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Learning
By: Noman Iqbal
            BBA 2nd
        DIHE Sukkur



Monday, June 11, 2012
   Learning is often defined as a relatively change in
    behavior that is the result of experience.

   It is the acquisition of skill or knowledge.
 Classical   conditioning
      Discovered by the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov
       during his experiment on dog.



      learning in which one stimulus becomes a signal for the
       presentation of another stimulus.
 Classical   conditioning
      During conditioning, the neutral stimulus (tone) and the
       US (food) are paired, resulting in salivation (UR). After
       conditioning, the neutral stimulus (now Conditioned
       Stimulus, CS) elicits salivation (now Conditioned
       Response, CR)
 Classical   conditioning
      Pavlov observed that the dogs began to salivate before
       they were even given any food.

      Pavlov discovered that the dogs salivated in response
       to hearing a sound from the mechanism that delivered
       the food.

      Pavlov realized that the dogs "learned" that every time
       they heard that sound, they were about to be fed.
 Classical       conditioning
     Extinction
         Conditioned responses are not permanent.

         Pavlov discovered that after several times of ringing the
          bell without giving dogs food that the dogs would re-
          learn that the bell was no longer associated with being
          fed.

         This process is called extinction.
 Operant     Conditioning
      It can be defined as a type of learning in which
       voluntary behavior is strengthened if it is reinforced and
       weakened if it is punished (or not reinforced).

      If we look at Pavlov's example, the sound occurred
       (controlling stimulus), the dog salivated, and then the
       meat powder was delivered.

      With Operant conditioning, the sound would occur, then
       the dog would have to perform some behavior in order
       to get the meat powder as a reinforcement.
 Operant     Conditioning
      Operant Conditioning includes           pairing   through
       reinforcement and punishment.

      Reinforcement is something that             increases   the
       likelihood that a behavior will continue.

      Punishment is something that decreases the likelihood
       that a behavior will continue.
Learning

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Learning

  • 2. By: Noman Iqbal BBA 2nd DIHE Sukkur Monday, June 11, 2012
  • 3. Learning is often defined as a relatively change in behavior that is the result of experience.  It is the acquisition of skill or knowledge.
  • 4.  Classical conditioning  Discovered by the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov during his experiment on dog.  learning in which one stimulus becomes a signal for the presentation of another stimulus.
  • 5.  Classical conditioning  During conditioning, the neutral stimulus (tone) and the US (food) are paired, resulting in salivation (UR). After conditioning, the neutral stimulus (now Conditioned Stimulus, CS) elicits salivation (now Conditioned Response, CR)
  • 6.  Classical conditioning  Pavlov observed that the dogs began to salivate before they were even given any food.  Pavlov discovered that the dogs salivated in response to hearing a sound from the mechanism that delivered the food.  Pavlov realized that the dogs "learned" that every time they heard that sound, they were about to be fed.
  • 7.  Classical conditioning  Extinction  Conditioned responses are not permanent.  Pavlov discovered that after several times of ringing the bell without giving dogs food that the dogs would re- learn that the bell was no longer associated with being fed.  This process is called extinction.
  • 8.  Operant Conditioning  It can be defined as a type of learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened if it is reinforced and weakened if it is punished (or not reinforced).  If we look at Pavlov's example, the sound occurred (controlling stimulus), the dog salivated, and then the meat powder was delivered.  With Operant conditioning, the sound would occur, then the dog would have to perform some behavior in order to get the meat powder as a reinforcement.
  • 9.  Operant Conditioning  Operant Conditioning includes pairing through reinforcement and punishment.  Reinforcement is something that increases the likelihood that a behavior will continue.  Punishment is something that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will continue.