It talks of various aspects of OER

1. Open Educational
Resources (OER)
Nisha Singh
Deputy Director, IUC,
IGNOU

2. Open Things…
• Open Access
• Open Content
• Open Course ware
• Open Source Software
• Open Education / e-Learning
• Open Educational Resources
• …and many more things

3. Image source: http://www.bihardays.com/
What is OER?

4. Open Educational Resources (OER) are
teaching and learning materials that you may
freely use and reuse at no cost, and without
needing to ask permission. Unlike copyrighted
resources, OER have been authored or created
by an individual or organization that chooses
to retain few, if any, ownership rights.https://www.oercommons.org/about

5. Open Educational Resources (OER) are
‘materials offered freely and openly to use
and adapt for teaching, learning,
development and research’.
- The Commonwealth of Learning (COL)
http://www.col.org/resources/crsMaterials/Pages/OCW-OER.aspx

6. UNESCO definition
Open Educational Resources are teaching,
learning or research materials that are in the
public domain or released with an intellectual
property license that allows for free use,
adaptation, and distribution.

7. OER coined at UNESCO’s 2002 Forum on Open Courseware
and designated “teaching, learning and research materials in
any medium, digital or otherwise, that reside in the public
domain or have been released under an open license that
permits no-cost access, use, adaptation and redistribution by
others with no or limited restrictions.”

8. http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/247
Tracing OER
• In 1994 Wayne Hodgins coined the term “learning object(LO)”
• LO /digital materials can be designed and produced for use and
reuse in a variety of pedagogical situations.
• Also generated few standards like
– Reuse
– detailing metadata,
– content exchange, and other standards necessary to find and
reuse digital educational content (ARIADNE, IMS, IEEE LTSC /
LOM, SCORM, .)

9. Open Content
• In 1998 David Wiley coined the term “open
content,” for content availability among the
educational community (and learning object
creators specifically)
• Open source / free software movements can
be productively applied to content and
created Open Publication Licence
http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/

10. Creative Commons…
In 2001 Larry Lessig and others founded the
Creative Commons
• more flexible set of licenses
• stronger legal documents
• credibility and confidence to open movement
• easy to use

11. 2001 MIT announced its
OpenCourseWare initiative
In 2001 MIT initiated to publish university course for
free public access for non-commercial use. An
example of commitment at an institutional level,
encourage similar projects lending the MIT brand to
the movement.

12. Open education is not limited to just open educational
resources. It also draws upon open technologies that
facilitate collaborative, flexible learning and the open
sharing of teaching practices that empower educators to
benefit from the best ideas of their colleagues. It may also
grow to include new approaches to assessment,
accreditation and collaborative learning'.
http://www.capetowndeclaration.org/
2007: Cape Town Open Education Declaration

13.  2009 : Dakar Declaration on Open Educational
Resources
2011 : Commonwealth of Learning and UNESCO
Guidelines on Open Educational Resources in
Higher Education

14. a. Foster awareness and use of OER.
b. Facilitate enabling environments for use of ICT.
c. Reinforce the development of strategies and policies on OER.
d. Promote the understanding and use of open licensing
frameworks.
e. Support capacity building for the sustainable development of
quality learning materials.
2012: PARIS OER DECLARATION

15. f. Foster strategic alliances for OER
g. Encourage the development and adaptation of OER
in a variety of languages and cultural contexts.
h. Encourage research on OER.
i. Facilitate finding, retrieving and sharing of OER.
j. Encourage the open licensing of educational
materials produced with public funds.

16. 2nd OER Congress in Slovenia
https://www.oercongress.org/

17. Ljubljana OER Action Plan
• 111 countries 2017 Ljubljana OER Action Plan.
• 41 recommended actions to mainstream open-licensed resources
• 2030 Sustainable Development Goal 4 on “quality and lifelong
education.”
• five strategic areas, namely:
– building the capacity of users to find, re-use, create and share
OER; language and cultural issues;
– ensuring inclusive and equitable access to quality OER;
– developing sustainability models;
– and developing supportive policy environments.
• https://www.oercongress.org/woerc-actionplan/

18. OER
Freedom
• Access
• Copy
• Use
• Adapt
• Share
License
• Attribution
• Share-Alike
• Non-Commercial
• No-Derivation

19. Production, management, use and reuse of OER
Developing and applying open/public pedagogies in teaching
practice
Open learning and gaining access to open learning opportunities
Practicing open scholarship, to encompass open access
publication, open science and open research
Open sharing of teaching ideas and know-how
Using open technologies (web-based platforms, applications and
services) in an educational context
What are 'Open Educational Practices'?
https://oersynth.pbworks.com/w/page/51685003/OpenPracticesWhat

20. • Use the content in its unaltered formReuse
• Adapt, adjust, modify, improve or alter the
contentRevise
• Combine the original or revised content
with other OER to create something newRemix
• Share copies of the original content,
revision or remixes with othersRedistribute
• Keep access to the materials after the
learning eventRetain
The 5 Rs of OER: http://opencontent.org/definition/

21. Why OERs
 Not reinventing the wheel
 Sharing good practice
 Capacity building
 Breaking down barriers to learning
 Networking between teaching practitioners
 Cross fertilisation of ideas between disciplines

23. • OER can help governments meet the aims set out in
the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), especially with regard to SDG4: ensuring
inclusive and equitable quality education, and
promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all

25. OER could be ……
• Activities & Labs
• Assessments
• Audio Lectures
• Case Study
• Curriculum Standards
• Discussion Forums
• Full Course
• Games
• Homework &
Assignments
• Images & Illustrations
• Interactive Text
• Lecture Notes
• Lesson Plans
• Readings
• Resource Review
• Simulations
• Syllabi
• Teaching & Learning Strategies
• Textbooks
• Training Materials
• Unit of Study
• Video Lectures
Any materials associated with teaching and learning!

26. Some OER initiatives
• MIT’s Open Courseware initiative
• OER Africa
• OER Asia
• Open University’s OpenLearn
• JISC have funded 3 phases of projects in this area in
the UK
• Jorum is the national repository for teaching and
learning materials (many are OERs)

28. OER Africa

29. OER Based ODL Course Material

30. OER Repository

31. Afghanistan

32. 'Darakht-e danesh' means "knowledge tree"

41. Some OER Repositories

42. http://oasis.col.org/

43. Some OER initiatives in India
• NPTEL
• NROER
• Project Oscar-IIIT-B
• Open Educational Resources for Schools (OER4S)-Homi Bhabha Center for
Science Education
• NIOS-OER
• TESS-India
• KROER

44. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB)

45. Open Educational Resources for Schools (OER4S)
http://www.hbcse.tifr.res.in/research-development/projects/open-educational-resources-for-schools-oer4s

46. National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)

47. National Repository of OERs

48. National Institute of Open Schooling
http://oer.nios.ac.in/wiki/index.php/Main_Page

49. Pratham Books Intiative

51. SAKSHAT
http://www.sakshat.ac.in/

55. How do we know if it is an OER?

56. Copyright and OER

57. Copyright and OER
• exclusive rights, given to creators and
authors to protect their original works
• an incentive for creativity to authors and
creators as well as a means of financial
compensation for their intellectual
property

58. Copyright and OER
• copyright is automatic and ‘all rights reserved’
• copyright holder has the exclusive right for a
certain period of time, after which time the
work enters the public domain.

59. http://creativecommons.org/license
• Most developed alternative Licensing approach :
Larry Lassig
• User friendly licenses for digital materials
Creative Commons

60. Creative Commons
The CC licenses are expressed via an innovative three-layer
approach:
• The ‘lawyer-readable’ layer is the legal text that makes the
license enforceable in court.
• The ‘human-readable’ layer is a simple summary of the legal
text that communicates the main permission and conditions
of the work to a general audience.
• The ‘machine-readable’ layer is metadata expressed in ways
computers and search engines can understand that permit
CC-licensed works to be searched for and discovered online.

61. Creative Commons licenses
• CC licenses are not an alternative to copyright. They
enable creators to distribute their content to a wide
audience and specify the manner in which the work can
be used while still maintaining their copyright.
• CC aims to make copyright content more ‘active’ by
ensuring that content can be redeveloped easily.

62. Creative Commons licenses
• All CC licenses have common features:
– help creators/licensors retain copyright while allowing others to copy,
distribute, and make some uses of their work — at least non-commercially.
– ensure licensors get the credit for their work.
– work around the world and last as long as applicable copyright lasts (because
they are built on copyright).
• These common features serve as the baseline, on top of which licensors can
choose to grant additional permissions when deciding how they want their work to
be used.

63. Creative Commons Conditions
Condition Explanation
Attribution (BY) All CC licenses require that others who use your work in any way must attribute it –
i.e. must reference the work, giving you credit for it – the way you request, but not
in a way that suggests you endorse them or their use of the work.
Non-Commercial
(NC)
You let others copy, distribute, display, perform and (unless you have chosen No
Derivatives) modify and use your work for any purpose other than commercially.
No Derivative works
(ND)
You let others copy, distribute, display and perform only original copies of your
work.
Share Alike (SA) You let others copy, distribute, display, perform and modify your work, as long as
they distribute any modified work on the same terms.
https://creativecommons.org/

64. Six Creative Commons licenses
• Attribution (CC-BY)
•
– lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon
your work, even commercially, as long as they
credit you for the original creation.
– most accommodating of licenses offered.
– recommended for maximum dissemination and use
of licensed materials.

65. Creative Commons licenses ctd
• Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)
– This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for
commercial purposes, as long as they credit you and license their new
creations under the identical terms.
– Often compared to “copyleft” free and open source software licenses.
– All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so any
derivatives will also allow commercial use. This is the license used by
Wikipedia.

66. Example: BY-SA
• Published by
WikiEducator
• BY-SA
– With
Attributio
n (BY)
– Share
Alike (SA)

67. Creative Commons licenses ctd
• Attribution-NoDerivs (CC BY-ND) allows for
redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long
as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit
to you.
• Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) lets others
remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-
commercially, and although their new works must also
acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t
have to license their derivative works on the same terms.

68. http://www.open.ac.uk/about/open-educational-resources/home/open-educational-media-operating-policy

69. Creative Commons licenses ctd
• Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
(CC BY-NC-SA)
– This license lets others remix, tweak, and build
upon your work non-commercially, as long as they
credit you and license their new creations under
the identical terms.

70. Creative Commons licenses ctd
• Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs
(CC BY-NC-ND)
– This license is the most restrictive, only allowing others to
download your works and share them with others as long as they
credit you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them
commercially.

71. Example: NC-ND
• Published by WIPO
• CC-NC-ND
– Free of charge
– Non-Commercial (may cover all costs
but no profit)
– No Derivatives (No editing)

72. Creative Commons Public Domain Tool
• CC’s public domain tool enable authors and copyright owners
who want to dedicate their works to the worldwide public
domain to do so.
– The CC0 tool (“No Rights Reserved”) allows licensors to waive all
rights and place a work in the public domain.
– The Public Domain mark identifies a work that is free of known
copyright restrictions. It is not recommend for works that are
restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions.

73. Summary - Open licenses

75. http://www.oerafrica.org/copyright-and-licensing-toolkit/challenges-seeking-permission

76. http://www.oerafrica.org/copyright-and-licensing-toolkit/challenges-seeking-permission

77. Issues while considering CC Licensing
• No registration required to license your work
• clearly spell out rights in terms of the materials that third parties
produce, including the possibility of subsequent use and reuse by
third parties
• If your work contains third-party (i.e. not created by you) content
(e.g. images, text, charts) and you wish to distribute your work
widely as an OER – whether in person, or electronically or online –
then you must undergo copyright clearance to obtain permission
for third-party content

78. Searching and Creating Open
Educational Resources

79. Searching OER
• Google Advanced Search
• Creative Commons Search
• JORUM
• Xpert
• Connecting Repositories
• BASE
• FreeFullPDF
• Directory of OER

80. • Google Advanced Search
SEARCHING OER

81. • Creative Commons Search
SEARCHING OER

82. • JORUM (UK)
SEARCHING OER

83. Searching OER
• Xpert :
SEARCHING OER

84. • Connecting Repositories
SEARCHING OER

85. – BASE
SEARCHING OER

86. Free FullPDF
SEARCHING OER

87. • Directory of OER
SEARCHING OER

88. • NROER
SEARCHING OER

89. Major OER Platforms
• Wiki Educator
• OER Commons
• College Open textbooks
• CK-12
• Siyavula
• MERLOT
• OpenLearn
• OpenStax CNX (earlier Connexions)
• Saylor Academy
• BC Open Textbooks
• Open Course Library
• NPTEL

90. Short Online Course for Understanding OER

91. Creating Open Educational Resources

92. • Text
• Graphics
• Images
• Audio
• Animations
• Video
OER may be any one or combination of any of these:

93. • eXe - eLearning XHTML editor (eXe)
• An authoring environment to assist
teachers in the design, development and
publishing of web-based learning and
teaching materials without the need to
become proficient in HTML or complicated
web-publishing applications.

94. • Many content management and learning
management systems do not provide an intuitive
WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get)
environment where authors can see what their
content will look like in a browser when published
• eXe has been developed as an offline authoring
tool

95. Mind/Concept Mapping – Free Mind
Free mind is an Open Source Software
widely used in making mind/concept maps.

96. Uses of Free Mind
• Track projects
• Collection of notes (a knowledge base)
• Essay writing and brainstorming
• Small database
• Organization

98. Concept Mapping – C-Map
C-Map is an Open Source Software widely
used in making concept maps.

99. Using C Map