2. 1. PROCEDURE
Social function Procedure: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of
instructions or directions.
Text organization:
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features :
• Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)
• Use of action verbs (turn, put)
• Use of connectives(first, then, finally)
Example:
Make the Meatballs
Ingredients :
• 1 kilo of very fine minced meat (preferably beef)
• 2 eggs
• 300 grams of tapioca-flour
• 4-8 cloves of garlic
• 1 red onion
• 1 teaspoon of white pepper
• 2 teaspoons of salt
Steps :
• First of all,mix garlic, red onion, salt, and white pepper in a mortar or mixer.
• Second step, mix the spice-mixture with the eggs, the tapioca-flour and the minced
meat.
• After that, use your fingers, add a cup of water, and keep on working until the mixture
feels soft and smooth.
• Then, boil some water in a rather large pot, at least about 2 liters.
• Next step, start rolling the mixture into small meatballs.
• Finally, lower the meatballs into the boiling water. When they float up to the surface
the meatball are ready to serve.
3. 2. RECOUNT
Social function recount: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of
events.
Generic Structure of Recount:
1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)
Language features Recount:
• Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)
• Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)
• Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)
• Use of adverbial phrases
• Use of adjectives
Example:
Vacation to London
Mr. Richard’s family was on vacation. They are Mr. and Mrs. Richard with two sons.
They went to London. They saw their travel agent and booked their tickets. They went to the
British Embassy to get visas to enter Britain. They had booked fourteen days tour. This
includes travel and accommodation. They also included tours around London.
They boarded a large Boeing flight. The flight was nearly fourteen hours. On the
plane the cabin crews were very friendly. They gave them news paper and magazine to read.
They gave them food and drink. There was a film for their entertainment. They had a very
pleasant flight. They slept part of the way.
On arrival at Heathrow Airport, they had to go to Customs and Immigration. The
officers were pleasant. They checked the document carefully but their manners were very
polite. Mr. Richard and his family collected their bags and went to London Welcome Desk.
They arranged the transfer to a hotel.
The hotel was a well-known four-star hotel. The room had perfect view of the park.
The room had its own bathroom and toilet. Instead of keys for the room, they inserted a key-
card to open the door. On the third floor, there was a restaurant serving Asian and European
food. They had variety of food.
The two week in London went by fast. At the end of the 14-day, they were quite tired
but they felt very happy.
4. 3. NARRATIVE
Social function narrative: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary
experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the
climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.
Generic Structure Narrative:
1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
3. Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)
Language features Narrative:
• Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
• Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)
• Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)
• Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)
• Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)
Example:
The Old Woman and The Sparrow
Once upon a time, there lived a kind hearted man and his wife. One morning, his wife found
a poor little sparrow. She took it gently and fed it. To show its gratitude, the sparrow stayed
with them and sang every morning. But there was an ill-tempered old woman who didn't like
the sparrow. She cut the sparrow's tongue. That's why the bird flew away to its previous nest.
Knowing that their sparrow flew away, the kind man and his wife looked for the sparrow.
They walked a long way, crossed the bridges, climbed the mountains and passed the woods.
At last, they could find the sparrow's nest. The sparrow welcomed them and provided a feast
for them. Before they went home, the sparrow brought two baskets; one was large and looked
heavy, and the other one was small and light. The sparrow asked them to choose only one.
They chose the small and that was the best choice. There were many rolls of silk and piles of
gold in it.
Being jealous, the ill-tempered old woman did the same thing as the kind man and his wife
did. She chose the big basket which actually contained wasps and venomous crawlers, such
as scorpions, centipedes, and other horrible creatures. Finally, aaathey stung and bit her to
death.
5. 4. DESCRIPTION
Social Function descriptive: To describe a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure descriptive:
1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)
2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)
Language features descriptive:
• Focus on specific participants
• Use of attributive and identifying processes
• Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups.
• Use of the Simple Present Tense
Example:
Jatim Park
For people in East Java, Jatim Park may have been heard many times as it is one of the
famous tourism object in East Java province. Jatim Park offers a recreation place as well as a
study center.
Jatim Park is located at Jl. Kartika 2 Batu, East Java. To reach the location is not too difficult
because the object is only 2, 5 kilos meters from Batu city. This Jatim Park tourism object is
about 22 hectares width.
Visitor can enjoy at least 36 kinds of facilities which can attract them as well as give new
knowledge. Just after the pass gate, the visitors will find an interesting view of ‘Galeri
Nusantara’ area. This study offering continues to step on ‘Taman Sejarah’ area, which
contains of miniature temple in East Java like Sumberawan temple, customhouse of Kiai
Hasan Besari Ponorogo and Sumberawan Statue.
The other facility which is able to be enjoyed is ‘Agro Park’ area. It presents crop and
rareness fruits, animal diorama which consists of unique animals that have been conserved,
and supporting games like bowling, throw ball, scooter disco, etc
Jatim Park is suitable for family and school recreation. The recreation area sites offer
precious tour and can used as alternative media of study.
6. 5. NEWS ITEM
Social function news item: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are
considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure news item:
1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)
2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the
event)
Language features news item:
• Information on the use of head lines.
• Use of action verbs( hit, attack)
• Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)
• Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)
• Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)
Example:
Town Contaminated
Newsworthy events:
Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear
catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.
Background Events:
Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of
a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive
fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union.
Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit
had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up
operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.
Source
Sources A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of
the Soviet Navy.
7. 6. REPORT
Social function report: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing,
animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class.
Text organization report:
1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under
discussion is.)
2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities,
habits/behaviour).
Language features report:
• Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
• Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
• Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
• Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
• Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)
Example:
PLANT
Plants are living beings. They need food, water and air for survival. (General Classification)
Plants derive their food from the earth and the air. If you look at their roots, you will find that
ends of these roots are like fine fibers. We call them root-hairs. They absorb water and
minerals, then transport them upwards to the leaves through the trunk and the branches. It is
the leaves which prepare the food. (Description)
The green material, chlorophyll, prepares the food like a machine. It converts the carbon
dioxide taken from the air and water from the ground into sugar with the help of sunlight.
This chemical reaction is called photosynthes. In fact, the chlorophyll takes energy from the
sunlight and uses it to synthesize the hydrogen from water and carbon from carbon dioxide
for making sugar. This reaction also gives out oxygen and water which are excreted by the
leaves. (Description)
8. 7. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Social function analytical exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that
something in the case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic Structure analytical exposition:
1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the
writer’s position)
2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may
vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments
presented)
Language features analytical exposition:
• Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.
• Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably
• Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.
• Usually present tense
• Compound and complex sentences
Example:
Corruption and Indonesian Culture
Thesis:
Corruption has happened for many years and today it becomes a bad culture in Indonesia for
three reasons
Argument 1:
Most adult Indonesian or foreigners have known and admitted that corruptions happen in
many places. The daily newspapers, news programs on TV and radio have reported
corruptions are done everywhere, almost in all departments or public services of this country.
Corruptions happen in health, education departments and banks. When we manage to get
some documents in public service offices, we usually need much money to pay.
Manipulations happen everywhere
Argument 2:
The actions to eliminate corruption are weak. The ever stronger culture seems not to come to
an end when the responsible institutions who have to reinforce the justice today commit
corruption. This is the worst. Corruptions happen in police department, courts where judges,
public prosecutors, lawyers make deals to do corruption. All of us also heard in the end of
2004, Probosutejo reported that he had bribed the Supreme Court, or called Mahkamah
Agung which becomes the highest level where the justice can be obtained. Perhaps you have
9. to try to come to the local courts and see what happen there. You will see practices of bribery
and other kinds of corruption. Therefore, we can say that corruptions becomes our culture.
Do you like it?
Argument 3:
The citizens have no goodwill to fight against the corruption. They create the situations in
which people have opportunities to do corruptions. The citizens like to break the rules
because they are not disciplined. For example, in the street when they drive a car or ride
motorcycle, they do not have the driving license or necessary documents. Then, they are
caught by the local policemen. To avoid more difficulties, they like to bribe the officer. The
officer let them go then. In other words, the citizens and officers are the same, doing
corruption together. If only the people were critical, disciplined, and obey the rules, and
willing to report any wrong behaviors, this country will not be number one corrupting
country in the world.
Reiteration/ conclusion:
Conclusion Based on the reasons, we can conclude that corruption is becoming a bad culture
in Indonesia if it is not ended soon by all of us. It seems that there must be more severe
penalty for the Corruptors. Do we still care about the future of this country?
10. 8. SPOOF
Social function spoof: To tell an event with a humorous twist.
Generic structure spoof text:
1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)
Language features spoof:
• Use of connectives (first, then, finally)
• Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
• Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)
Example:
Nasreddin’s Coat
One day Nasreddin had been invited to the dinner party. He went to the party by
wearing old clothes.
When he arrived in the party, nobody looked at him and nobody gave him a seat. He
got no food in the party so he went home and change his clothes.
Next he put on his best clothes. He wore his newest coat and went to the party again.
The host at once got up and came to meet him. The host offered him the best table and gave
him a good seat and served him the best food.
Nasreddin sat and put off his coat. He put his coat and said; “Eat the food, Coat!” the
hosts and guests were very surprised and asked Nareddin; “What are doing?” Nasreddin
replied calmly; “When I came here with my old clothes, nobody looked at me. Then I went
home and put on my best clothes. I came back in my newest coat and you all give me this
best food and drink. So, you give food to my coat instead of me”. Getting Nasreddin's
answer, they just shook the head.
