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Ohio Sea Grant College Program


    Ohio Sea Grant and Stone Lab’s
   Research, Education, and Outreach
   Efforts on Critical Lake Erie Issues

Dr. Jeffrey M. Reutter, Director
Lake Erie LaMP Public Forum, LaSalle, Michigan
12 March 2010



Jeffrey M. Reutter, Director
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



  Most Important Lake In the World?
• “Its our lake. I see it every day. It can’t be the most
  important lake in the world.”
• Dead lake image of 60s and 70s.
• Poster child for pollution problems in this country.
• But, most heavily utilized of any of the Great Lakes.
• Shared by 4 states and 2 countries.
• Best example of ecosystem recovery in world.
  2
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


Blue-green Algae Bloom
circa 1970, Lake Erie




3
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




    “I heard Lake Erie is the
       place fish go to die.”

    --Johnny Carson, 1976

4
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



Today’s Talk
• Who we are
• What we do
• Some current research, education, and outreach
  efforts
• Lake Erie 101
• Lake Erie’s most important issues

5
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



Ohio Sea Grant College Program
1895—F.T. Stone Laboratory
1970—Center for Lake Erie Area Research
  (CLEAR)
1978—Ohio Sea Grant College Program
1992—Great Lakes Aquatic Ecosystem
  Research Consortium (GLAERC)



6
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



General Sea Grant
•Part of National Sea Grant   •Focus on 3 E’s:
Collge Program in NOAA           + Environment
•32 programs every coastal       + Economy
state                            + Education
•Partnership of:              •Accomplish through:
    + Government                 + Research
    + Academia                   + Education
    + Private Sector             + Outreach

7
Stone Laboratory: OhioGrant College Program
                                     Ohio Sea State’s Island Campus


 What is Stone Lab?
• Oldest freshwater
  field station in the
  nation, and
• Ohio’s Lake Erie Lab
  since 1895
• Island campus of OSU
  on Gibraltar Island,
  Lake Erie
• Research, education,
  and outreach
  laboratory
    8
• A whole lot of fun!
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



Program Goals and Objectives:
• Improve science education, link research scientists
  and managers, improve management decisions,
  facilitate the development of collaborative research
  projects to address management needs, enhance
  public understanding of Great Lakes issues.
• Solve problems, prevent them from happening,
  minimize their impact, protect human health, and
  maximize the value of Lake Erie.
• Support the LaMP and the CSMI.
9
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


                Institutional Setting

                                           E. Gordon Gee
                                              President

            Carol Whitacre                                               Bobby D. Moser
         Senior Vice President                                    Vice President for Agricultural
            For Research                                       Administration and University Outreach

                                           Jeffrey M. Reutter
                                 Director, Ohio Sea Grant College Program

     Center for Lake Erie                 Great Lakes Aquatic
       Area Research                 Ecosystem Research Consortium             F.T. Stone Laboratory
          (CLEAR)                             (GLAERC)



                                           Columbus Office




10
10
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


       Accomplishments-1
• SG—Over 420 projects, 450 grad students, 250+
  investigators, 19 colleges and univ.
• 18 endowments at Stone Lab
• FOSL--Supported over 1000 scholarships and
  REUs at Stone Lab since 1983
• Over 100,000 students of all ages at Stone Lab
  since 1990
• 225 partnerships including Lake Erie Partnership
• Lake Erie Literacy Principles
• Participated in rebirth of Lake Erie
  11
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


Accomplishments-2
• Outreach--11.7 million hits/year on website
• Over 300 articles/year about our work in media
• 12 Ohio Sea Grant communication and extension
  specialists
     +   Artificial Reefs—10 including 3 from old Cleve Municipal Stadium
     +   State Legislature/Congressional Day—since 1982
     +   Clean Marina Program—shrink wrap (1 million lbs.)—5 more states
     +   Mentor Lagoons and Big Island Wetland
     +   Tourism—marketing Lake Erie
          • Walleye capital of the World
          • Top 10 fishing spots in world
          • Coastal property values and turbidity
12
          • Shipwrecks and scuba diving
          • Lake Erie Discussion Bd—80,000 hits/month
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


  Current Work—1
• Leadership for LEMN, GLRRIN, CGLRM
• Some current research projects
  + Sonication to remove PAH’s from sediment
  + Ecological impact of nanoparticles
  + Economic impact of birding
  + Leveraging natural amenities for sustainable development
  + Development of a high-resolution nearshore model for LE
  + New molecular test for active VHS infection in fish
  + Environmental tolerance of type A influenza virus isolated from
    waterfowl
  + Role of sediment in controlling the fate and toxicity of microcystin
  13
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



Current Work—2
• Understanding P and N limitation
• Phosphonate utilization by algae
• P, Microcystis, and sediment in NW Ohio, Maumee and
  Sandusky Rivers, and W to E Basins—4 projects
  (GLNPO, LEPF, Sea Grant, GLPF)
• Agriculture impacts on P loading—3 projects (GLNPO,
  LEPF, GLPF)
• Much is coordinated through GLRRIN and LEMN

14
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



Current Work—3
•    Emerald Ash Borer
•    Lake Erie Watersnakes
•    Avian studies
•    Dead Zone
•    Aging gizzard shad and whitefish
•    Ottolith studies
•    Lots more
15
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


     Gibraltar Island




                        Village of
                        Put-in-Bay
                        On South
                        Bass Island
16
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




17
Stone Laboratory: College Program
                        Ohio Sea Grant

     Ohio’s Lake Erie Laboratory
             Since 1895




18
Stone Laboratory: OhioGrant College Program
                         Ohio Sea State’s Island Campus


Campus
         • Bayview   Office

                • Dining Hall


                          • Harborview      House




19
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




     Stone Cottage

20
Ohio Sea Grant College Program

     Improving Science Education in
     Ohio:
     Stone Laboratory Story
     Education for all ages
       +   Field trips grades 4-adult
       +   Intro courses open to superior HS students
       +   Upper level courses for grad students
       +   Teacher courses
     Since 1990:
       + Students from
            • 107 colleges
21
            • 360 high schools
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


Opportunities:
•    Courses—All ages
•    Teaching
•    Conferences
•    Workshops and field trips
•    Research
•    REUs
•    Visiting scientists
•    Guest lectures and open houses
•    Outreach and non-formal education
•    Volunteer work weekends
22
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


     Students Learn by Doing


               Tell me, I forget.

            Show me, I remember.

           Involve me, I understand.

                                --Benjamin Franklin
23
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



         Typical classroom;
     Not more than 16 students




24
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


  Students
Pulling in trawl
 On stern of
    BioLab




25
Ohio Sea Grant College Program

     Entomology Class in Field




26
Field Zoology at
        Ohio Sea Grant College Program
     Old Woman Creek




27
Glacial Grooves at KelleysOhio Sea Grant College Program
                                Island




28
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


     Primary Workshop Season for Schools




29
Ohio Sea Grant College Program

    Science Cruise




Jeffrey M. Reutter, Director
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



     Trawling for Fish




31
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




32
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


     Examining Plankton Sample




33
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




34
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



On Line Discussion Board
• Lake Erie Discussion Board
• Outreach tool for Lake Erie
  fishing Qs
• Top program web page
• Input: free software, time of
  extension staff
• Growth
     • 2005: 11,000 hits/month
     • 2008: 70,000 hits/month

35
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



How do I get involved?
• Friends of Stone Lab (FOSL)




36
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




37
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




38
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




39
Lake Erie Cross Section
                    Ohio Sea Grant College Program




40
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




80:10:10 Rule
80% of water from upper lakes
10% from Lake Erie Tributaries
10% direct precipitation


41
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



Great Lakes
Lake Superior: Most Water
Lake Huron: Longest shoreline
Lake Michigan: Largest US population
Lake Erie: Most productive and most fish—
  smallest volume
Lake Ontario: Largest Canadian population—
  smallest area
42
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




Most agriculture of the Great Lakes.




43
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




44
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



As a Result, Lake Erie Gets:
More sediment
More nutrients (fertilizers and sewage)
More pesticides
(The above 3 items are exacerbated by storms,
  which will be more frequent and severe due
  to global warming and climate change.)
And is still biologically, the most productive of
  the Great Lakes

45
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



50:2 Rule
(Not exact, but instructive)

Lake Superior: 50% of the water
 and 2% of the fish
Lake Erie: 2% of the water and
 50% of the fish
46
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




47
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


  Lake Erie Stats
Drinking water for 11 million people
Over 20 power plants
300 marinas in Ohio alone
Walleye Capital of the World
40% of all Great Lakes charter boats
$1 billion sport fishery
One of top 10 sport fishing locations in the world
One of the largest freshwater commercial fisheries
  in the world
  48
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



Lake Erie’s Biggest Problems
     +   Sedimentation/Water Clarity/Dredging
     +   Nutrients and Phosphorus
     +   HABs—Harmful Algal Blooms
     +   Dead Zone
     +   AIS—Aquatic Invasive Species
     +   Climate Change/Lake Levels/Severe Storms


49
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


Sediment Entering Lake Erie—4/2/08




 50
 50
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



Impacts of Sedimentation
Water quality is reduced
Nutrients and contaminants enter the
 Lake attached to sediment particles
Can trace Maumee River sediments over
 Niagara Falls within one year
Maumee River is largest single source—
 should not allow open lake disposal
 where it is guaranteed to resuspend
51
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


Why does Lake Erie get the most
sediment?

Because it has the most agriculture in its basin.

Maumee River brings more sediment into Lake
 Erie than all tributaries carry into Lake Superior,
 and Lake Superior is 20 times larger in volume
 than Lake Erie.
52
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




Nutrients and Phosphorus




 53
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



Why does Lake Erie get most nutrients?

•    Because it has the most agriculture in its basin.
•    Few forests
•    Wetlands gone
•    Large human population—water treatment,
     septic tanks, sewage treatment (or lack thereof)

54
Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus
                                                                              Ohio Sea Grant College Program


                                             Maumee                                                 Cuyahoga
  0.8
                                                          0.9

  0.4
                                                          0.4


  0.0
                                                         -0.1




        1975   1980   1985     1990   1995    2000              1975   1980    1985   1990   1995    2000




                                             Sandusky                                                  Grand
  0.6                                                     0.3



  0.2                                                     0.0


 -0.2                                                    -0.3




  55
        1975   1980   1985     1990   1995    2000              1975   1980    1985   1990   1995    2000


                             Source: P. Richards, Heidelberg College
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


 Impacts of Increased
 Phosphorus Concentrations
HABs
     + Microcystis
     + Microcystin levels 60 times WHO
     + Cylindrospermopsis
Nuisance Algae Blooms
     + Lyngbya—Western Basin Attached
56
     + Cladophora—Whole Lake Attached
Dead Zone
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



HABs
(Harmful Algal Blooms):
Western Basin Problem
(I used to say this, but it is
no longer true.)

 57
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




58
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




59
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




60
60
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




61
61
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



HAB Requirements

Warm water (summer problem)
High phosphorus levels (and now
 high nitrogen)
Zebra/quagga mussels (remove
 competition)
62
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




HABs:
Western Basin Problem
But Contribute to
Oxygen Demand in
the Central Basin, i.e.
the Dead Zone
 63
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




Dead Zone:
Central Basin Problem



 64
Lake Erie Cross Section
                    Ohio Sea Grant College Program




65
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


Central Basin with Thermocline




66
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


     Wind Tilting Thermocline




67
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




Nutrients and organic material
in sewer discharges and CSOs
contribute directly to HABs
and the Dead Zone, but it is
highly likely that non-point
loading from agriculture is the
predominant factor!
68
Ohio Sea Grant College Program




Efforts to
prevent/reduce CSOs
will improve the
Dead Zone and reduce
beach closings!
69
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



AIS
Over 180 species in Great Lakes
75% since Seaway opened
Zebra and quagga mussels
Phragmites and loosestrife
Round gobies
Next?—Silver Carp??
How do we close the door?
70
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


Because Lake Erie is the
southernmost, shallowest,
warmest, and most nutrient-
enriched of the Great Lakes, it is
likely that AIS will always
present the greatest problem,
and have the greatest impact, in
Lake Erie.
71
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


  Climate change is real and
  will make these problems
  worse!
• Warm water favors HABs
• Warm water increases oxygen depletion rates
• More severe storms will resuspend more sediment
  and increase erosion and sediment loading
• Lake levels uncertain
  72
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



Power Production Impacts
No Free Lunch
Wind
     + Bird Mortality
Coal or Nuclear
     +   Cooling water impacts on fish
     +   Mining impacts
     +   Air pollution impacts
73   +   Volume of material—fuel and waste
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


Fish Impingement at Power Plants
               900
                                                                                  20
               800
                                                                                  18




                                                Millions of Fish Impinged /Year
               700
                                                                                  16
               600
  MWe (mean)




                                                                                  14
               500
                                                                                  12
               400                                                                10
               300                                                                 8
               200                                                                 6
               100                                                                 4
                 0                                                                 2
                       Energy Output                                               0
                                                                                       Fish Impingement

               Acme   Bayshore   Davis-Bessie

 74
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



The Forecast:
Increased sedimentation—lower water clarity
   (also means reduced coastal property
   values)
Lower Lake Levels
More nutrients—algal mats, flies, HABs and
   toxins
AIS—new one every 8 months
Dead Zone—bigger and longer lasting
Water treatment costs will increase
Lake Erie will continue to be the most
75 important lake in the world
Ohio Sea Grant College Program

Reasonable Goals
+ Elimination of beach closures and water quality
  improvements
     • CSO reductions will help
     • Everything else will likely be worse for Water Quality
+ Elimination of Dead Zone
     • Important to drinking water quality
     • May not be possible
+ Elimination of HABs
     • Very important to human health
     • Can be achieved
76
     • Will also improve Dead Zone and beaches
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


What Can You Do? I
Don’t wait for someone else to solve the problem.
    Be part of the solution. Join and support local
    environmental organizations, e.g.
       • Friends of Stone Laboratory
       • Bioneers
       • Cleveland Museum of Natural History
       • Cleveland Botanical Garden
       • Lake Erie Nature and Science Center
       • Great Lakes Science Center
       • A watershed protection group
 77
       • A Remedial Action Plan (RAP)
Ohio Sea Grant College Program



What Can You Do? II
Support improvements to public sewer systems
  that eliminate CSOs—your rates will increase!
Reduce runoff from your property
Reduce your carbon footprint
Reduce your water and electrical usage
Follow guidelines to prevent introduction of AIS
Become a “Clean Boater”
Dock your boat at a certified “Clean Marina”
78
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


What Can You Do? III
Make sure your septic tank is working
   properly
Be vocal and tell your elected officials to
   support environmental programs
Volunteer for beach and shoreline
   cleanups
Help protect and restore wetlands
Use buffer strips on your farm
79
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


For more information
Dr. Jeff Reutter, Director
Ohio Sea Grant and    Stone Laboratory
Stone Lab             Ohio State Univ.
Ohio State Univ.      Box 119
1314 Kinnear Rd.      Put-in-Bay, O 43456
Col, Oh 43212         614-247-6500
614-292-8949
Reutter.1@osu.edu
www.ohioseagrant.os
u.edu/
80
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


Results and Key Points from Discussion—1
• Managers should focus on bioavailable P, not total P
• P limitation of algae may be decreasing
• High N levels may be pushing algae away from
  Anabaena and Aphanizomenon and toward Microcys.
• Implications
  + Algae is N limited
  + P loading has gone up so much that it is no longer limiting
  + REDUCING P LOADS SHOULD STILL BE GOAL!!
  81
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


Results and Key Points from Discussion—2
• Increased turbidity from Maumee River sediment is
  advantageous to harmful algal blooms (Microcystis sp.)
• Microcystis is found in sediment prior to bloom and
  sediments may be acting as a source
• Microcystis concentrations were highest in Aug., but found as
  early as April
• Lyngbya concentrations highest in June – Aug and at 2-4 m
  depths
• Many forms of Microcystis—not always producing toxin
   82
Ohio Sea Grant College Program


Results and Key Points from Discussion—3
• Stratification of P in soil samples is important
• Direct runoff of surface applied P is a factor
• In the CB and EB and looking from nearshore to offshore: P
  concentrations go down, we are P-limited, and there may be
  more P in sediment of CB than WB
• STP is a good indicator of P transport risk
• Phosphonate can be used by algae
• Changes in STP in last decade:
   + Input and output balanced in Ohio
   + STP levels have remained steady or gone down in most counties
   + Mercer County with many CAFO’s is a notable exception
   83

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Research, Education, and Outreach Efforts on Critical Lake Erie Issues

  • 1. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Ohio Sea Grant and Stone Lab’s Research, Education, and Outreach Efforts on Critical Lake Erie Issues Dr. Jeffrey M. Reutter, Director Lake Erie LaMP Public Forum, LaSalle, Michigan 12 March 2010 Jeffrey M. Reutter, Director
  • 2. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Most Important Lake In the World? • “Its our lake. I see it every day. It can’t be the most important lake in the world.” • Dead lake image of 60s and 70s. • Poster child for pollution problems in this country. • But, most heavily utilized of any of the Great Lakes. • Shared by 4 states and 2 countries. • Best example of ecosystem recovery in world. 2
  • 3. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Blue-green Algae Bloom circa 1970, Lake Erie 3
  • 4. Ohio Sea Grant College Program “I heard Lake Erie is the place fish go to die.” --Johnny Carson, 1976 4
  • 5. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Today’s Talk • Who we are • What we do • Some current research, education, and outreach efforts • Lake Erie 101 • Lake Erie’s most important issues 5
  • 6. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Ohio Sea Grant College Program 1895—F.T. Stone Laboratory 1970—Center for Lake Erie Area Research (CLEAR) 1978—Ohio Sea Grant College Program 1992—Great Lakes Aquatic Ecosystem Research Consortium (GLAERC) 6
  • 7. Ohio Sea Grant College Program General Sea Grant •Part of National Sea Grant •Focus on 3 E’s: Collge Program in NOAA + Environment •32 programs every coastal + Economy state + Education •Partnership of: •Accomplish through: + Government + Research + Academia + Education + Private Sector + Outreach 7
  • 8. Stone Laboratory: OhioGrant College Program Ohio Sea State’s Island Campus What is Stone Lab? • Oldest freshwater field station in the nation, and • Ohio’s Lake Erie Lab since 1895 • Island campus of OSU on Gibraltar Island, Lake Erie • Research, education, and outreach laboratory 8 • A whole lot of fun!
  • 9. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Program Goals and Objectives: • Improve science education, link research scientists and managers, improve management decisions, facilitate the development of collaborative research projects to address management needs, enhance public understanding of Great Lakes issues. • Solve problems, prevent them from happening, minimize their impact, protect human health, and maximize the value of Lake Erie. • Support the LaMP and the CSMI. 9
  • 10. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Institutional Setting E. Gordon Gee President Carol Whitacre Bobby D. Moser Senior Vice President Vice President for Agricultural For Research Administration and University Outreach Jeffrey M. Reutter Director, Ohio Sea Grant College Program Center for Lake Erie Great Lakes Aquatic Area Research Ecosystem Research Consortium F.T. Stone Laboratory (CLEAR) (GLAERC) Columbus Office 10 10
  • 11. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Accomplishments-1 • SG—Over 420 projects, 450 grad students, 250+ investigators, 19 colleges and univ. • 18 endowments at Stone Lab • FOSL--Supported over 1000 scholarships and REUs at Stone Lab since 1983 • Over 100,000 students of all ages at Stone Lab since 1990 • 225 partnerships including Lake Erie Partnership • Lake Erie Literacy Principles • Participated in rebirth of Lake Erie 11
  • 12. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Accomplishments-2 • Outreach--11.7 million hits/year on website • Over 300 articles/year about our work in media • 12 Ohio Sea Grant communication and extension specialists + Artificial Reefs—10 including 3 from old Cleve Municipal Stadium + State Legislature/Congressional Day—since 1982 + Clean Marina Program—shrink wrap (1 million lbs.)—5 more states + Mentor Lagoons and Big Island Wetland + Tourism—marketing Lake Erie • Walleye capital of the World • Top 10 fishing spots in world • Coastal property values and turbidity 12 • Shipwrecks and scuba diving • Lake Erie Discussion Bd—80,000 hits/month
  • 13. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Current Work—1 • Leadership for LEMN, GLRRIN, CGLRM • Some current research projects + Sonication to remove PAH’s from sediment + Ecological impact of nanoparticles + Economic impact of birding + Leveraging natural amenities for sustainable development + Development of a high-resolution nearshore model for LE + New molecular test for active VHS infection in fish + Environmental tolerance of type A influenza virus isolated from waterfowl + Role of sediment in controlling the fate and toxicity of microcystin 13
  • 14. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Current Work—2 • Understanding P and N limitation • Phosphonate utilization by algae • P, Microcystis, and sediment in NW Ohio, Maumee and Sandusky Rivers, and W to E Basins—4 projects (GLNPO, LEPF, Sea Grant, GLPF) • Agriculture impacts on P loading—3 projects (GLNPO, LEPF, GLPF) • Much is coordinated through GLRRIN and LEMN 14
  • 15. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Current Work—3 • Emerald Ash Borer • Lake Erie Watersnakes • Avian studies • Dead Zone • Aging gizzard shad and whitefish • Ottolith studies • Lots more 15
  • 16. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Gibraltar Island Village of Put-in-Bay On South Bass Island 16
  • 17. Ohio Sea Grant College Program 17
  • 18. Stone Laboratory: College Program Ohio Sea Grant Ohio’s Lake Erie Laboratory Since 1895 18
  • 19. Stone Laboratory: OhioGrant College Program Ohio Sea State’s Island Campus Campus • Bayview Office • Dining Hall • Harborview House 19
  • 20. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Stone Cottage 20
  • 21. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Improving Science Education in Ohio: Stone Laboratory Story Education for all ages + Field trips grades 4-adult + Intro courses open to superior HS students + Upper level courses for grad students + Teacher courses Since 1990: + Students from • 107 colleges 21 • 360 high schools
  • 22. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Opportunities: • Courses—All ages • Teaching • Conferences • Workshops and field trips • Research • REUs • Visiting scientists • Guest lectures and open houses • Outreach and non-formal education • Volunteer work weekends 22
  • 23. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Students Learn by Doing Tell me, I forget. Show me, I remember. Involve me, I understand. --Benjamin Franklin 23
  • 24. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Typical classroom; Not more than 16 students 24
  • 25. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Students Pulling in trawl On stern of BioLab 25
  • 26. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Entomology Class in Field 26
  • 27. Field Zoology at Ohio Sea Grant College Program Old Woman Creek 27
  • 28. Glacial Grooves at KelleysOhio Sea Grant College Program Island 28
  • 29. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Primary Workshop Season for Schools 29
  • 30. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Science Cruise Jeffrey M. Reutter, Director
  • 31. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Trawling for Fish 31
  • 32. Ohio Sea Grant College Program 32
  • 33. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Examining Plankton Sample 33
  • 34. Ohio Sea Grant College Program 34
  • 35. Ohio Sea Grant College Program On Line Discussion Board • Lake Erie Discussion Board • Outreach tool for Lake Erie fishing Qs • Top program web page • Input: free software, time of extension staff • Growth • 2005: 11,000 hits/month • 2008: 70,000 hits/month 35
  • 36. Ohio Sea Grant College Program How do I get involved? • Friends of Stone Lab (FOSL) 36
  • 37. Ohio Sea Grant College Program 37
  • 38. Ohio Sea Grant College Program 38
  • 39. Ohio Sea Grant College Program 39
  • 40. Lake Erie Cross Section Ohio Sea Grant College Program 40
  • 41. Ohio Sea Grant College Program 80:10:10 Rule 80% of water from upper lakes 10% from Lake Erie Tributaries 10% direct precipitation 41
  • 42. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Great Lakes Lake Superior: Most Water Lake Huron: Longest shoreline Lake Michigan: Largest US population Lake Erie: Most productive and most fish— smallest volume Lake Ontario: Largest Canadian population— smallest area 42
  • 43. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Most agriculture of the Great Lakes. 43
  • 44. Ohio Sea Grant College Program 44
  • 45. Ohio Sea Grant College Program As a Result, Lake Erie Gets: More sediment More nutrients (fertilizers and sewage) More pesticides (The above 3 items are exacerbated by storms, which will be more frequent and severe due to global warming and climate change.) And is still biologically, the most productive of the Great Lakes 45
  • 46. Ohio Sea Grant College Program 50:2 Rule (Not exact, but instructive) Lake Superior: 50% of the water and 2% of the fish Lake Erie: 2% of the water and 50% of the fish 46
  • 47. Ohio Sea Grant College Program 47
  • 48. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Lake Erie Stats Drinking water for 11 million people Over 20 power plants 300 marinas in Ohio alone Walleye Capital of the World 40% of all Great Lakes charter boats $1 billion sport fishery One of top 10 sport fishing locations in the world One of the largest freshwater commercial fisheries in the world 48
  • 49. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Lake Erie’s Biggest Problems + Sedimentation/Water Clarity/Dredging + Nutrients and Phosphorus + HABs—Harmful Algal Blooms + Dead Zone + AIS—Aquatic Invasive Species + Climate Change/Lake Levels/Severe Storms 49
  • 50. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Sediment Entering Lake Erie—4/2/08 50 50
  • 51. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Impacts of Sedimentation Water quality is reduced Nutrients and contaminants enter the Lake attached to sediment particles Can trace Maumee River sediments over Niagara Falls within one year Maumee River is largest single source— should not allow open lake disposal where it is guaranteed to resuspend 51
  • 52. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Why does Lake Erie get the most sediment? Because it has the most agriculture in its basin. Maumee River brings more sediment into Lake Erie than all tributaries carry into Lake Superior, and Lake Superior is 20 times larger in volume than Lake Erie. 52
  • 53. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Nutrients and Phosphorus 53
  • 54. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Why does Lake Erie get most nutrients? • Because it has the most agriculture in its basin. • Few forests • Wetlands gone • Large human population—water treatment, septic tanks, sewage treatment (or lack thereof) 54
  • 55. Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus Ohio Sea Grant College Program Maumee Cuyahoga 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.0 -0.1 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Sandusky Grand 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 55 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Source: P. Richards, Heidelberg College
  • 56. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Impacts of Increased Phosphorus Concentrations HABs + Microcystis + Microcystin levels 60 times WHO + Cylindrospermopsis Nuisance Algae Blooms + Lyngbya—Western Basin Attached 56 + Cladophora—Whole Lake Attached Dead Zone
  • 57. Ohio Sea Grant College Program HABs (Harmful Algal Blooms): Western Basin Problem (I used to say this, but it is no longer true.) 57
  • 58. Ohio Sea Grant College Program 58
  • 59. Ohio Sea Grant College Program 59
  • 60. Ohio Sea Grant College Program 60 60
  • 61. Ohio Sea Grant College Program 61 61
  • 62. Ohio Sea Grant College Program HAB Requirements Warm water (summer problem) High phosphorus levels (and now high nitrogen) Zebra/quagga mussels (remove competition) 62
  • 63. Ohio Sea Grant College Program HABs: Western Basin Problem But Contribute to Oxygen Demand in the Central Basin, i.e. the Dead Zone 63
  • 64. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Dead Zone: Central Basin Problem 64
  • 65. Lake Erie Cross Section Ohio Sea Grant College Program 65
  • 66. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Central Basin with Thermocline 66
  • 67. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Wind Tilting Thermocline 67
  • 68. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Nutrients and organic material in sewer discharges and CSOs contribute directly to HABs and the Dead Zone, but it is highly likely that non-point loading from agriculture is the predominant factor! 68
  • 69. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Efforts to prevent/reduce CSOs will improve the Dead Zone and reduce beach closings! 69
  • 70. Ohio Sea Grant College Program AIS Over 180 species in Great Lakes 75% since Seaway opened Zebra and quagga mussels Phragmites and loosestrife Round gobies Next?—Silver Carp?? How do we close the door? 70
  • 71. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Because Lake Erie is the southernmost, shallowest, warmest, and most nutrient- enriched of the Great Lakes, it is likely that AIS will always present the greatest problem, and have the greatest impact, in Lake Erie. 71
  • 72. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Climate change is real and will make these problems worse! • Warm water favors HABs • Warm water increases oxygen depletion rates • More severe storms will resuspend more sediment and increase erosion and sediment loading • Lake levels uncertain 72
  • 73. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Power Production Impacts No Free Lunch Wind + Bird Mortality Coal or Nuclear + Cooling water impacts on fish + Mining impacts + Air pollution impacts 73 + Volume of material—fuel and waste
  • 74. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Fish Impingement at Power Plants 900 20 800 18 Millions of Fish Impinged /Year 700 16 600 MWe (mean) 14 500 12 400 10 300 8 200 6 100 4 0 2 Energy Output 0 Fish Impingement Acme Bayshore Davis-Bessie 74
  • 75. Ohio Sea Grant College Program The Forecast: Increased sedimentation—lower water clarity (also means reduced coastal property values) Lower Lake Levels More nutrients—algal mats, flies, HABs and toxins AIS—new one every 8 months Dead Zone—bigger and longer lasting Water treatment costs will increase Lake Erie will continue to be the most 75 important lake in the world
  • 76. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Reasonable Goals + Elimination of beach closures and water quality improvements • CSO reductions will help • Everything else will likely be worse for Water Quality + Elimination of Dead Zone • Important to drinking water quality • May not be possible + Elimination of HABs • Very important to human health • Can be achieved 76 • Will also improve Dead Zone and beaches
  • 77. Ohio Sea Grant College Program What Can You Do? I Don’t wait for someone else to solve the problem. Be part of the solution. Join and support local environmental organizations, e.g. • Friends of Stone Laboratory • Bioneers • Cleveland Museum of Natural History • Cleveland Botanical Garden • Lake Erie Nature and Science Center • Great Lakes Science Center • A watershed protection group 77 • A Remedial Action Plan (RAP)
  • 78. Ohio Sea Grant College Program What Can You Do? II Support improvements to public sewer systems that eliminate CSOs—your rates will increase! Reduce runoff from your property Reduce your carbon footprint Reduce your water and electrical usage Follow guidelines to prevent introduction of AIS Become a “Clean Boater” Dock your boat at a certified “Clean Marina” 78
  • 79. Ohio Sea Grant College Program What Can You Do? III Make sure your septic tank is working properly Be vocal and tell your elected officials to support environmental programs Volunteer for beach and shoreline cleanups Help protect and restore wetlands Use buffer strips on your farm 79
  • 80. Ohio Sea Grant College Program For more information Dr. Jeff Reutter, Director Ohio Sea Grant and Stone Laboratory Stone Lab Ohio State Univ. Ohio State Univ. Box 119 1314 Kinnear Rd. Put-in-Bay, O 43456 Col, Oh 43212 614-247-6500 614-292-8949 Reutter.1@osu.edu www.ohioseagrant.os u.edu/ 80
  • 81. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Results and Key Points from Discussion—1 • Managers should focus on bioavailable P, not total P • P limitation of algae may be decreasing • High N levels may be pushing algae away from Anabaena and Aphanizomenon and toward Microcys. • Implications + Algae is N limited + P loading has gone up so much that it is no longer limiting + REDUCING P LOADS SHOULD STILL BE GOAL!! 81
  • 82. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Results and Key Points from Discussion—2 • Increased turbidity from Maumee River sediment is advantageous to harmful algal blooms (Microcystis sp.) • Microcystis is found in sediment prior to bloom and sediments may be acting as a source • Microcystis concentrations were highest in Aug., but found as early as April • Lyngbya concentrations highest in June – Aug and at 2-4 m depths • Many forms of Microcystis—not always producing toxin 82
  • 83. Ohio Sea Grant College Program Results and Key Points from Discussion—3 • Stratification of P in soil samples is important • Direct runoff of surface applied P is a factor • In the CB and EB and looking from nearshore to offshore: P concentrations go down, we are P-limited, and there may be more P in sediment of CB than WB • STP is a good indicator of P transport risk • Phosphonate can be used by algae • Changes in STP in last decade: + Input and output balanced in Ohio + STP levels have remained steady or gone down in most counties + Mercer County with many CAFO’s is a notable exception 83