1) Disease control aims to reduce the incidence, duration, and transmission of disease as well as its physical and psychological effects and financial burden on communities. It focuses on primary and secondary prevention. 2) Disease elimination aims to interrupt disease transmission at a regional level, as with measles, polio, and diphtheria. Eradication means terminating all transmission globally, which has only been achieved for smallpox so far. 3) Monitoring involves routine measurement of health status and environments, while surveillance provides continuous scrutiny of disease occurrence and distribution through programs like polio surveillance.

1. Concept of Disease
Control and prevention
NITHIN MATHEW
FIRST MHA
AJ INSTITUTE OF HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT

2. Concepts of Disease control
The term Disease control Describes (ongoing)
operations aimed at reducing.
1. The incidence of Disease
2. The duration of Disease, and consiquently the risk of
transmission
3. The effect of infection, including both the physical
and psychological complications
4. The financial burden to the community
◾ control activities may focus on primary prevention or
secondary prevention
◾ the concept of tertiary preservation is comparatively
less relevant to control efforts.

3. Disease Elimination
◾ between control and Eradication, an
intermediate gol has been described
called "REGIONAL ELIMINATION ".
◾ The term "ELIMINATION " Is used to
describe
interpretation of transmission of
Disease.
Eg :- Elimination of measles
Polio
diphtheria (etc)

4. DISEASE ERADICATION
◾ Eradication literally means to "tear out by roots ".
◾ Eradication of Disease implies termination of all
transmission of infection by extermination of the infectious
agents.
◾ Today smallpox is the only disease that has been eradicated
globally. Every Disease like every human being is unique with
its own epidemiological characteristics and specific strategies
for control.
◾ During recent years 3 Diseases have been seriously advanced
as candidates for global Eradication within the foreseeable
future.
Polio
Measles
Dranculiasis

5. MONITORING AND
SURVEILLANCE
◾ According to standard dictionaries
the word Monitoring and surveillance
are almost synonymous. But in public
health practice they have taken on
rather specific and somewhat different
meanings.

6. MONITORING
◾ Defined as " the performance and analysis of
routine measurement, aimed at detecting changes
in the environment or health status of population.
EXM :- Monitoring of air pollution
Monitoring of water quality
Growth Monitoring of child (etc)

7. SURVEILLANCE
◾ Defined as " THE CONTINUES SCRUTINY OF THE
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE OCCURRENCE AND
DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASE AND OTHER CONDITIONS OF
ILL HEALTH.
EG :- Poliomyelitis surveillance program of
world health organization ( WHO)
◾ Surveillance programs can assume any character and
dimension- thus we have
✔ Epidemiological surveillance
✔ Demographic surveillance
✔ Nutritional surveillance

8. OBJECTIVES OF SURVEILLANCE
1. To provide information about new and changing
trends in the health status of a population.
Eg :- Morbidity
Nutritional status
Environmental Hazards
2. To provide feedback with may be expected to
modify the policy and the system itself and lead to
redefinition of objectives.
3. To provide timely warning of public health disasters
so that interventions can be mobilized

9. SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE
◾ No routine notification system can identify all cases
of infection or diseases. A method for identifying the
missing cases and thereby supplementary the notified
cases is required. This is known as sentinel surveillance.

10. EVALUATION OF CONTROL
✔ Evaluation is the process by
which results are compared with
the indented objectives , or more
simply the assessment of how well
a program is performing.
✔ Evaluation should always be
considered during the planning and
implementation stages of a
program or activity.

11. CONCEPT OF DISEASE PREVENTION

12. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
◾ In modern day , the concept of
prevention has become broad- based. It
has become customary to define
prevention in terms of 4 levels
1. Primordial prevention
2. Primary prevention
3. Secondary prevention
4. Tertiary prevention

13. 1. PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
◾ prevention of emergence or development of risk
factors in countries or population groups in which
they have not yet appeared.
Eg :- Adult health problems like obesity
And hypertension.
✔ In primordial prevention efforts are directed
towards discouraging children from adopting harmful
lifestyles.
✔ The main intervention in primordial prevention is
through individual and mass education.

14. 2. PRIMARY PREVENTION
◾ primary prevention can be defined as " action taken prior to
the onest of Disease, which removes the possibility that a
disease will ever occur.
◾ The concept of primary prevention is now being applied to
the prevention of chronic diseases such as coronary heart
disease, Hypertension and cancer based on Elimination or
modification of " Risk factors of Disease ".
◾ The WHO has recommended the following approaches for
the primary prevention of chronic diseases where the risk
factors are
a. Population ( Mass) strategy
b. High risk strategy

15. a. POPULATION (MASS) STRATEGY
✔ It is directed at the whole population irrespective
of an individual risk levels.
Example:- studies have shown that even a small
Reduction the average blood pressure
Or serum cholesterol of a population
Would produce a large reduction in
The incidence of cardio vascular
Disease.

16. b. HIGH- RISK STRATEGY
✔ It aims to bring preventive care to
individuals at special risk. This requires
detection of individuals at high risk by the
optimum use of clinical methods.
Eg :- general health promotion like health
education, Environmental modifications.
Specific protections like use of specific
immunization BCG , DPT , MMR Vaccines (etc)

17. 3. Secondary prevention
◾ It is defined as " action which halts the progress
of a Disease at its incipient stage and prevents
complications ".
◾ secondary prevention is an imperfect tool in the
control of transmission of Disease. It is often more
expensive and less effective than primary
prevention.
EXAMPLES :- SCREENING FOR HIGH BLOOD
PRESSURE AND BREAST SELF EXAMINATION

18. 4. TERITARY PREVENTION
◾ when the Disease process has advanced beyond its early stages, it is
still possible to accomplish prevention by what might be called
"TERITARY PREVENTION "
◾ THE TERITARY PREVENTION CAN BE DEFINED AS " ALL MEASURE'S
AVAILABLE TO REDUCE OR LIMIT IMPAIRMENTS AND DISABILITIES,
MINIMIZE SUFFERING CAUSED BY EXISTING DEPARTURES FROM GOOD
HEALTH AND TO PROMOTE THE PATIENTS ADJUSTMENT TO
IRREMEDIABLE CONDITIONS.
EXAMPLE:- DISABILITY LIMITATION
REHABILITATION LIKE MEDICAL REHABILITATION, SOCIAL
REHABILITATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL REHABILITATION (etc)