Introductory course for business statsitics Hanze University of Applied Sciences International Business School (IBS)

1. Hanze University of
Applied Science
Groningen
Ning Ding, PhD
Lecturer of International Business
School (IBS)
n.ding@pl.hanze.nl

2. What we are going to learn?
1. Why they failed in STA1?
2. Chapter 1: What is statistics?
1. Why? What?
2. Types of statistics, variables
3. Levels of measurement
3. Chapter 2: Describing data
1. Frequency tables
2. Frequency distributions
3. Graphic presentation

3. Why they failed in Statistics?
1. Why Failed in •Absent for the lessons;
Statistics?
2. Chapter 1:
What is •Didn’t do the home assignments;
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
•Ignore the EXCEL lessons;
C.Levels of
measurement
•Cannot use the theories flexibly;
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency tables •Keep misconceptions and
B.Frequency
distributions
misunderstanding till the exam;
C.Graphic
presentation
•Overestimate self and underestimate the
subject.

4. Statistics are everywhere.
1. Why Failed in
Statistics?
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

5. Statistics help you make decisions.
1. Why Failed in
Statistics?
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

6. Statistics help you make decisions.
1. Why Failed in
Statistics? Making decisions
2. Chapter 1:
What is Interpret data
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
Present data
measurement
Analyze data
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency
distributions Organize data
C.Graphic
presentation
Collect data

7. Statistics help you make decisions.
1. Why Failed in Statistics:
Statistics?
2. Chapter 1:
What is
The science of collecting, organizing, presenting,
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
analyzing and interpreting data to assist in making
B.Types of
statistics,
more effective decisions.
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data Descriptive Statistics: Inferential Statistics:
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
Methods of organizing, Methods used to estimate a
presentation summarizing and presenting data property of a population on the
in an informative way. basis of a sample.

8. Statistics help you make decisions.
1. Why Failed in
Descriptive Statistics: Inferential Statistics:
Statistics?
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2: Population:
Describing Data
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency The entire set of individual or objects of
distributions interest or the measurements obtained
C.Graphic
presentation
from all individuals or objects of interest.
Sample:
A portion, or part, of the population of
interest.

9. Statistics help you make decisions.
1. Why Failed in
Inferential Statistics:
Statistics?
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data Sample:
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency
distributions A portion, or part, of the population of
C.Graphic interest.
presentation

10. Types of variables
1. Why Failed in Qualitative:
Statistics?
2. Chapter 1: nonnumeric,
What is attribute
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
Quantitative:
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency
numerical
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

11. Types of variables
1. Why Failed in
Statistics?
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation
Qualitative Quantitative

12. Types of variables
1. Why Failed in Discrete counting
Statistics?
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What? Continuous measuring
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
Discrete
Discrete Continuous
Continuous
Height
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data Salary Class Size
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

13. Levels of Measurement
1. Why Failed in
Statistics?
Nominal:
2. Chapter 1:
What is •Data categories are represented by labels or
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
names.
B.Types of •Even when the labels are numerically coded, the
statistics,
variables data categories have no logical order.
C.Levels of
measurement
Ordinal:
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data •Data classifications are represented by sets of
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency labels or names (high, medium, low) that have
distributions
C.Graphic
relative values.
presentation
•Because of the relative values, the data
classified can be ranked or ordered.

14. Levels of Measurement
1. Why Failed in
Statistics? Nominal:
2. Chapter 1: No logical order
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation Ordinal:
Ranked or ordered

15. Levels of Measurement
1. Why Failed in
Statistics? Interval:
2. Chapter 1:
•Similar to the ordinal level, with the
What is additional property that meaningful amounts
Statistics?
A.Why? What? of differences between data values can be
B.Types of
statistics,
determined.
variables •There is no natural zero point.
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
Ratio:
A.Frequency tables •The interval level with an inherent zero starting
B.Frequency
distributions point.
C.Graphic
presentation •Differences and ratios are meaningful for this
level of measurement.

16. Levels of Measurement
1. Why Failed in
Statistics? Interval: Ratio:
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics? Salary
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
Distance Temperature IQ
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

17. Levels of Measurement
1. Why Failed in
Statistics?
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

18. Levels of Measurement
1. Why Failed in
Statistics?
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

19. Exercises 1-a
1. Why Failed in
Statistics? For each of the following, determine whether the group is a
sample or a population. Please use your clicker to vote.
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics? a. Population b. Sample
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics, 1. The participants in a study of a new cholesterol drug.
variables
C.Levels of
measurement 2. The drivers who received a speeding ticket Kansas City last
month.
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data 3. Those on welfare in Cook County (Chicago), Illinois.
A.Frequency tables
B.Frequency
distributions 4. The 30 stocks reported as a part of the Dow Jones Industrial
C.Graphic
presentation Average.
P14. N.4 Ch.1

20. Exercises 1-a
Refer to the Real Estate data at the back of the text,
1. Why Failed in which report information on homes sold in the
Statistics? Denver, Colorado, area last year. Consider the
following variables:
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics?
a. Selling price b. Number of
A.Why? What? bedrooms
B.Types of
statistics, c. Township
variables d. Distance from
C.Levels of the city centre
measurement
1. Qualitative variables are:
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency tables 2. Quantitative variables are:
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic 3. Level of measurement: a. nominal
presentation
1. Selling price
2. Number of bedrooms
b. ordinal c. interval
3. Township
4. Distance
d. ratio
P18. N.16 Ch.1

21. Describing Data
1. Why Failed in
Frequency Table:
Statistics? •A grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive
2. Chapter 1:
classes showing the number of observations in each
What is class.
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency
tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

22. Describing Data
1. Why Failed in
Statistics? Relative Class Frequencies:
2. Chapter 1:
•Show the fraction of the total number of
What is observations in each class
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
Relative Frequency
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency
5/12 = 41.67%
tables
B.Frequency 3/12=25.00%
distributions
C.Graphic 4/12=33.33%
presentation
Total 12

23. Exercises 2-a
A total of 1,000 residents in Minnesota were asked which season they
1. Why Failed in preferred. The results were 100 liked winter best, 300 liked spring,
Statistics?
400 liked summer, and 200 liked fall.
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics?
If the data were summarized in a frequency table, how many classes
A.Why? What? would be used? What would be the relative frequencies for each
B.Types of
statistics,
class?
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency
tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation
P27. N.3 .Ch.2

24. Graphic Presentation of Qualitative data
1. Why Failed in
Bar Chart
Statistics? •The classes are reported on the horizontal axis
•The class frequencies on the vertical axis
2. Chapter 1:
What is •The class frequencies are proportional to the heights of the
Statistics? bars.
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency
tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

25. Graphic Presentation of Qualitative data
1. Why Failed in
Pie Chart:
Statistics? •Shows the proportion or percent that each class represents
of the total number of frequencies
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency
tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

26. Graphic Presentation of Qualitative data
1. Why Failed in
Statistics?
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics? Pie charts require that you include all
A.Why? What? the categories that make up a
B.Types of
statistics, whole.
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
Use them only when you want to
emphasize each category's relation
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
to the whole.
A.Frequency
tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

27. Frequency Distributions
Frequency Distribution:
1. Why Failed in
Statistics? •A grouping of data into mutually exclusive classes showing
2. Chapter 1:
the number of observations in each class.
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency
tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

28. Frequency Distributions
1. Why Failed in
Statistics? •A grouping of data into mutually exclusive classes
showing the number of observations in each class.
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency
tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

29. Frequency Distributions
Step 1: Just enough recipe 2 to the k rule
1. Why Failed in 22=4 23=8 24=16
Statistics?
2. Chapter 1: 25=32 26=64 27=128
What is N=27 number of class=5
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
Step 2: Class Interval
variables
C.Levels of
measurement  (55-14)/5 ≈ 8
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data Step 3: Choose nice “round”
A.Frequency boundaries 10 -< 20 4
tables
B.Frequency
distributions
20 -< 30 1
C.Graphic
presentation
Step 4: Try to avoid empty and 30 -< 40 10
open classes
40 -< 50 9
50 -< 60 3
N=27

30. Exercises 2-b
1. Why Failed in
A set of data consists of 45 observations between $0 and $29. What
Statistics? size would you recommend for the class interval?
2. Chapter 1: a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency
Hint 1:
tables
B.Frequency 24 = 16, 25 = 32, 26 = 64, 27 = 128
distributions
C.Graphic Hint
presentation
2:
P33. N.8 .Ch.2

31. Exercises 2-b
The Quick Change Oil Company has a number of outlets in the metropolitan
1. Why Failed in
Statistics? Seattle area. The daily number of oil changes at the Oak Street outlet in the past
20 days are:
2. Chapter 1: 65 98 55 62 79 59 51 90 72 56
What is
Statistics? 70 62 66 80 94 79 63 73 71 85
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics, What class interval would you suggest?
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
a. 8 b. 9 c. 10 d. 6
3. Chapter 2:
Hint 1:
Describing Data
A.Frequency 26 = 64, 28 = 256, 29 = 512, 210 = 1024
tables
B.Frequency Hint
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation
2:

32. Exercises 2-b
The Quick Change Oil Company has a number of outlets in the
1. Why Failed in metropolitan Seattle area. The daily number of oil changes at the Oak
Statistics?
Street outlet in the past 20 days are:
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics? 65 98 55 62 79 59 51 90 72 56
A.Why? What?
B.Types of 70 62 66 80 94 79 63 73 71 85
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement c. What lower limit would you recommend for the first class?
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data c. 50
A.Frequency
tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation
P34. N.12.Ch.2

33. Graphic Presentation of Quantitative data
1. Why Failed in a) Histogram
Statistics? •The classes are marked on the horizontal axis
•The class frequencies on the vertical axis
2. Chapter 1:
•The class frequencies are represented by the heights of the bars
What is
Statistics? and the bars are adjacent to each other.
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency
tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

34. Graphic Presentation of Quantitative data
1. Why Failed in b) Polygon:
Statistics? •The shape of a distribution
•Similar to a histogram
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency
tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

35. Graphic Presentation of Quantitative data
1. Why Failed in c) Cumulative frequency distribution:
Statistics? used to determine how many or what proportion of the data values are below or
above a certain value.
2. Chapter 1:
What is Ogive
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables
C.Levels of
measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency
tables
B.Frequency
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation

36. Cumulative Frequency
1. Why Failed in
frequency Distribution
Statistics?
distribution
2.Why Failed in 1:
1.
Chapter
What
Statistics?
is Statistics?
2. Chapter 1:
What is
A. Why? What?
Statistics?
A.Why?Types of
B. What?
B.Types of
statistics,
statistics,
variables
variables
C. Levels of
C.Levels of
measurement
measurement
3.Chapter 2: 2:
3. Chapter
Describing Data Data
Describing
A.Frequency
A. Frequency
tables
tables
B.Frequency
B. Frequency
distributions
distributions
C.Graphic
presentation
C. Graphic
presentation

37. What we have learnt?
1. Why Failed in
Statistics? 1. Why they failed in Statistics?
2. Chapter 1:
What is
Statistics?
A.Why? What?
2. Chapter 1: What is Statistics?
B.Types of
statistics,
variables A. Why? What?
C.Levels of
measurement B. Types of statistics, variables
C. Levels of measurement
3. Chapter 2:
Describing Data
A.Frequency 3. Chapter 2: Describing Data
tables
B.Frequency A. Frequency tables
distributions B. Frequency distributions
C.Graphic
presentation C. Graphic presentation