Complete power point presentation on atelectesis

1. SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE
PRACTICE TEACHING ON :
ATELECTASIS
PRESENT BY:
Nikhil vaishnav
M.Sc. Nursing 1st Year

2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

4. ATELECTASIS
Atelectasis is a condition in which
one or more areas of lungs collapse
or don't inflate properly .
The word Atelectasis is derived from
the Greek words Ateles and Ektasis
which means Incomplete Expansion.

5. As a result of Atelectasis fresh air does not
reach to the alveoli and oxygen and carbon
di oxygen can not be exchanged properly .
It can lead to hypoxia and many other
complications.

6. INCIDENCE
In U.S incidence
of atelectasis is
reported to occur
in 8% to 15% of
children during
mechanical
ventilation.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF ATELECTASIS
• Compression Atelectasis.
• Absorption Atelectasis.
• Relaxation Atelectasis.
• Adhesive Atelectasis.
• Cicatrization Atelectasis.
• Rounded Atelectasis.

8. COMPRESSION ATELECTSIS
Compression atelectasis occurs from
the lesion of the thorax compresses
the lungs.
It takes place in congenital
emphysema.

9. ABSORPTION ATELECTASIS
 Refers to the condition where the
reduction of nitrogen concentration in
the lungs causes a collapse.

10. RELAXATION ATELECTASIS
 Relaxation or passive atelectasis results
when pleural effusion or
Pneumothorax eliminates contact
between parietal pluera and visceral
pleura.

11. ADHESIVE ATELECTASIS
 Adhesive atelectasis results from
surfactant deficiency. This is observed
particularly in acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS).

12. CICATRIZATION ATELECTASIS
 It results from the severe scarring of
the parenchyma and caused by the
necrotizing pneumonia.

13. ROUNDED ATELECTASIS
 Occurs as a consequence of diseases
with chronic pleural scarring,
especially asbestos-related pleural
disease and TB.

14. ETIOLOGY
Atelectasis may be the result of a blocked
airway (obstructive) or of pressure from
outside the lung (nonobstructive).
Almost everyone who has surgery has
some atelectasis from anaesthesia.

15. OBSTRUCTIVE ATELECTASIS CAUSES
1. Mucus plug.
2. Foreign body- Atelectasis is common in children
who have inhaled an object, such as a peanut or
small toy part, into their lungs.
3. Tumour in a major airway- An abnormal growth
can narrow the airway.
4. Blood clot.

16. NON OBSTRUCTIVE ATELECTSIS
CAUSES
1. Injury- Chest trauma from a fall or car accident.
2. Pleural effusion.
3. Pneumonia- Different types of pneumonia, an
infection of your lungs, may temporarily cause
atelectasis.
4. Pneumothorax.
5. Tumour- A large tumour can press against and
deflate the lung

17. RISK FACTORS
 Age — being younger than 3 or older than
60 years of age.
 Any condition that interferes with
spontaneous coughing, yawning and
sighing.
 Lung disease, such as asthma in children,
COPD, bronchiectasis or cystic fibrosis.
 Premature birth.

18. Recent abdominal or chest surgery.
Recent general anaesthesia.
Respiratory muscle weakness, due to
muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury
or another neuromuscular condition.
Any cause of shallow breathing.

19. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Reduced ventilation or blockage
Obstruction of passage of air from & to alveoli
Trapped alveolar air absorbed into bloodstream
Affected portion of alveoli becomes airless
Alveoli collapse(Atelectasis)

20. C/M OF ATELECTASIS
1. Breathing difficulty( Dyspnoea).
2. Chest pain.
3. Cough with sputum production.
4. Respiratory distress.

21. 5. Central cyanosis.
6. Anxiety.
7. Low grade fever .
8. Tachypnoea.

22. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
1. History collection: regarding occupation and any
consumption of alcohol or smoking.
2. Physical examination: Decreased breath sound,
Crackles heard on affected area.
3. Chest X- ray.
4. CT scan.
5. Pulse oximetry.
6. Bronchoscopy.
7. Blood gas Analysis.

23. MANAGEMENT
Treatment of the atelectasis will depend on the
underlying causes.
The goal of treatment is to re expand the collapsed
portion of the lungs.
Treatment usually consists of a combination of
therapies rather than the single treatment.
Treatment option of atelectasis are as follows:

24. TREATMENT OF TUMOUR
1) If tumour is the
causative factor of collapse,
treatment of the tumour with
surgery, chemotherapy, or
radiation may be recommended.

25. BRONCHOSCOPY
2) Bronchoscopy: If airway
obstruction is caused by a foreign
body, mucous plug, or tumour,.
Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy may be
used to remove the blockage and
correct the obstruction.

27. INCENTIVE SPIROMETER
3) An incentive spirometer may be used to
encourage deep breathing exercises.

28. INCENTIVE SPIROMETER

29. BRONCHODIALATORS
Bronchodilators medication may
be given by the nebulizer. These
help expand the airways.
Examples are Albuterol,
Metaproterenol.

30. CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY
5) Postural drainage and chest percussion
(Chest physiotherapy) is helpful. This allows
mucus to drain more easily.

31. CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY

32. POSTURAL DRAINAGE

33. CHANGING THE SIDE OF PATIENT
6) Lying on the side of healthy lung may
help to expand the blocked lung.

34. POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE
7) Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP):
PEEP is the maintenance of positive
pressure within the lungs at the end of
expiration .
-This is a treatment in which a mixture of
oxygen is given by mask under pressure. It
prevents the lungs from collapsing completely
during expiration.

35. INTUBATION AND VENTILATION
8) Intubation and ventilation may be
needed if symptoms are severe.

36. SURGICAL
MANAGEMENT
9) Surgical management: If atelectasis
is chronic, it can be difficult to get
the lungs to re-expand.
- Removal of the involved part of the
lung via lobectomy or segmental
resection may then be needed.

37. COMPLICATIONS

38. BRONCHIECTASIS

39. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
 Ineffective breathing pattern related to
Excessive mucus production .
 Impaired gas exchange related to Lung
volume reduction.
 Activity intolerance related to weak body
condition secondary to increased respiratory
effort.

40.  Acute pain related to lungs inflammation.
 Anxiety related to hospitalization.
 Knowledge deficit related to lack of
information about the disease process,
treatment procedures at the hospital.
 Risk for fluid volume deficits related to
fever, fluid loss.

41. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
 Encourage the patient to perform coughing
and deep breathing exercise every 1 to 2
hours.
 Help the patient use an incentive
spirometer to encourage deep breathing.
 Gently reposition the patient often and help
him walk as soon as possible.

42.  Use Postural drainage and chest percussion to
remove secretions.
 Administer sedative with care because these
medications depress respirations and cough reflex.
 Provide suctioning as needed for patients who are
intubated or unable to clear their own secretions.
 Offer reassurance and emotional support because
the patient’s limited breathing capacity may
frighten him.

43.  Administer adequate Analgesics to control
pain.
 Humidify inspired air and encourage
adequate fluid intake to mobilize secretions.
 Assess breath sounds and respiratory status
frequently.
 Monitor pulse oximetry readings and ABG
value for evidence of hypoxia.

44. PREVENTION
 In children atelectasis is often caused by a
blockage in the airway. Therefore to
decrease risk keep small objects out of reach
of children.
 The risk of developing atelectasis can be
reduced with persistent deep breathing and
coughing following surgery or general
anaesthesia.

45. PROGNOSIS
 In an adult atelectasis is a small area is not
life threatening .
 Large areas of atelectasis may be life
threatening, especially in a baby or small
child, or someone who has another lung
disease or illness.

46.  In general, the outlook depends on the
underlying disease. For example, people
with extensive cancer have a poor prognosis,
while patients with simple atelectasis after
elective surgery have good prognosis.

47. THANK YOU