The document is a training report submitted by Nishant Singh after completing a one-month training program at MECON Limited in their steel melting shop. It provides an overview of the key processes involved in steel melting including the basic oxygen furnace, continuous casting, and descriptions of the oxygen lance system and bottom stirring system used in the basic oxygen furnace. The summary focuses on the high-level details and learnings from the training.

1. 1
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JAMSHEDPUR
TRAININGREPORT
STEEL MELTING SHOP
TRAINING ORGANISATION
-MECON LIMITED, RANCHI
(DURATION-MAY 25th TO JUNE 24th 2015)
NISHANT SINGH
2013UGME076
SEMESTER-V
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2. 2
ABSTRACT
THIS REPORT IS BASED ON THE LEARNINGS ACHIEVED IN 2 WEEKS OF THE
ONEMONTH TRAINING SESSION IN MECON LTD. UNDER THE STEEL MELTING
SECTION AND ROLLING MILLS SECTION.
THIS REPORT PARTICULARLY FOCUSES ON THE STEEL MELTING SECTION’S
TWO MOST IMPORTANT ASPECTS- BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE AND
CONTINUOUS CASTING SHOP.
THE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THIS REPORT IN BASED ON THE
CUMULATIVEACCUMULATION OF ALL THE INFORMATION GAINED FROM THE
RESPECTIVE OFFICIALS AND READING THE PROVIDED DOCUMENTS.

3. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I WOULD LIKE TO SINCERELY THANK ALL THE OFFICIALS OF THE STEEL
MELTING SECTION OF MECON LIMITED (A GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
ENTERPRISE) FOR THEIR GENEROUS AND AVID CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS MY
KNOWLEDGE IN THE SUBJECT WHICH WAS COMPLETELY NEW TO ME.
BECAUSE OF THEIR CONTRIBUTION, AT THE END OF THE TRAINING I HAVE
BEEN ABLE TO GAIN ATLEAST THE BASICS OF BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE AND
CONTINUOUS CASTING SHOP, AND ALSO SOME KNOWLEDGE OF THE
NATURE AND TYPE OF WORK ACCOMPLISHED HERE IN MECON LIMITED.
OVERALL THIS LEARNING EXPERIENCE IN MECON LIMITED PROVIDED ME
WITH AN IDEA OF THE CHALLENGES FACED BY THE ENGINEERS IN
PROFESSIONAL LIFE AND AS A MATTER OF FACT TAUGHT ME THAT EVEN AN
IOTA OF NEGLIGENCE BY THE ENGINEERS CAN CAUSE GREAT HAZARDS
DURING UPCOMING PROCESSES AND SO THE JOB OF AN ENGINEER IS THAT
OF GREAT RESPONSIBILITIES.
REMARKS:

4. 4
CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE NO.
1) THE TRAINING ORGANISATION 5
2) THE PROCESS 6
3)STEELMELTING SECTION
7
4)BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE 8-10
5)OXYGEN LANCE SYSTEM 11
6) BOTTOM STIRRING SYSTEM 12
7) CONVERTER TAPPING, ALLOYING AND
DESLAGGING
13
8)CONTINUOUS CASTING 14-15
9)CASTING MECHANISM 16-23
10)CONCLUSION 24

5. 5
THE TRAINING ORGANISATION
MECON LIMITED, FORMERLY KNOWN AS (METALLURGICAL & ENGINEERING
CONSULTANTS (INDIA) LIMITED) IS A PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKING UNDER
THE MINISTRYOF STEEL OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.ITBEGANIN 1959 AS
THE CENTRAL ENGINEERING AND DESIGNING BUREAU (CEDB) OF THE
HINDUSTANSTEEL LIMITED (HSL), THE FIRST PUBLIC SECTOR STEEL COMPANY.
SUBSEQUENTLY, CEDB GREW AS METALLURGICAL AND ENGINEERING
CONSULTANT (MECON), A SUBSIDIARY OF THE STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA
LIMITED (SAIL) IN 1973. IT LATER BECAME AN AUTONOMOUS COMPANY
REPORTING TO THE MINISTRY OF STEEL IN 1978. 1 APRIL IS OBSERVED AS
FOUNDATION DAY IN MECON.
MECON LTD. IS A GOVERNMENTOF INDIA ENTERPRISEWHICH BASICALLYACTS
AS A HOUSEOF ENGINEERS WHO ASSIST VARIOUS STEEL MAKING COMPANIES
IN SETTING UP THEIR RESPECTIVE PLANTS AT PARTICULAR LOCATIONS FOR A
GIVEN REQUIRED PRODUCTION OF STEEL.
IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ENGINEERS OF MECON LTD. TO ENSURE
THAT ALL THE EQUIPMENTS, LAYOUTS AND OTHER DESIGN RELATED
INFORMATION SENT BY THE CONTRACTOR WHO HAS TAKEN UP THE WORK,
ARE COMPLETELY UP TO THE MARK AND ARE FIT ENOUGH TO BE INSTALLED IN
THE STEEL PLANT.
THE WORK ENVIRONMENT IS EXTREMELY SUITABLE WITH STATE-OF-THE-ART
FACILITIES FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES AND THROUGHOUT THE TRAINING
PERIOD ALL THE ASSIGNED ENGINEERS WERE VERY CO-OPERATIVE AND
PROVIDED ALL THE REQUIRED INFORMATION IN APPROPRIATE MANNER.

6. 6
THE PROCESS
HOT METAL HANDLING:
HOTMETAL DELIVERED BY TORPEDO CARS IS RECEIVED INTHE RELADLING PIT.
THEN THE HOT METAL IS TRANSFERRED TO THE CHARGING LADLES PLACED ON
ONE OF THE HOT METAL TRANSFER CARS RUNNING IN A RELADLING PIT.
THE HOT METAL TRANSFER CAR HAS A WEIGHING FACILITY.
HOT METAL DE SULPHURISATION UNIT:
NEXT THE HOT METAL INTHE CHARGING LADLE IS TRANSFERRED BY CRANE TO
THE HOT METAL DESULPHURISATION UNIT OR DIRECTLY TO THE CONVERTER
FOR CHARGING. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE DESULPHURISATION UNIT IS TO
REDUCE THE PERCENTAGE OF SULPHUR IN THE HOT METAL
SCRAP HANDLING:
A BAY ADJACENT TO THE CONVERTER CHARGING BAY IS NECESSARILY
PROVIDED FOR THE PURPOSE OF SCRAP PREPARATION AND LOADING
PURPOSES.
THE SCRAP IS USUALLY TRANSFERRED BY RAILWAY WAGONS/ OR BY THE
TRUCKS AND THEN BY CRANES INTO THE SCRTAP PITS IN THE YARD.THE
CRANES ARE EQUIPPED WITH A WEIGHING FACILITY AND THEY ADJUST THE
AMOUNT OF SCRAP.
ADDITIVE HANDLING SYSTEM:
EACH CONVERTER IS EQUIPPED WITH ITS OWN ADDITIVE HANDLING SYSTEM.
THE ADDITIVES ARE DELIVERED THROUGH CONVEYOR SYSTEM.
FERRO ALLOYS ARE TRANSPORTED FROM STORAGE YARD TO A BUNKER
THROUGH THE CONVEYOR GROUP SYSTEM INSIDE THE CONVERTER BAY BY
MEANS OF BOTTOM DISCHARGER.

7. 7
STEEL MELTING SECTION
AS DESCRIBED IN THE FLOW CHART, STEEL MELTING SHOP IS AN
INTEGRAL PART OF STEEL MAKING PLANT.THEHOTMETAL COMING FROMTHE
BLAST FURNACE NEEDS PROPER TREATMENT AND REFINING AS PER THE
QUALITY OF STEEL REQUIRED. THE TWO MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE BASIC
OXYGEN FURNACE ARE OXYGEN LANCE SYSTEM AND THE BOTTOM STIRRING
SYSTEM. A DESCRIPRION OF THE VARIOUS PROCESSES TAKIN PLACE INSIDE A
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE IS FURTHER PROVIDED IN THE REPORT.
FINAL PRODUCT
ROLLING
CASTING
SECONDARY TREATMENT
STEEL MELTING SHOP
HOT METAL
BLAST FURNACE
ORE+COKE+LIME+SLAG

8. 8
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE (BRIEF OVERVIEW)
A BOF BASICALLY COMPRISES OF A REFRACTORY LINED CONVERTER WITH A
VERTICAL OXYGEN BLOWING LANCE ENTERING THE CONVERTER FROM ABOVE
WITH INERT GAS INJECTED THROUGH THE CONVERTER BOTTOM FOR PROPER
CHURNING OF THE MATERIAL INSIDE.
THE CONVERTER IS FURTHER EQUIPPED WITH A PNEUMATIC SLAG STOPPER
WITH SLAG DETECTIONSYSTEMTO MINIMIZESLAG CARRYOVER FROM THE LD
CONVERTER INTO THE CASTING LADLE TAPPING.
THE TILTING OF THE CONVERTER IS CARRIED OUT AT AUXILIARY CONTROL
STANDS LOCATED AT THE CHARGING AND TAPPING SIDEOF EACH CONVERTER.
THE CONVERTER IS TILTABLE FOR CHARGING, TAPPING AND DESLAGGING.
THE CHARGE IS NORMALLY MADE UP OF HOT METAL, DRI, SCRAP AND
ADDITIVES.
D.R.I (DIRECTREDUCEDIRON)
IN THIS, IRON ORE IN THE SOLID FORM IS COMPLETELY COATED WITH COAL
AND THEN HEATED BY MEANS OF A TUNNEL FURNACE AT ABOUT 500
DEEGRES CENTIGRADE. DUE TO THIS THE COAL REDUCES THE OXYGEN
PRESSURE IN THE IRON ORE AND THE OXYGEN MOLECULES CREATE VERIOUS
PORE LININGS ON THEIR WAY OUT. DUE TO THIS DRI HAS A LARGE SURFACE
AREA AND HENCE IS VERY REACTIVE.

9. 9
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE
THE BASIC ADVANTAGES OF BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE ARE:
• OXYGEN BLOWN AT
SUPERSONIC SPEED
• FOR REFINING
OXYGEN
LANCE
SYSTEM
• INERT GASES LIKE ARGON
OR NITROGEN BLOWN
• FOR PROPER CHURNING
AND HOMOGENIZING
BOTTOM
STIRRING
SYSTEM
HIGH SPEED OF REFINING
HIGH PRODUCTIVITY
ECONOMY OF LABOUR
LOW REFRACTORY CONSUMPTION
HIGH QUALITY OF PRODUCTS

10. 10
CONVERTER RELINING:
CONVERTER RELINING IS NECESSARY BEACUSE THE INNER WALL GETS
CARRODED WITH TIME. OUT OF THE 3 FUNCTIONAL CONVERTERS AT A TIME
ONE IS RELINED WHILE THE OTHER 2 REMAIN FUNCTIONAL IN ORDER TO
MAINTAIN CONTINUITY IN PRODUCTIVITY.
CONVERTER RELINING IS DONE FROM TOP.FOR THIS PURPOSE THE MOVABLE
HOODE IS MOVED OUT BY THE HOOD TRANSFER CART AND A RELINING
MACHINE AND RELINING PLATFORM ASSIST IN THE RELINING.
TAKE OVER POINTS:
THESE ARE WELL DEFINED LOCATIONS WHERE THE SCOPE OF ENGINEERING
ENDS FOR ONE ENGINEERING PACKAGEAND THESCOPEOF ENGINEERING FOR
THE OTHER PACKAGE STARTS.

11. 11
OXYGEN LANCE SYSTEM
IN EACH CONVERTER AN OXYGEN LANCE SYSTEM IN PROVIDED.EACH OXYGEN
LANCE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO OXYGEN LANCES WHICH BOTH ARE
PERMANENTLY CONNECTED TO OXYGEN AND COOLING WATER HOSES, READY
FOR OPERATION. THE OXYGEN LANCES ARE AUTOMATICALLY EXCHANGED IN
POSITION BY HORIZONTAL MOVEABLE LANCE CARRIERS.EACH OXYGEN LANCE
IS EQUIPPED WITH A SEPARATE HOISTING DRIVE.
FOR THE REFINING PROCESS THE OXYGEN LANCE IS LOWERED THROUGH A
SOCKET INTO CONVERTER UNTIL THE LANCE TIP HAS REACHED THE
PREDETERMINED HEIGHT ABOVE THE BATH LEVEL.
THE OXYGEN LANCE SYSTEM IN MEANT TO MEET THE FOLLOWING
REQUIREMENTS:
1) HIGH OXYGEN BLOWING RATE.
2) FLOW AND PRESSURE CONTROL OF OXYGEN AND COOLING WATER.
3) EXACT POSITIONING OF OXYGEN LANCE.
THR LANCE DESIGN IS PROVIDED WITH AN INTERNAL TRIPPLE SAFETY O-RING
SEALING ARRANGEMENT AND IS MANUFACTURED FROM HIGH PURITY, HIGH
CONDUCTIVITY COPPER WITH THE LATEST NOZZLE DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE
WITH OPERATING PARAMETERS.
FOR EMERGENCY LIFTING OF THE OXYGEN LANCE AN AIR MOTOR IS
PROVIDED.
PRECISION MACHINED LAVALL NOZZLES IN THE LANCE TIP ARE SIZED TO
PERMIT THE REQUIRED FLOW OF OXYGEN TO EXIT AT A SPECIFIC VELOCITY
AND TO PROVIDE THE BEST OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION PATTERN.

12. 12
BOTTOM STIRRING SYSTEM
BOTTOM STIRRING WITH INERT GAS IS AN ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT OF THE
STEEL MAKING PROCESS. IT OFFERS ADVANTAGES WITH REGARD TO
METALLURGICAL AND OPERATIONAL ASPECTS. IN PARTICULAR THE PROCESS
KUNETICS ARE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED AND THE DECARBURIZATION
REACTION AT LOW CARBON CONTENT IS FAVOURISED.
THUS A VERY LOW CARBON CONTENT AT REASONABLE OXYGEN CONTENTS AS
WELL AS LOWER CONTENTS OF PHOSPHOROUSD AND SULPHUR ARE
ACHIEVED. THE IRON LOSS IN THE SLAG IS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED.
THE BOTTOM STIRRING SYSTEM CONTINUOUSLY CHURNS THE HOT METAL
AND SO THE OXYGEN BLOWN BY THE LANCE EFFICIENTLY REACHES EVERY
PART OF THE HOT METAL. ALSO DUE TO THIS CHURNING THE PROBABILITY
OXYGEN GETTING TRAPPED IN THE METAL DECREASES. THOUGH NOT ALL THE
GAS ESCAPES BUT OPTIMISATION IS ACHIEVED BY THIS PROCESS.

13. 13
CONVERTER TAPPING AND ALLOYING
ONCE THE TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS ARE ADJUSTED, THE CASTING LADLE IS
BROUGHT INTO POSITION UNDERNEATH THE CONVERTER AND THE
CONVERTER IS TURNED DOWN FOR TAPPING (TAPPING SIDE). THE STEEL IS
TAPPED VIA THE CONVERTER TAP HOLE.
DURING TAPPING FERRO ALLOYS, DEOXIDANTS AND TOP SLAG ARE ADDED
INTO THE CASTING LADLE ACCORDING TO REQUIREMENTS.
GAS STIRRING AFTER SOME TIME OF TAPPING IS APPLIED IN THE LADLE TO
IMPROVE DISSOLUTION OF FERRO ALLOYS AND HOMOGENIZATION OF THE
STEEL BATH.
CONVERTER DESLAGGING
AFTER TAPPING IS COMPLETED, THE CONVERTER IS TILTED TOWARDS THE
DESLAGGING POSITION (CHARGING SIDE). THE SLAG IS POURED VIA THE
CONVERTER MOUTH INTO A SLAG POT WHICH IS BROUGHT INTO POSITION
UNDERNEATH THE CONVERTER BY MEANS OF A TRANSFER CAR.
A PNEUMATIC CONTROL IS PROVIDED IN ORDER TO DETECT THE SLAG AND
PREVENT THE FLOW OF SLAG ALONG WITH THE METAL.

14. 14
CONTINUOUS CASTING
AFTER THE SECONDARY REFINING UNIT ( OUT OF FURNACE REFINING) THE
STEEL OF THE DESIRED GRADEIS FINALLYSENT TO THE CONTINUOUS CASTING
SHOP IN ORDER TO CAST IT INTO DESIRED SHAPES AND SIZES. USUALLY THE
FOLLOWING CASTERS ARE PROVIDED:
 BILLET CASTER
 BLOOM CASTER
 BILLET CUM BLOOM CASTER( COMBI CASTER)
 BEAM BLANK CASTER
 SLAB CASTER( CONVENTIONAL SLAB CASTER)
 THIN SLAB CASTER
 ROUND CASTER
NOW THE FINISHED OR THE SEMI FINISHED PRODUCT IS OF THE FOLLOWING
TYPES:
SEMI
FINISHED
PRODUCT
LONG
PRODUCTS
BILLETS BLOOMS
BEAM
BLANKS
ROUNDS
FLAT
PRODUCTS
SLABS THIN SLABS

15. 15

16. 16
CASTING MECHANISM
LADLE TURRET:
THE BASICUSE OF LADLE TURRET IS TO CHANGE THE POSITION OF THE LADLE.
IN RECENT YEARS A BUTTERFLY TYPE LADLE TURRET HAS BEEN EVOLVED IN
ORDER TO SUPPORT CONTINUOUS CASTING AND MAINTAIN SIMULTAINEITY
SO AS TO REDUCE THE TIME LAG.
ARMS
CASTING SIDE
LADLEPLACEMENT SIDE
THE ABOVE FIGURE IS THE BASIC TOP VIEW OF A LADLE TURRET.
THE TWO UNITS OF THE LADLE TURRET SIMULTANEOUSLY EXCHANGE THEIR
POSITIONS. WHEN MOLTEN STEEL IN THE CASTING SIDE REACHES A CERTAIN
MINIMUM LEVELTHE ENTIRE SETUP ROTATES AND THE PLACEMENT SIDE
BECOMES THE CASTING SIDE AND VICE VERSA.

17. 17

18. 18
SLIDE GATE MECHANSM/PLATE IN THE LADLE:
THE SLIDEGATEPLATE WAS ORIGINALLYINTRODUCED TO CONTROL THEFLOW
OF MOLTEN STEEL FROM STEEL LADLES. THE CONCEPT OF SLIDE GATE SYSTEM
WAS HOWEVER PATENTED AS EARLY AS 1885 BY MR. DAVID D. LEWIS OF USA
BUT IT WAS FIRST SUCCESSFULLY INTRODUCED IN GERMANY IN 1964 ONLY.
SOON AFTER THIS SYSTEM WAS ADOPTED IN 9 STEEL PLANTS IN USA BY 1969.
THIS SYSTEMWAS FIRSTINTRODUCED INJAPANIN1968 AND BY 1970 ALL THE
LADLES IN JAPAN ADOPTED SLIDE GATE SYSTEM.AND OVER THE YEARS THIS
HAS BECOME PREVALENT IN INDIA AS WELL.
HYDRAULIC MECHANISM SLIDEGATE(PLATE)
THE ABOVE FIGURE SHOWS THE SLIDE GATE MECHANISM
PICTORIALLY.
THE SLIDE GATE IS CONTROLLED BY A HYDRAULIC FUEL-PISTON MECHANISM.
AND ACCORDING TO THE REQUIREMENT PRESSURE CAN BE APPLIED ON THE
SLIDING GATE IN ORDER TO OPEN IT OR CLOSE IT OR PARTIALLY CLOSE IT AS
THE CASE MAY BE. WHEN THE LADLEIS ON THE PLACEMENT SIDE THE SLIDING
GATE IS CLOSED WHILEWHENONTHE CASTING SIDE IT IS CONTROLLED AS TO
HOW MUCH IT HAS TO BE OPENED. MANY A TIMES SILICA ETC. GET

19. 19
DEPOSITED ATTHEBASE OF THE PLATER AND THEN A MANYALLY CONTROLLED
OXYGEN LANCING IS DONE IN ORDER TO REMOVE THE DEPOSITS.
LADLE SHROUD:
WHEN THE MOLTEMETAL FLOWS FROMTHE LADLEINTHE CASTING POSITION
THEN IT IS VERY VULNERABLE TO THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR AND NEEDS TO BE
PROTECTED FROM IT THEREFORE A SHROUD OF I SIMPLE TERMS BASICALLY A
COVER IS PROVIDED AT THE FLOW AREA IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE MOLTEN
STEEL FROM ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINATION.
TUNDISH:
THE MOLTEN STEEL FLOWS FROM THE LADLE INTO THE TUNDISH WHERE IT IS
ALLOWED TO SETTLE FOR SOME TIME IN ORDERTO LET THE STEEL SETTLE
DOWN DUE TO MGRAVITY AND WHATEVER IMPURITIES,IF PRESENT, TO RISE
ABOVE.
FROM THE TUNDISH THE MOLTEN METAL IS FINALLY SENT TO THE MOULD IN
ORDER TO CAST IT INTO DESIRED SHAPES.
IN ORDER TO CONTROL THE FLOW OF MOLTEN METAL FROM THE TUNDISH A
STOPPER ROD MECHANISM IS PROIVIDED.
STOPPER ROD MECHANISM:
AT THE OUTLET OF THE TUNDISH A STOPPER ROD MECHANISM IS PROVIDED
WHICH IS CONTROLLED BY A SERVO MOTOR. THE STOPPER ROD HAS A
GRADUALLY DECREASING CROSS SECTION AND IT IS INSERTED INTO THE
OUTLET AT THE TUNDISH. A GRADUALLY DECREASING CROSS SECTION IS
PROVIDED SO THAT THE FLOW CAN BE CONTROLLED MORE EFFICIENTLY.
SUBMERGED ENTRY NOZZLE:
FROM THE TUNDISH THROUGH A SUBMERGED ENTRY NOZZLE THE MOLTEN
STEEL IS POURED INTO THE MOULD FOR CASTING. AFTRE THIS A WORK OF
GREAT PRECISION AND CARE STARTS. HERE ALSO THE ENTRY IS SUBMERGED
SO AS TO PREVENT ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINATION OF THE MOLTEN STEEL.

20. 20
THE ABOVE DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION DEPICTS THE ENTIRE
CONTINUOUS CASTING PROCESS IN BRIEF FOR ANY REFERENCE.

21. 21
FORMATION OF SOLIDIFIED SHELL:
THIS IS BY FAR THE MOST CRUCIAL STEP IN CASTING AS A SLIGHT ERROR IN
THIS STEP AND THE ENTIRE CAST WILL GET DEFORMED.
THE ENTRY TO THE MOULD IS WATERCOOLED ATALL THE FOUR SIDES. SO THE
OUTER SURFACE OF THGE MOLTEN STEEL, BY EXCHANGING HEAT FROM THE
WALLS OF THE MOULD STARTS GETTING SOLIDIFIED FORMING A SHEEL OF
SOLIDIFIED STEEL WHICH HAS TO BE STRONG ENOUGH SO AS TO WITHSTAND
THE PRESSURE OF THE MOLTEN STEEL WITHIN, IN ORDER TO PREVENT
SPILLING.
WATER COOLING
WATER COOLING
MOULD ENTRY
DUMMY BAR SHELL FORMATION

22. 22
SEGMENTS:
SEGMENTS ARE A GROUP OF SUPPORT ROLLETS PROVIDD IN ORDER TO
FURTHER ASSISTINTHESOLIDIFICATION OF THE SHELL IN ORDER TO PREVENT
THE SPILLING OF MOLTEN STEEL.
THE SEGMENTS ARE PROOVIDED WITH WATER SPRAY NOZZLES OR AIR MIST
SPRAY NOZZLES. WATER KEEPS CONTINUOUSLY CIRCULATING THROUGH
THESE PROVIDING CONSTANT COOLING.
THE ABOVE FIGURE IS A REPRESENTATION OF A SEGMENT UNIT. PASSING
THROUGH A SERIES OF SUCH WATER COOLED SEGMENTS THE MOLTEN METAL
INSIDETHESOLIDIFIED SHELL GETS COMPLETELYSOLIDIFIED AND THENCOMES
THE WITHDRAWING AND STRAIGHTENING UNIT.

23. 23
WITHDRAWAL AND STRAIGHTENING UNIT:
WHEN THE SOLIDIFICATION PROCESS IS ON THE VERGE OF COMPLETION, THE
SEGMENTS ARE EQUIPPED WITH A HYDRASULIC PINCHING MECHANISM. NOT
THE SEGMENTS SERVE FOR THE PURPOSE OF STRAIGHTENING. THE PRESSURE
HELPS IN STRAIGHTENING THE STEEL. VERY HIGH PRESSURE NEEDS TO BE
APPLIED THROUGH THE HYDRAULIC PINCHING MECHANISM.
MEASURING ROLL:
A MEASURING ROLL MEASURES THE LENGTH OF THE BEAM OR THE BILLET OR
ANY OTHER SHAPE AND WHEN WHE REQUIRED LENGTH HAS BEEN
WITHDRAWN THEN SENDS A SIGNAL TO THE TORCH CUTTING MACHINE.
TORCH CUTTING MACHINE:
THE TORCH CUTTING MACHINE, ON RECEIVING THE SIGNAL FROM THE
MEASUTING ROLL, CUTS THE STEEL IN ORDER TO GET THE FINAL PRODUCT.
CASTING SPEED:
THE CASTING SPEED BASICALLY DEPENDS ON TWO FACTORS NAMELY THE
SECTION SIZE AND THE STEEL GRADE.

24. 24
CONCLUSION
THE PROJECT REPORT CONSTITUTES ALL THE BASIC KNOWLEDGE AS
RECEIVED DURING THE 2 WEEKS IN STEEL MELTING SECTION OF
MECON LIMITED, RANCHI. ALL POSSIBLE EFFORS HAVE BEEN MADE
TO PROVIDE LEGITIMATE INFORMATION IN THE REPORT BUT A
KIND CONSIDERATION IS EXPECTED FROM THE READERS IN CASE
ANY INEVITABLE ERROR MIGHT HAVE CREPT IN.
THE SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE OF ALL THE OFFICIALS DESPITE THEIR
OWN WORKLOAD THROUGHOUT THE COMPLETION OF THE
REPORT IS HIGHLY COMMENDABLE AND APPRECIATED FROM THE
STUDENT'S END.
THANK YOU.