8,280.27$ 295.46$ 859.62$
967.58$ 157.62566FCARE$ 8,054.88$ 1,165.70$ 348.65$
35.17$ 505.36787FCARE$ 7,472.24$ 115.07$ 95.57$
1,142.44$ 119.16875FCARE$ 9,063.64$ 489.99$
1,009.08$ 160.74$ 1,403.83977FCARE$ 8,121.75$
415.25$ 65.99$ 672.54$ 967.97474FCARE$ 8,016.12$
222.52$ 375.50$ 1,356.86$ 61.23681FCARE$ 10,125.58$
991.24$ 478.59$ 1,252.78$ 1,402.97587FCARE$
8,523.48$ 475.08$ 637.82$ 1,379.82$ 30.76665FCARE$
8,488.61$ 432.37$ 34.25$ 567.26$ 1,454.72480FCARE$
8,984.25$ 1,245.69$ 414.59$ 1,039.37$ 284.61790FCAID$
8,245.75$ 217.00$ 397.73$ 150.78$ 1,480.24866FCARE$
8,950.12$ 256.51$ 1,440.93$ 364.02$ 888.65487FCARE$
7,310.76$ 108.79$ 329.72$ 866.26$ 5.99367FCARE$
8,150.48$ 32.00$ 672.60$ 404.21$ 1,041.68277FCARE$
8,728.94$ 554.95$ 1,356.63$ 251.79$ 565.57174FCARE$
8,194.86$ 278.00$ 986.00$ 441.96$ 488.89581FCARE$
9,421.54$ 1,437.10$ 1,385.69$ 56.05$ 542.70687FINS$
8,029.96$ 137.22$ 1,233.11$ 520.75$ 138.88765FCARE$
9,397.74$ 1,097.77$ 246.22$ 935.39$
1,118.36880FCARE$ 8,773.78$ 575.31$ 243.03$ 518.10$
1,437.34990FCAID$ 9,108.45$ 1,082.82$ 1,451.62$
93.96$ 480.05366FCARE$ 8,783.40$ 743.42$ 350.57$
831.45$ 857.961287FCAID$ 8,432.71$ 575.93$ 876.24$
13.71$ 966.82241FSELF$ 8,385.72$ 354.56$ 47.73$
1,040.16$ 943.26577FSELF$ 8,286.34$ 419.48$ 786.40$
30.41$ 1,050.05574FSELF$ 9,943.45$ 1,243.97$ 383.02$
1,189.72$ 1,126.74381FSELF$ 7,033.06$ 408.30$ 299.33$
317.42$ 8.00287FSELF$ 9,096.24$ 377.78$ 1,015.90$
468.55$ 1,234.01465FSELF$ 9,176.01$ 891.17$ 525.96$
975.80$ 783.08380FSELF$ 8,599.42$ 417.48$ 948.36$
619.67$ 613.92290FSELF$ 9,430.03$ 304.06$ 1,210.43$

3. 1,493.93$ 421.61666FSELF$ 9,637.49$ 1,403.52$ 485.05$
1,043.69$ 705.23387FSELF$ 8,049.57$ 895.78$ 615.58$
52.32$ 485.89377FSELF$ 8,018.89$ 218.05$ 175.78$
206.60$ 1,418.46477FSELF$ 9,326.69$ 303.54$ 1,141.19$
1,013.16$ 868.79574FSELF$ 9,845.96$ 1,019.80$ 737.14$
652.43$ 1,436.59381FSELF$ 9,061.25$ 1,145.78$ 586.23$
903.02$ 426.22787FSELF$ 9,923.25$ 1,270.85$ 453.99$
794.11$ 1,404.30765FSELF$ 7,099.61$ 518.57$ 413.12$
24.70$ 143.23380MBC$ 9,338.71$ 1,019.82$ 1,392.64$
554.39$ 371.86490MCARE$ 8,335.55$ 1,190.32$ 248.68$
81.49$ 815.06866MCARE$ 9,345.08$ 672.58$ 906.92$
541.32$ 1,224.26287MCARE$ 9,451.35$ 1,322.53$
776.09$ 282.53$ 1,070.20389MCARE$ 9,871.65$ 419.72$
1,128.89$ 941.01$ 1,382.04177MCARE$ 8,325.59$
743.22$ 135.97$ 425.38$ 1,021.02474MCARE$ 8,147.57$
878.92$ 126.33$ 642.34$ 499.99381MCARE$ 8,506.40$
555.21$ 30.74$ 789.58$ 1,130.86687MCARE$ 9,274.45$
223.87$ 1,369.62$ 398.43$ 1,282.52565MCARE$
9,145.28$ 286.31$ 974.68$ 943.48$ 940.82580MBC$
8,115.25$ 394.66$ 636.61$ 12.91$ 1,071.07790MBC$
8,761.79$ 506.12$ 941.07$ 285.44$ 1,029.15166MCARE$
9,178.66$ 195.19$ 960.45$ 536.63$ 1,486.39287MCARE$
9,435.66$ 77.49$ 1,220.89$ 798.40$ 1,338.88477MCARE$
8,202.09$ 499.58$ 59.78$ 910.60$ 732.141174MCARE$
8,140.23$ 637.93$ 40.06$ 347.87$ 1,114.38381MCARE$
8,603.93$ 1,058.10$ 121.59$ 1,151.82$
272.41287MCARE$ 9,013.08$ 1,079.14$ 274.15$
1,185.80$ 473.98165MCARE$ 8,601.44$ 640.29$ 338.65$
1,177.28$ 445.22480MINS$ 11,006.01$ 1,187.56$
1,499.19$ 914.72$ 1,404.54690MINS$ 8,958.02$ 788.44$
121.06$ 900.15$ 1,148.37866MINS$ 10,214.76$ 257.11$
1,496.04$ 1,356.85$ 1,104.77487MINS$ 8,202.77$ 98.16$
547.97$ 296.12$ 1,260.51277MINS$ 7,789.51$ 121.40$
1,015.16$ 231.40$ 421.55374MINS$ 10,075.00$ 1,118.41$
716.75$ 1,486.37$ 753.47781MINS$ 8,229.70$ 148.05$
504.65$ 324.16$ 1,252.84787MINS$ 8,117.16$ 1,077.08$

4. 817.96$ 6.73$ 215.40465MINS$ 10,488.90$ 1,439.48$
995.75$ 654.63$ 1,399.04680MINS$ 9,376.32$ 1,032.51$
330.41$ 623.25$ 1,390.14790MINS$ 8,856.67$ 1,122.64$
1,076.70$ 514.00$ 143.33866MINS$ 8,186.44$ 666.94$
639.70$ 548.80$ 331.01987MINS$ 10,588.48$ 1,031.91$
1,067.80$ 1,367.09$ 1,121.68277MINS$ 8,649.17$
136.63$ 1,226.54$ 161.29$ 1,124.71374MCAID$
8,373.70$ 177.05$ 532.99$ 887.39$ 776.27481MCAID$
9,088.47$ 1,114.44$ 347.22$ 956.03$ 670.78587MCAID$
9,264.55$ 1,292.20$ 280.32$ 975.48$ 716.54765MCAID$
9,111.66$ 1,247.05$ 367.60$ 921.20$ 575.80880MCAID$
9,647.92$ 874.46$ 408.63$ 1,114.84$
1,250.00990MCAID$ 8,433.90$ 1,178.32$ 292.74$
564.37$ 398.47466MCAID$ 8,980.22$ 452.44$ 839.63$
1,288.91$ 399.25687MCAID$ 9,986.72$ 1,122.36$
857.07$ 657.02$ 1,350.27577MCAID$ 7,491.19$ 217.32$
705.21$ 127.95$ 440.71674MCAID$ 10,846.04$ 1,274.61$
1,310.16$ 1,258.94$ 1,002.32481MCAID$ 8,116.09$
201.43$ 221.27$ 1,382.62$ 310.78787MCAID$ 8,204.69$
1,230.37$ 238.84$ 580.27$ 155.20865MCAID$ 8,080.06$
262.19$ 651.72$ 1,027.41$ 138.73480MCAID$ 8,444.52$
1,123.80$ 965.75$ 88.78$ 266.19390MCAID$ 9,371.52$
519.99$ 1,363.84$ 977.55$ 510.14266MCAID$ 10,510.78$
1,141.20$ 973.84$ 1,399.31$ 996.43187MCAID$
9,350.20$ 1,026.66$ 1,367.33$ 725.33$
230.89577MCAID$ 11,055.29$ 1,434.70$ 770.84$
1,491.68$ 1,358.07674MCAID$ 8,687.31$ 90.04$
1,391.66$ 969.45$ 236.14781MCAID$ 8,110.83$ 366.72$
418.25$ 89.71$ 1,236.14887MCAID$ 9,924.35$ 936.11$
1,454.85$ 539.09$ 994.29965MCAID$ 8,202.16$ 721.49$
18.38$ 564.82$ 897.48380MINS$ 9,200.64$ 269.04$
686.72$ 1,138.28$ 1,106.60490MOTHR$ 8,519.16$
622.84$ 1,255.84$ 545.68$ 94.80466MOTHR$ 10,599.23$
1,246.74$ 903.76$ 1,268.77$ 1,179.96587MOTHR$
8,995.15$ 907.90$ 990.65$ 625.72$ 470.88580MOTHR$
7,682.80$ 23.79$ 629.95$ 179.78$ 849.28555MOTHR$

5. 8,172.84$ 108.85$ 296.42$ 1,356.42$ 411.16573MOTHR$
8,395.52$ 754.62$ 950.11$ 393.35$ 297.44767MOTHR$
8,403.74$ 229.79$ 1,024.15$ 174.51$ 975.29275MOTHR$
8,795.54$ 249.54$ 509.59$ 960.89$ 1,075.51
DescriptionPatient DataFile:IWU_Patients.xlsxVariable
Definitions:Length of Stay in DaysPatient's Age Sex - M= Male,
F = FemalePrincipal Payer - CARE = Medicare, BC = Blue
Cross, HMO = Health maitenance OrganizationCAID =
Medicade, OGVT = Other Government Program, INS = Private
Insurance, SELF = Private Pay,OTHR = Other form of
PaymentTotal Charges during Hospital StayTotal Drug
ChargesLab ChargesImaging ChargesRespiratory Therapy
Charges
DescriptiveStatsLength of StayAgeTotal ChgesSexPrincipal
Payer Descriptive Statistics477$ 10,258.04FCARE574$
8,845.63FCARELength of Stay in DaysCount of Length of
StayColumn LabelsColumn Labels681$
8,561.29FCAREMeanMedianStdevRow Labels1-23-45-67-89-
1011-12Grand Total<1000 or (blank)6000-85008500-
1100011000-13500Grand Total787$
8,744.77FCAREM4.9264705882352945.02.3135949701037135F
9.021.019.018.06.01.074.0Count of Total
Chges48.087.03.0138.0865$
7,473.72FCAREF5.3142857142857145.02.3868167943807266M
11.020.015.014.03.01.064.0980$ 8,557.10FCAREGrand
Total20.041.034.032.09.02.0138.0290$ 9,017.12FCARE366$
8,369.42FBCAge487$ 8,371.65FBCMeanMedianStdev577$
7,040.53FBCM78.102941176470680.08.936157820534673774$
9,027.60FBCF77.6285714285714378.59.38264112344417881$
8,406.36FBC987$ 9,576.50FBC465$ 8,643.63FBC680$
9,326.02FBCTotal Charges590$
9,343.93FBCMeanMedianStdev666$
8,878.88FBCM8978.0816900481088907.344198618051885.112
1554846562487$
9,368.94FBCF8789.9278561340988793.695451921707729.0708
61621995772$ 8,163.33FBC877$ 11,054.84FBC474$

6. 8,922.92FHMOCount of AgeColumn Labels381$
8,549.67FHMORow LabelsFMGrand TotalCount of Total
ChgesColumn Labels287$ 9,482.28FHMO35-441.01.0Row
Labels6000-85008500-1100011000-13500Grand Total165$
8,604.37FHMO55-641.01.0F24.049.01.074.0580$
9,425.82FHMO65-7425.021.046.0M24.038.02.064.0690$
9,544.74FHMO75-8426.021.047.0Grand
Total48.087.03.0138.0766$ 8,803.99FHMO85-
9422.021.043.0887$ 9,022.59FHMOCount of Principal Payer
Column LabelsGrand Total74.064.0138.0976$
8,667.50FHMORow
LabelsBCCAIDCAREHMOINSOGVTOTHRSELFGrand
Total677$ 9,600.11FCAREF13.03.031.09.01.01.016. 074.0774$
8,872.57FCAREM3.022.016.015.08.064.0881$
9,813.57FCAREGrand
Total16.025.047.09.016.01.08.016.0138.0987$
9,369.43FCARE265$ 8,977.19FOGVT380$
8,966.71FCARE490$ 8,280.27FCARE566$
8,054.88FCARE787$ 7,472.24FCARE875$
9,063.64FCARE977$ 8,121.75FCARE474$
8,016.12FCAREBCCAIDCAREHMOINSOGVTOTHRSELF681$
10,125.58FCARE16.025.047.09.016.01.08.016.0587$
8,523.48FCARE665$ 8,488.61FCARE480$
8,984.25FCARE790$ 8,245.75FCAID866$
8,950.12FCARE487$ 7,310.76FCARE367$
8,150.48FCARE277$ 8,728.94FCARE174$
8,194.86FCARE581$ 9,421.54FCARE687$
8,029.96FINS765$ 9,397.74FCARE880$
8,773.78FCARE990$ 9,108.45FCAID366$
8,783.40FCARE1287$ 8,432.71FCAID241$
8,385.72FSELF577$ 8,286.34FSELF574$
9,943.45FSELF381$ 7,033.06FSELF287$
9,096.24FSELF465$ 9,176.01FSELF380$
8,599.42FSELF290$ 9,430.03FSELF666$
9,637.49FSELF387$ 8,049.57FSELF377$
8,018.89FSELF477$ 9,326.69FSELFRow

7. LabelsBCCAIDCAREHMOINSOGVTOTHRSELFGrand
Total574$ 9,845.96FSELFF13.03.031.09.01.01.016.074.0381$
9,061.25FSELFM3.022.016.015.08.064.0787$
9,923.25FSELFGrand
Total16.025.047.09.016.01.08.016.0138.0765$
7,099.61FSELF380$ 9,338.71MBC490$
8,335.55MCARE866$ 9,345.08MCARE287$
9,451.35MCARE389$ 9,871.65MCARE177$
8,325.59MCARE474$ 8,147.57MCARE381$
8,506.40MCARE687$ 9,274.45MCARE565$
9,145.28MCARE580$ 8,115.25MBC790$ 8,761.79MBC166$
9,178.66MCARE287$ 9,435.66MCARE477$
8,202.09MCARE1174$ 8,140.23MCARE381$
8,603.93MCARE287$ 9,013.08MCARE165$
8,601.44MCARE480$ 11,006.01MINS690$
8,958.02MINS866$ 10,214.76MINS487$ 8,202.77MINS277$
7,789.51MINS374$ 10,075.00MINS781$ 8,229.70MINS787$
8,117.16MINS465$ 10,488.90MINS680$ 9,376.32MINS790$
8,856.67MINS866$ 8,186.44MINS987$ 10,588.48MINS277$
8,649.17MINS374$ 8,373.70MCAID481$
9,088.47MCAID587$ 9,264.55MCAID765$
9,111.66MCAID880$ 9,647.92MCAID990$
8,433.90MCAID466$ 8,980.22MCAID687$
9,986.72MCAID577$ 7,491.19MCAID674$
10,846.04MCAID481$ 8,116.09MCAID787$
8,204.69MCAID865$ 8,080.06MCAID480$
8,444.52MCAID390$ 9,371.52MCAID266$
10,510.78MCAID187$ 9,350.20MCAID577$
11,055.29MCAID674$ 8,687.31MCAID781$
8,110.83MCAID887$ 9,924.35MCAID965$
8,202.16MCAID380$ 9,200.64MINS490$
8,519.16MOTHR466$ 10,599.23MOTHR587$
8,995.15MOTHR580$ 7,682.80MOTHR555$
8,172.84MOTHR573$ 8,395.52MOTHR767$
8,403.74MOTHR275$ 8,795.54MOTHR

8. 1-2 F M 9 11 3-4 F M 21 20 5-6 F M
19 15 7-8 F M 18 14 9-10 F M 6 3
11-12 F M 1 1
Primary Payer
BC CAID CARE HMO INS OGVT OTHR
SELF 16 25 47 9 16 1 8 16
F 35-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85-94 1 25
26 22 M 35-44 55-64 65-74 75-84
85-94 1 21 21 21
6000-8500 F M 24 24 8500-11000 F M 49
38 11000-13500 F M 1 2

9. 1-2 F M 9 11 3-4 F M 21 20 5-6 F M
19 15 7-8 F M 18 14 9-10 F M 6 3
11-12 F M 1 1
Primary Payer
BC CAID CARE HMO INS OGVT OTHR
SELF 16 25 47 9 16 1 8 16
F 35-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85-94 1 25
26 22 M 35-44 55-64 65-74 75-84
85-94 1 21 21 21
6000-8500 F M 24 24 8500-11000 F M 49
38 11000-13500 F M 1 2

10. 1-2 F M 9 11 3-4 F M 21 20 5-6 F M
19 15 7-8 F M 18 14 9-10 F M 6 3
11-12 F M 1 1
Primary Payer
BC CAID CARE HMO INS OGVT OTHR
SELF 16 25 47 9 16 1 8 16
F 35-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85-94 1 25
26 22 M 35-44 55-64 65-74 75-84
85-94 1 21 21 21
6000-8500 F M 24 24 8500-11000 F M 49
38 11000-13500 F M 1 2

11. 1-2 F M 9 11 3-4 F M 21 20 5-6 F M
19 15 7-8 F M 18 14 9-10 F M 6 3
11-12 F M 1 1
Primary Payer
BC CAID CARE HMO INS OGVT OTHR
SELF 16 25 47 9 16 1 8 16
F 35-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85-94 1 25
26 22 M 35-44 55-64 65-74 75-84
85-94 1 21 21 21
6000-8500 F M 24 24 8500-11000 F M 49
38 11000-13500 F M 1 2

12. SimpleLinearRegressionAgeDrug Charges77$ 1,059.4174$
825.6181$ 1,003.3287$ 1,139.1065$ 397.2780$
1,107.4390$ 61.44slope 66$ 691.55-3.806887$ 608.3577$
196.2974$ 1,173.42r-squared81$ 657.200.006487$
254.9365$ 537.5780$ 1,423.57y-intercept90$
1,170.761089.566$ 1,201.8587$ 962.2572$ 265.3877$
1,455.4974$ 1,196.4281$ 418.3887$ 930.7965$ 622.9480$
968.8090$ 908.9766$ 304.6887$ 855.3076$ 1,216.9877$
1,466.5274$ 174.0281$ 145.3387$ 448.2265$ 1,264.0280$
709.9990$ 157.6266$ 505.3687$ 119.1675$ 1,403.8377$
967.9774$ 61.2381$ 1,402.9787$ 30.7665$ 1,454.7280$
284.6190$ 1,480.2466$ 888.6587$ 5.9967$ 1,041.6877$
565.5774$ 488.8981$ 542.7087$ 138.8865$ 1,118.3680$
1,437.3490$ 480.0566$ 857.9687$ 966.8241$ 943.2677$
1,050.0574$ 1,126.7481$ 8.0087$ 1,234.0165$ 783.0880$
613.9290$ 421.6166$ 705.2387$ 485.8977$ 1,418.4677$
868.7974$ 1,436.5981$ 426.2287$ 1,404.3065$ 143.2380$
371.8690$ 815.0666$ 1,224.2687$ 1,070.2089$
1,382.0477$ 1,021.0274$ 499.9981$ 1,130.8687$
1,282.5265$ 940.8280$ 1,071.0790$ 1,029.1566$
1,486.3987$ 1,338.8877$ 732.1474$ 1,114.3881$
272.4187$ 473.9865$ 445.2280$ 1,404.5490$ 1,148.3766$
1,104.7787$ 1,260.5177$ 421.5574$ 753.4781$
1,252.8487$ 215.4065$ 1,399.0480$ 1,390.1490$
143.3366$ 331.0187$ 1,121.6877$ 1,124.7174$ 776.2781$
670.7887$ 716.5465$ 575.8080$ 1,250.0090$ 398.4766$
399.2587$ 1,350.2777$ 440.7174$ 1,002.3281$ 310.7887$
155.2065$ 138.7380$ 266.1990$ 510.1466$ 996.4387$
230.8977$ 1,358.0774$ 236.1481$ 1,236.1487$ 994.2965$
897.4880$ 1,106.6090$ 94.8066$ 1,179.9687$ 470.8880$
849.2855$ 411.1673$ 297.4467$ 975.2975$ 1,075.51
Drug Charges

13. 77 74 81 87 65 80 90 66 87 77 74 81 87
65 80 90 66 87 72 77 74 81 87 65 80
90 66 87 76 77 74 81 87 65 80 90 66
87 75 77 74 81 87 65 80 90 66 87 67
77 74 81 87 65 80 90 66 87 41 77 74
81 87 65 80 90 66 87 77 77 74 81 87
65 80 90 66 87 89 77 74 81 87 65 80
90 66 87 77 74 81 87 65 80 90 66 87
77 74 81 87 65 80 90 66 87 77 74 81
87 65 80 90 66 87 77 74 81 87 65 80
90 66 87 77 74 81 87 65 80 90 66 87
80 55 73 67 75 1059.4071079370719
825.61039223030809 1003.324923294425
1139.1037251995917 397.27347229550247
1107.4297041489974 61.435114320558313
691.55496793136626 608.3511229604577
196.29186693263313 1173.4229968083057
657.20474772521436 254.92599807890943
537.57248926522186 1423.5735160300837
1170.7592683099629 1201.8541288785127
962.24761920725371 265.3826776021055
1455.4891963188952 1196.4200409561956
418.38443351728205 930.7853107473511
622.94126767910211 968.80012503686919
908.96817738768834 304.68177591562068
855.2962957170439 1216.9751333794513
1466.5199556311686 174.02497743212191
145.33226041719294 448.22490150396277
1264.023211600505 709.99119721878174
157.61548067934706 505.35734101370338
119.16039145308687 1403.8338030684565
967.96814692232897 61.234133304015671
1402.9666286871577 30.762122537090264
1454.7180511949311 284.60510781193722
1480.2425144824917 888.65405855201936

14. 5.9943541369041338 1041.6810743344629
565.57176513878392 488.89200532839936
542.69587594046061 138.87690106960309
1118.3557203804448 1437.3404899441168
480.04851518131943 857.95897551099733
966.82315335947067 943.26394718125698
1050.0530230355826 1126.7440529725818
8.0016009339891614 1234.0099988712984
783.07808074792399 613.92101055159821
421.61346865355432 705.225257660377
485.88859793885035 1418.4608056535051
868.79061697958844 1436.5931008780758
426.21530497762643 1404.3038868714921
143.22801670311404 371.86288704001095
815.06133757099656 1224.2599793027198
1070.2039527239881 1382.0396168726395
1021.0184478236007 499.98657543274055
1130.8581320320418 1282.5233097121484
940.81872716229998 1071.0748379931188
1029.1542176492399 1486.3866724258028
1338.8819888734076 732.14038003249084
1114.3760722487557 272.41458167732674
473.9832830449264 445.22398129965336
1404.5380465482117 1148.365620819136
1104.7673337548385 1260.5111960614779
421.54972934510454 753.46988234398134
1252.837224371435 215.40051979619352
1399.0424014189286 1390.1417032334223
143.32511610751379 331.00605242653916
1121.6786373111497 1124.7061939496773
776.26727390778512 670.77698383251368
716.54124214164813 575.80443247242874
1249.9974652627618 398.47232517454279
399.24523471736615 1350.2674400724943
440.70758637773912 1002.3230937993702
310.77544026029614 155.20285888812012

15. 138.73163715760788 266.18548833320943
510.13540656498253 996.42624756045757
230.88506931401565 1358.0664455241174
236.14375442983993 1236.1446109571521
994.29351777146144 897.47651824407535
1106.5989079146837 94.796561139078193
1179.9568306028837 470.88039863778727
849.27884661307712 411.15581081707404
297.43652983170927 975.28959100287614
1075.5107199913639
HypothesisTestTotal Chges$ 10,258.04$ 8,845.63t Test for
the Hypothesis of the MeanTest the claim that the mean is
$10,000$ 8,561.29Data$ 8,744.77Null Hypothesis
m=10000.0$ 7,473.72Level of Significance0.05$
8,557.10Sample Size138.08882.641339512016$
9,017.12Sample Mean8882.64812.2557683183189$
8,369.42Sample Standard Deviation812.26$ 8,371.65$
7,040.53Intermediate Calculations$ 9,027.60Standard Error of
the Mean69.1442$ 8,406.36Degrees of Freedom137.0$
9,576.50t Test Statistic-16.1599$ 8,643.63$ 9,326.02Two-
Tail Test$ 9,343.93Lower Critical Value-1.9774$
8,878.88Upper Critical Value1.9774$ 9,368.94p-Value0.0000$
8,163.33Reject the null hypothesis$ 11,054.84$ 8,922.92$
8,549.67$ 9,482.28$ 8,604.37$ 9,425.82$ 9,544.74$
8,803.99$ 9,022.59$ 8,667.50$ 9,600.11$ 8,872.57$
9,813.57$ 9,369.43$ 8,977.19$ 8,966.71$ 8,280.27$
8,054.88$ 7,472.24$ 9,063.64$ 8,121.75$ 8,016.12$
10,125.58$ 8,523.48$ 8,488.61$ 8,984.25$ 8,245.75$
8,950.12$ 7,310.76$ 8,150.48$ 8,728.94$ 8,194.86$
9,421.54$ 8,029.96$ 9,397.74$ 8,773.78$ 9,108.45$
8,783.40$ 8,432.71$ 8,385.72$ 8,286.34$ 9,943.45$
7,033.06$ 9,096.24$ 9,176.01$ 8,599.42$ 9,430.03$
9,637.49$ 8,049.57$ 8,018.89$ 9,326.69$ 9,845.96$

16. 9,061.25$ 9,923.25$ 7,099.61$ 9,338.71$ 8,335.55$
9,345.08$ 9,451.35$ 9,871.65$ 8,325.59$ 8,147.57$
8,506.40$ 9,274.45$ 9,145.28$ 8,115.25$ 8,761.79$
9,178.66$ 9,435.66$ 8,202.09$ 8,140.23$ 8,603.93$
9,013.08$ 8,601.44$ 11,006.01$ 8,958.02$ 10,214.76$
8,202.77$ 7,789.51$ 10,075.00$ 8,229.70$ 8,117.16$
10,488.90$ 9,376.32$ 8,856.67$ 8,186.44$ 10,588.48$
8,649.17$ 8,373.70$ 9,088.47$ 9,264.55$ 9,111.66$
9,647.92$ 8,433.90$ 8,980.22$ 9,986.72$ 7,491.19$
10,846.04$ 8,116.09$ 8,204.69$ 8,080.06$ 8,444.52$
9,371.52$ 10,510.78$ 9,350.20$ 11,055.29$ 8,687.31$
8,110.83$ 9,924.35$ 8,202.16$ 9,200.64$ 8,519.16$
10,599.23$ 8,995.15$ 7,682.80$ 8,172.84$ 8,395.52$
8,403.74$ 8,795.54
ChiSquareAgePrincipal Payer
Sex77CAREF74CAREF81CAREF87CAREF65CAREF80CAREF
90CAREFCount of SexColumn Labels66BCFRow
LabelsFMGrand Total87BCF25-491.01.077BCF50-
7425.022.047.074BCF75-10048.042.090.081BCFGrand
Total74.064.0138.087BCF65BCF80BCFAgeFMGrand
Total90BCF<7526.022.048.066BCF>=7548.042.090.087BCF74.
064.0138.072BCF77BCF74HMOF81HMOF87HMOF65HMOF80
HMOF90HMOF66HMOF87HMOF76HMOF77CAREF74CAREF
81CAREF87CAREF65OGVTF80CAREF90CAREF66CAREF87
CAREF75CAREF77CAREF74CAREF81CAREF87CAREF65CA
REF80CAREF90CAIDF66CAREF87CAREF67CAREF77CAREF
74CAREF81CAREF87INSF65CAREF80CAREF90CAIDF66CA
REF87CAIDF41SELFF77SELFF74SELFF81SELFF87SELFF65S
ELFF80SELFF90SELFF66SELFF87SELFF77SELFF77SELFF74
SELFF81SELFF87SELFF65SELFF80BCM90CAREM66CAREM
87CAREM89CAREM77CAREM74CAREM81CAREM87CARE
M65CAREM80BCM90BCM66CAREM87CAREM77CAREM74C
AREM81CAREM87CAREM65CAREM80INSM90INSM66INSM
87INSM77INSM74INSM81INSM87INSM65INSM80INSM90IN
SM66INSM87INSM77INSM74CAIDM81CAIDM87CAIDM65C
AIDM80CAIDM90CAIDM66CAIDM87CAIDM77CAIDM74CAI

17. DM81CAIDM87CAIDM65CAIDM80CAIDM90CAIDM66CAID
M87CAIDM77CAIDM74CAIDM81CAIDM87CAIDM65CAIDM
80INSM90OTHRM66OTHRM87OTHRM80OTHRM55OTHRM7
3OTHRM67OTHRM75OTHRM
TITLE OF THE PAPER 1
21
Report on Geriatrics
Professor of Course
First name, middle initial(s), last name. Omit all professional
titles and/or degrees (e.g. Dr., Rev., PhD, MA).
Joseph A. Snider
DeVoe School of Business, Indiana Wesleyan University

18. Author Note
2
A paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Masters of Business Administration.
Table of Contents
Report on Geriatrics 3
Project Background 3
Purpose of the Study 3
Context of the Problem, Challenge Opportunity, or Issue 3
Objectives of the Study 3
Limitations of the Study 4
Assumptions of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 4
Goals of the Study 4
Significance of the Topic to the Writer 4
Significance of the Topic to Stakeholders 5

19. Industry implications 5
Global implications 5
Information and Literature Review 6
Brief Summary of the Literature on the Subject 6
Systematic Review of the Literature 7
Descriptive Statistics 8
Descriptive Graphs 9
Project Analysis 14
Analysis of the Literature Review Research Findings 14
Simple Linear Regression Analysis 14
Single Sample Hypothesis Test of the Mean 14
Chi-Square Analysis of Age and Principal Payer 16
Project Summary 17
Conclusions 17
Specific Recommendations 17
Suggestions for Future Research 17
References 18
Appendix A 19
Data Set 19
Appendix B 22
Pictures of Analysis 22
Report on Geriatrics 3
Project Background 3
Purpose of the Study 3
Context of the Problem, Challenge Opportunity, or Issue 3
Objectives of the Study 3
Limitations of the Study 4
Assumptions of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 4

20. Goals of the Study 4
Significance of the Topic to the Writer 4
Significance of the Topic to Stakeholders 5
Broader Implications of the Topic 5
INFORMATION and LITERATURE REVIEW 6
Brief Summary of the Literature on the Subject 6
Systematic Review of the Literature 7
Descriptive Statistics 7
Descriptive Graphs 9
Project Analysis 13
Analysis of the Literature Review Research Findings 13
Simple Linear Regression Analysis 13
Single Sample Hypothesis Test of the Mean 14
Chi-Square Analysis of Age and Principal Payer 15
Project Summary 16
Conclusions 16
Specific Recommendations 16
Suggestions for Future Research 16
Ethical Considerations 17
References 18
Appendix A 19
Data Set 19
Appendix B 22
Pictures of Analysis 22
Report on Geriatrics Comment by Wise, Jay: The APA 7th
Edition Publication Manual’s sample professional and student
papers both include at least one paragraph that serves as an
introduction. APA does not use the word Introduction as a
heading. Based on the headings used here, I would expect to
read a short introduction that outlines the paper’s major topics
and prepares me for the kinds of information I will interact with
in the paper.
Additionally, the Author Note includes the phrase “in partial

21. fulfillment,” which I commonly see on theses or dissertations.
This leads me to expect an Abstract. Comment by Snider,
Joseph: Took out author note to not be confusing Comment by
Snider, Joseph: As far as introduction, the purpose and
objectives go over that cost analysis is being done on the
medical data. I added more details on the analysis done in the
objectives section.Project BackgroundPurpose of the Study
Context of the Problem, Challenge Opportunity, or Issue
Researchers Chandra, Kumar, and Ghildayal (2011) predict
the future of healthcare costs and its impact on health
insurance:
Healthcare is currently a major fiscal problem. If this trend
continues to 2010 and beyond then corporation managers will
stop offering healthcare (some already have) to employees, or
they will keep passing along premium increases to employees as
many currently do. (p. 315)
The cost of inpatient hospital care is under scrutiny by patients,
insurance providers, even government officials. With costs
continuing to skyrocket, it is more important than ever to
understand the relationships between an inpatient hospital stay
and the costs associated the patient care. “The effective
management of hospitals is an increasingly political and social
issue as demographic trends in the USA indicate that the issues
associated with better hospital management will only become
increasingly important as the domestic population continues to
age” (Stock & McDermott, 2011, p. 142).
Objectives of the Study
Raw data collected in the hospital setting was analyzed,
allowing the data to be described in terms of statistics and
explored visually through graphs. Hypothetical statements and
claims are also tested using the sample data. The analysis
represented here is simple linear regression to determine if a
relationship exists between two numeric variables, a one sample
test of a particular value of the mean, and a chi-square

22. independence test on a summary table made of 2 categories and
counts.
Limitations of the Study
Geriatric is defined as “a branch of medicine that deals with
the problems and diseases of old age and aging people”
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.). In the dataset from Freedom Hospital
Geriatric Patients, there appear to be anomalies. Once the
dataset is sorted, 12 patients do not fit the geriatric definition.
If the dataset is a sample of all patients in the hospital and not
specifically geriatric patients, the information should be noted
on the description for the dataset. The data also included a
patient who was not identified as either male or female.
Assumptions of the Study
It is assumed that the data in the spreadsheet used in the
analysis for this report was honest and truthful. It is assumed
that any blank information provided is not due to privacy
concerns. It is assumed that no private identifying information
was collected.Significance of the Study
Goals of the Study
Goals of this study are to analyze age, charges, gender,
length of stay, principalpayer in terms of central tendency and
variation, and specific visual explorations and hypothesis tests
on the data. After performing this analysis, the interpretations
and judgments allow for business decisions to be made. For
instance, based on the typical length of stay, a business can
strive to lower that value and look for ways to improve evidence
of outcomes.
Significance of the Topic to the Writer
The significance to this writer is personally having friends
and family in age greater than 50 years and in a hospital setting.
It would be advantageous to anyone who cares about loved ones
and friends to attain care that is efficient and effective.

23. Measuring for the purpose of improvement is therefore of
significance to this writer.
Significance of the Topic to Stakeholders
In this context, stakeholders could be patients, payers, and
the government. All three would be interested in the results of a
medical study on people over 50 years of age. Patients would be
informed of cost trends. Payers would know the breakdown of
the study by percentage by various payers. The government
would benefit from research to know how to legislate.
The lack of efficiency and effectiveness results in political
consequences. If people spend all their money in retirement on
medical bills, that can translate into votes for candidates that
specialize in healthcare legislation. In current times, the merits
and costs of Medicare for all is being hotly debated.
Broader Implications of the Topic
Industry implications. Comment by Wise, Jay: Format Level
4 APA Headings using Title Case, i.e. Industry Implications.
See Table 2.3 on page 48 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th
Edition. Comment by Snider, Joseph: You fixed it
The purpose of the hospital industry as a whole is to treat
patients with utmost care and concern, while not bankrupting
the patient in the process. Health care costs have been a
significant part of employee benefit packages, and the costs
have been going up faster than inflation and certainly faster
than wages.
Global implications. Comment by Wise, Jay: Format Level
4 APA Headings using Title Case, i.e. Industry Implications.
See Table 2.3 on page 48 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th
Edition. Comment by Snider, Joseph: You fixed it.
Ways of paying for medical care differs worldwide. Which is

24. the correct option for a country? The facts should drive the
decisions for any given country. Since no one-size-fits-all
solution exists, analysis should include data from many
countries. Research should be funded, used to make decisions,
and considered important due to the cost
ramifications.Information and Literature ReviewBrief Summary
of the Literature on the Subject
According to author Russ Richmond (2013),
Rising costs are at the heart of the cost challenges that are
prevalent in health care. Healthcare reform was designed, in
part to help alleviate this persistent cost problem, but much
work still needs to be done to fully understand the true costs of
health care. (p. 90)
This section will analyze the costs associated with an inpatient
hospital stay. The total charges, along with the individual
department charges, will be analyzed.
Hospitals estimate in different ways the costs involved in
an inpatient stay. According to Richmond (2013), ratios of costs
to charges is one of the ways a hospital can estimate patient
costs. Richmond discusses the use of ratios and highlights how
the use of ratios can cause hospitals to overestimate the
profitability of specific services, such as orthopedic procedures.
In the article, the author shares a four-step process for hospitals
to use to better estimate patient costs. The process takes time
and the ability to utilize analytical data to better project costs.
Using data can help a hospital determine whether a physician is
efficiently using resources, which directly impacts the cost of
care to the patient. Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: You may want
to decide whether or not to require a page number or location
information in any work cited in a graduate level paper. For
example, DOL students must include page or paragraph numbers
or section information to help readers locate quoted or
paraphrased information easily.
The Publication Manual includes this quotation on page 269:
“Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph

25. number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in
addition to the author and year when it would help interested
readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex
work (e.g., a book).” Comment by Snider, Joseph: Page
numbers or sections not added here but if a direct quote it
would be.
Systematic Review of the LiteratureSummary and Relevance of
the Literature to the Problem or Questions. The research
involves 1387 patients at a geriatric hospital. The gender and
principal payer are categorical, with values having text values.
The age, length of stay, and total charges are numeric variables
and can be used for hypothesis testing and regression
scatterplots.
The analysis being proposed is one of looking at length of stay
and charges. The impact of gender is also being analyzed. As
discussed earlier, health care costs are high and growing, which
makes measuring and analyzing data essential to improving
efficiency and effectiveness.
Thematic Findings in Literature as Applied to the Topic. Costs
for health care are high and continually increasing. Reducing
costs while maintaining quality is important and should be
balanced. Monitoring length of stay is important in order to
minimize it.
Key Definitions. Length of stay (LOS) is a key measure, and
bed census is affected when LOS is not managed effectively.
Ethical Ethical Consideration from the Literature Review.
Gathering data involves a lot of work to capture, clean, and
store the data in a usable format. People are often overcharged
for services. Many people have experienced this on a personal
level; Ppaying even 20% of the service charges can affect a
household. Deciding what services to provide and at what cost
can be an ethical dilemma for healthcare offices to resolve. Do
providers pay for new equipment knowing that care would
improve but so would costs to patients?
When dealing with the health of people, ethical guidelines
for human being research have to be enforced. Research must be

26. voluntary, and data must be de-identified for privacy concerns.
Large sample sizes would help to add credibility to the results.
Descriptive Statistics
This section will analyze the following questions:
· What is the breakdown by age of males and females?
· Do men or women spend more time (length in days) in the
hospital?
· Do men or women pay more for their stay in the hospital?
· Do men and women use the same principal payers?Table 1
Types of Variables in the Data Set
Variable
Variable Type
Length of Stay in Days
Numerical, Discrete, Ratio Scale
Patient Age
Numerical, Discrete, Ratio Scale
Sex
Categorical, Nominal Scale
Variable
Variable Type
Principal Payer
Categorical, Nominal Scale
Total Charges During Hospital Stay
Numerical, Continuous, Ratio Scale
To describe the raw data, our attention turns to some statistics
related to the variables being used in the research (Length of
Stay in Days, Patient Age, Sex, and Principal Payer). The
following table (Table 2) presents the descriptive stati stics on
the variables being researched. The sample size (N=138) was
used to calculate the summary information in Table 2.
Table 2 Comment by Wise, Jay: Consider including a Table
note to remind the reader of the population, N = 137. Also, this
table should use accepted abbreviations for statistical measures
like the Mean, Median, and Standard Deviation. See the Sample

27. Tables on ages 210-224 of the APA Publication Manual for
guidance.
You can find additional guidance in Table 6.5 Statistical
Abbreviations and Symbols on pages 183-186.
Last, I recommend reviewing the information on pages 181-188,
Statistical and Mathematical Copy, in case you need to make
any changes to the narrative (text) explanations. Comment by
Snider, Joseph: N=138 provided in a new sentence.
Descriptive Statistics
Gender
Mean
Median
Standard
Deviation
Length of Stay in Days
M
4.92
5
2.31
F
5.31
5
2.39
Patient Age
M
78.1
80
8.94
F
77.6
78.5

28. 9.38
Total Charges during Hospital Stay
M
8978.08
8907
885
F
8789.93
8794
729
Table 2 shows that the mean length of stay in days for
women is slightly higher. Patient age has a mean of 77.6–78.1
for females and males. The minimum amount of time spent in
the hospital was zero days up to the maximum of 12 days.
“Prior research has shown that ALOS [average length of stay] is
related to cost, efficiency, quality of care, and speed in service
delivery (Ashby et al., 2000; Glick et al., 2003; Thomas et al.,
1997; Burns et al., 1994)” (as cited in Stock & McDermott,
2011, p. 144).
Total charges average $8,978.08 for men and $8,789.93 for
women, which is slightly lower. The standard deviation for
length of stay is 2.31 days for men and 2.39 days for women.
The standard deviation for age is about one eighth of the mean
for both men and women, and total charges about one tenth for
men and a little less for women. There is not a big difference in
variation between men and women.
Descriptive Graphs
Figure 1 Comment by Wise, Jay: Consider including a Figure
note to give essential information. The APA Manual has
excellent sample figures on pages 234-250. There is a Sample
Bar Graph on page 234 that may be helpful.
These comments apply to all figures included in this paper.
Comment by Snider, Joseph: All charts in the paper have a

29. Figure heading now.
Length of Stay by Gender
Figure 1 shows that the shape of the column charts is similar for
men and women, but more females than males stay seven to
eight days, and fewer women than men stay one to two days.
Both distributions are heavily loaded towards the front,
indicating right skewness. The majority of the values are eight
days or less for length of stay.
Figure 2
Age by Gender
Figure 2 shows that the shape of the column charts is similar for
men and women, with only a slight difference of being higher
for females. Both distributions are heavily loaded towards the
higher end, indicating left skewness. The majority of the age
values are 60 and up, which is expected for a geriatric hospital
study set of data.
Figure 3
Total Charges by Gender
Figure 3 shows that the shape of the column charts is similar for
men and women, with some charges for males existing in the
$8,500 to $11,000 range. Both distributions are heavily loaded
towards the lower end, indicating right skew.. The majority of
the charges are $1,000 to $11,000. Comment by Wise, Jay [2]:
Note the two periods at the end of this sentence. Remind
students to use both Grammarly and Word’s Spelling &
Grammar check tool.

30. Figure 4 Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Figure 4 needs a figure
note and explanation for each acronym. Comment by Snider,
Joseph: Added acronym definitions under the chart.
Primary Payer Percentages
Figure 4 shows various payer types (OGVT=Other Government
Program, BC=Blue Cross, CAID=Medicaid, CARE=Medicare,
HMO=Health Maintenance Organization, INS=Private
Insurance, OTHR=Other Form of Payment, SELF=Private Pay),
and that most of the payments for all patients are through
Medicare, which is expected since people over 60 become
eligible for those benefits as the patients age. Medicaid and
Blue Cross are the other percentages that make up the largest
portion of the payments. Table 3 below shows there is not much
difference between genders on which payers are used other than
self, insurance, and HMO.
Table 3 Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Table 3 should have an
accompanying table note that explains each acronym, too.
Comment by Snider, Joseph: Added the appropriate
acronym definitions under the table.
Count of Primary Payers by Gender
Gender
BC
CAID
CARE
HMO
INS
OGVT
OTHR
SELF
Grand Total
F
13
3
31
9

31. 1
1
16
74
M
3
22
16
15
8
64
Grand Total
16
25
47
9
16
1
8
16
138
The payer types are(OGVT=Other Government Program,
BC=Blue Cross, CAID=Medicaid, CARE=Medicare,
HMO=Health Maintenance Organization, INS=Private
Insurance, OTHR=Other Form of Payment, SELF=Private Pay).
Project AnalysisAnalysis of the Literature Review Research
Findings
Simple Linear Regression Analysis
Is there a correlation between drug charges and age? This

32. question will be answered using simple linear regression.
Figure 5
Scatterplot of Drug Charges Based on Age
Figure 5 shows a slightly downupward slope, calculated to
be -3.8068, and a relationship strength measured by R2 r-
squared is= .0064. The plot points on the scatterplot look
random, and the R2 r-squared =value of .0064 is extremely
low. This means there is almost no relationship or correlation
between drug charges and age. Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: See
the comment above with page numbers for statistical copy.
Review APA Style guidelines for narrative (written) statistical
data. Comment by Snider, Joseph: R square is now R with
superscript of 2.
Single Sample Hypothesis Test of the Mean
The research claim that will be answered using one sample
hypothesis testing is that the population mean for total charges
is $10,000.
Table 4 Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Review the Publication
Manual’s Table Examples for statistical copy. For example,
Table 7.8 on page 214 provides sample results for multiple t
tests. Table 7.13 provides a sample Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) table. These tables may reflect APA Style more
accurately than Table 4. Comment by Snider, Joseph: The
tables are a screen shot of the actual templates provided for the
student to perform the analysis. No change could be made here
due to that.
Hypothesis Test Using a t Test for the Mean
The hypothesis analysis in Table 4 shows the sample input
values of:
· The hypothesis value of $10,000 for the mean of total charges
· The sample mean of $8,882.64
· The sample standard deviation of $812.26
· The sample size Nof = 138

33. It also shows the lower critical values of -1.9774 and +1.9774,
and a t =test statistic of 16.1599. There are two methods for
making a judgment. The first is when the critical value method
compares the t test statistic against the lower and upper critical
values. If outside those values, the null hypothesis is rejected.
The second method is based on the p-value; if it is lower than
the level of significance of .05, the null hypothesis is rejected.
Chi-Square Analysis of Age and Principal Payer
Are age and principal payer independent of each other? This
question will be answered using chi-square testing.
Table 5 Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Table 7.7 on page 214
gives a Sample Chi-Square Analysis Table. Comment by
Snider, Joseph: Table is an example of a screen shot of the
actual tool used – anything else would not be correct.
Chi-Square Test of Age and Gender (Independence Test)
Table 5 shows a chi-square analysis of age versus gender
for a test of independence. The null hypothesis is that the
variables are independent. The alternate hypothesis is that the
variables are dependent. The level of significance is .05, and the
p-value is .9255. Since the p-value is higher than the level of
significance, the null hypothesis is not rejected. The other way
to determine judgment is to compare the chi-square test statistic
of .0087 to the critical value of 3.8415; the chi-square value
would have to be greater than the critical value to reject the null
hypothesis. Hence, the null hypothesis that the age and gender
are independent is not rejected.Project SummaryConclusions
The cost of an inpatient hospital stay is expensive. The charges
a patient accumulates during their hospital stay increases each
day they remain in care. There is no correlation between the age
and drug charges of the patients in the hospital. The age and
gender were also determined to be statistically independent
variables.Specific Recommendations
A Pareto analysis would be useful to determine major
factors of cost. Is it rampant law suits? Is it poor preventive

34. health? Are repeat visits common? One recommendation is to
collect different types of data to facilitate this type of defect
research. Another recommendation is to add highly qualified
nursing staff’s comments into a qualitative report.Suggestions
for Future Research
Research by state and in other countries is warranted since the
impacts can be on personal, company, and political finances.
Additionally, gathering more information on each patient, like
eating habits, blood pressure, diabetes history, medications, and
income level, could add greatly to the analysis and subsequent
decision making.Ethical Considerations
When dealing with the health of people, ethical guidelines
for human being research have to be enforced. Research must be
voluntary, and data must be de-identified for privacy concerns.
Large sample sizes would help to add credibility to the results.
References
Chandra, C., Kumar, S., & Ghildayal, N. S. (2011). Hospital
cost structure in the USA: What’s behind the costs? A business
case. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance,
24(4), 314–28. https://doi.org/10.1108/09526861111125624
Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: I changed the DOI format to
reflect APA 7th Edition preferences. See the table on page 316
of the Publication Manual. Comment by Snider, Joseph: You
fixed it.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.) Geriatrics. In Merriam-Webster.com
dictionary. Retrieved date, February 24, 2016, from
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geriatric
Richmond, R. (2013, March). A better approach to cost
estimation. Healthcare Financial Management: Journal of the
Healthcare Financial Management Association, 67(3), 86–90.
http://0-
search.proquest.com.oak.indwes.edu/docview/1426765943
Stock, G. N., & McDermott, C. (2011, May 24). Operational and
contextual drivers of hospital costs. Journal of Health
Organization and Management, 25(2), 142–58.
https://doi.org/10.1108/14777261111134392

35. Appendix A Data Set Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Consider
formatting this data set similarly to Table 7.2 Sample
Demographics Characteristic Table, page 210 of the 7th Edition
APA Publication Manual.
Also note the label error: Total Chges vs. Total Charges
Comment by Snider, Joseph: This matches the spreadsheet
provided which has Chges vs Charges spelled out.
Table 6
Raw Data Set of Patients and Costs
LOS
Age
Sex
Principal Payer
Total Chges
Drug Charges
Lab Charges
3
78
F
CARE
$ 5,418.85
$ 68.70
$ 273.50
3
74

36. F
CARE
$ 4,575.10
$ 58.65
$ 439.50
11
89
M
CARE
$ 12,031.18
$ 230.28
$ 816.50
3
81
M
CARE
$ 3,617.84
$ 142.89
$ 387.00
9
87
F
CARE
$ 12,806.88
$ 889.23
$ 795.50
3
65
CARE
$ 5,295.55
$ 102.50
$ 837.00
3
90
M

37. CARE
$ 3,453.21
$ 122.15
$ 323.00
3
61
M
BC
$ 1,760.03
$ 161.18
$ 35.00
3
90
F
CARE
$ 3,290.40
$ 235.65
$ 243.00
5
78
M
CARE
$ 6,253.65
$ 103.05
$ 487.50
3
78
F
CARE
$ 3,896.16
$ 229.06
$ 222.00
2
71
M
CARE

38. $ 1,795.35
$ 52.05
$ 58.00
3
76
M
CARE
$ 9,265.17
$ 211.37
$1,626.50
3
76
F
CARE
$ 3,282.90
$ 298.40
$ 381.50
5
79
F
CARE
$ 9,565.83
$ 477.03
$ 974.00
3
72
M
CARE
$ 3,782.15
$ 166.85
$ 345.00
4
72
M
CARE
$ 6,384.28

39. $ 342.98
$ 644.85
3
64
M
CARE
$ 4,904.25
$ 208.65
$ 768.00
2
72
F
CARE
$ 4,169.92
$ 545.15
$ 375.50
3
69
F
CARE
$ 5,204.41
$ 510.01
$ 870.50
4
63
M
HMO
$ 6,740.00
$ 480.20
$1,091.50
1
78
M
CARE
$ 5,016.44
$ 401.44

40. $ 630.00
2
83
M
CARE
$ 4,178.94
$ 604.49
$ 433.50
3
62
F
OTHR
$ 4,105.26
$ 90.46
$ 222.00
4
71
M
CARE
$ 4,717.30
$ 120.90
$ 496.00
6
83
F
CARE
$ 6,598.92
$ 380.17
$ 386.00
2
63
F
OTHR
$ 1,633.85
$ 20.85
$ 207.00

41. 1
83
M
CARE
$ 2,200.85
$ 21.00
$ 176.00
4
76
F
CARE
$ 7,461.54
$ 508.34
$1,082.50
5
79
M
CARE
$ 11,413.23
$ 1,149.88
$1,335.50
3
65
M
CARE
$ 5,607.55
$ 230.50
$ 969.35
2
79
M
CARE
$ 4,850.62
$ 172.52
$ 867.00
4

42. 74
M
CARE
$ 7,102.49
$ 259.09
$ 881.00
15
63
M
OGVT
$ 13,615.69
$ 438.84
$1,930.00
3
84
M
CARE
$ 5,069.18
$ 282.90
$ 476.50
6
90
F
CARE
$ 6,536.07
$ 122.85
$ 651.00
4
73
F
CARE
$ 7,401.25
$ 216.90
$ 971.50
2
81

43. M
CARE
$ 3,744.34
$ 176.24
$ 394.00
5
75
F
CARE
$ 8,653.68
$ 246.63
$ 859.00
9
87
F
CARE
$ 14,423.21
$ 527.63
$2,138.00
3
70
M
CARE
$ 3,742.30
$ 112.95
$ 396.50
3
73
F
CARE
$ 5,514.09
$ 368.34
$ 874.50
5
77
M

44. CARE
$ 7,390.15
$ 331.25
$ 696.00
5
71
M
CARE
$ 9,358.20
$ 491.35
$1,223.50
7
76
M
CARE
$ 14,570.29
$ 286.74
$1,090.00
4
49
F
CAID
$ 4,526.43
$ 203.98
$ 378.50
6
78
F
CARE
$ 6,846.77
$ 162.57
$ 657.50
2
86
M
CARE

45. $ 2,927.62
$ 145.42
$ 606.50
3
67
M
CARE
$ 4,404.13
$ 161.78
$ 630.00
6
69
M
CARE
$ 8,056.36
$ 331.66
$ 642.00
8
73
F
CARE
$ 10,703.34
$ 618.64
$1,297.50
4
88
F
CARE
$ 16,458.95
$ 813.55
$1,050.50
5
67
M
INS
$ 4,770.10

46. $ 236.30
$ 747.00
8
69
M
CARE
$ 15,282.57
$ 1,704.77
$1,860.00
7
77
M
CARE
$ 10,105.30
$ 597.30
$1,251.00
8
64
F
CAID
$ 7,871.29
$ 606.64
$ 550.00
3
76
M
CARE
$ 3,411.10
$ 124.70
$ 356.50
12
64
F
CAID
$ 10,962.17
$ 712.67

47. $ 697.00
2
41
M
SELF
$ 7,374.27
$ 361.47
$ 600.50
5
49
M
CAID
$ 7,788.51
$ 478.85
$ 610.00
5
59
M
BC
$ 8,191.10
$ 661.65
$ 800.00
3
81
M
CARE
$ 11,117.35
$ 142.35
$ 318.00
2
74
F
CARE
$ 5,624.54
$ 149.69
$ 542.00

48. 4
77
F
CARE
$ 4,574.92
$ 159.82
$ 186.50
3
78
F
CARE
$ 3,644.36
$ 126.46
$ 220.50
2
73
F
CARE
$ 2,937.92
$ 50.67
$ 268.00
6
67
M
INS
$ 3,944.78
$ 602.98
$ 462.00
3
80
M
CARE
$ 6,366.10
$ 169.15
$1,130.00
3

49. 77
F
CARE
$ 4,992.01
$ 148.66
$ 569.50
4
73
F
CARE
$ 6,929.35
$ 679.25
$1,286.50
5
67
M
CARE
$ 5,595.42
$ 582.56
$ 714.00
3
86
M
CARE
$ 3,466.70
$ 78.15
$ 408.50
7
82
F
CARE
$ 7,289.77
$ 162.77
$ 821.50
7
84

50. F
CARE
$ 6,375.95
$ 275.30
$1,692.50
3
73
F
BC
$ 3,585.62
$ 276.29
$ 578.00
4
82
M
CARE
$ 5,970.45
$ 156.45
$ 711.50
8
62
F
CARE
$ 10,578.14
$ 696.94
$1,329.35
2
84
M
CARE
$ 2,223.60
$ 36.25
$ 229.00
3
89
F

51. CARE
$ 2,250.50
$ 182.70
$ 205.50
1
84
M
CARE
$ 1,644.55
$ 19.40
$ 142.00
4
81
F
CARE
$ 2,491.45
$ 84.45
$ 114.00
3
81
F
CARE
$ 1,691.50
$ 10.45
$ 114.00
6
78
M
CARE
$ 7,931.92
$ 746.06
$ 707.00
5
84
F
CARE

52. $ 5,121.97
$ 479.99
$ 981.35
5
37
M
BC
$ 6,940.75
$ 768.55
$1,791.50
7
62
M
BC
$ 12,088.08
$ 592.43
$ 971.80
1
80
F
CARE
$ 2,325.60
$ 101.50
$ 440.50
2
80
F
CARE
$ 4,452.78
$ 160.38
$ 276.50
4
73
M
CARE
$ 6,157.43

53. $ 193.61
$ 540.50
11
80
F
CARE
$ 21,474.90
$ 1,420.14
$2,302.00
3
80
F
CARE
$ 8,566.51
$ 446.11
$1,393.50
2
80
F
CARE
$ 4,910.27
$ 307.97
$ 707.00
1
81
F
CARE
$ 3,275.03
$ 152.28
$ 414.50
4
39
M
CAID
$ 12,080.81
$ 708.40

54. $ 971.50
6
86
M
CARE
$ 7,436.85
$ 242.70
$ 700.50
8
79
M
CARE
$ 15,624.20
$ 462.40
$2,372.00
4
87
M
CARE
$ 4,590.48
$ 414.40
$ 966.00
2
53
F
CARE
$ 3,232.63
$ 200.90
$ 320.00
3
83
F
CARE
$ 3,768.11
$ 216.01
$ 312.50

55. 7
80
F
CARE
$ 9,862.26
$ 432.36
$1,504.00
7
79
F
CARE
$ 10,626.42
$ 449.47
$1,011.40
4
72
F
CARE
$ 6,967.99
$ 176.89
$1,062.00
3
77
F
CARE
$ 5,891.25
$ 260.65
$1,215.50
3
81
F
CARE
$ 4,756.91
$ 104.66
$ 893.50
9

56. 67
F
OTHR
$ 8,096.93
$ 473.98
$ 862.50
4
80
M
CARE
$ 4,620.59
$ 178.59
$ 535.00
6
67
F
OTHR
$ 5,796.49
$ 472.74
$1,007.00
1
88
M
CARE
$ 1,483.39
$ 30.34
$ 172.00
1
88
F
CARE
$ 2,510.05
$ 82.45
$ 485.00
6
92

57. F
CARE
$ 10,185.83
$ 403.13
$1,054.50
3
85
F
CARE
$ 3,391.90
$ 49.60
$ 588.50
5
85
M
CARE
$ 8,418.13
$ 281.48
$ 758.00
3
80
M
CARE
$ 4,346.47
$ 108.11
$ 411.00
2
98
F
CARE
$ 2,043.85
$ 49.20
$ 214.00
3
74
F

58. CARE
$ 2,594.85
$ 131.60
$ 496.00
5
77
M
CARE
$ 5,499.36
$ 153.91
$ 289.50
9
53
F
CARE
$ 11,244.45
$ 500.30
$ 657.00
7
93
M
CARE
$ 6,565.55
$ 710.00
$ 725.00
4
83
F
CARE
$ 6,031.15
$ 294.60
$1,313.00
7
80
M
CARE

59. $ 4,912.76
$ 468.01
$ 333.50
3
79
M
CARE
$ 6,182.45
$ 234.85
$ 843.50
3
87
F
CARE
$ 4,218.95
$ 183.45
$ 309.50
16
59
M
CARE
$ 40,231.27
$ 2,768.32
$4,618.00
3
81
F
CARE
$ 3,608.95
$ 290.77
$ 457.50
4
94
F
CARE
$ 3,041.44

60. $ 109.59
$ 484.00
1
33
F
CAID
$ 1,581.93
$ 141.78
$ 539.50
2
78
F
CARE
$ 1,468.48
$ 175.18
$ -
2
29
F
CARE
$ 2,294.55
$ -
$ 209.00
2
80
F
CARE
$ 7,138.72
$ 402.98
$1,317.50
3
63
F
INS
$ 3,845.96
$ 182.31

61. $ 443.00
4
86
M
CARE
$ 5,355.23
$ 376.34
$ 890.90
4
96
M
CARE
$ 4,573.05
$ 563.40
$1,310.00
5
89
M
CARE
$ 5,023.11
$ 272.51
$1,039.50
5
80
M
CARE
$ 4,238.30
$ 112.15
$ 654.75
5
55
F
CAID
$ 6,885.73
$ 351.58
$ 838.50

62. 5
73
M
CARE
$ 5,447.63
$ 224.98
$ 660.00
7
67
F
CARE
$ 6,257.66
$ 349.81
$ 761.85
2
75
M
CARE
$ 4,601.00
$ 655.64
$1,008.00
Appendix BPictures of Analysis Comment by Wise, Jay [2]:
The information in this appendix should be broken out by Table
and Figure as appropriate. Please see my earlier comments for
possible table formats that you can use. Comment by Snider,
Joseph: All Tables and Figures now have headings.
Figure 6
Scatterplot of Drug Charges Based on Age
Table 7
Chi-Square Test of Age and Gender (Independence Test)

63. Table 8
Chi-Square Test of Age and Gender (Independence Test) Pivot
Table
Table 9
Chi-Square Test of Age and Gender (Independence Test)
Analysis Data Entry