The document discusses the key life processes including nutrition, respiration, transportation, growth and reproduction. It describes the different modes of nutrition like photosynthesis, heterotrophic nutrition and human nutrition. The passage also explains the process of respiration through aerobic and anaerobic pathways and gas exchange in humans via the respiratory and circulatory systems.

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LIFE PROCESSES

2. What are the characteristics of life?

3. The seven life processes
1 Move
2 Reproduce
3 Sensitive
4 Nutrition
5 Excrete
6 Respire
7 Grow

4. Difference between living and non-living thing
LIVING THINGS NON-LIVING THINGS
Movement- body, Even though there is
molecules movement they are not alive.
Nutrition It is not taking place.
Excretion There is no excretion.
Growth Growth is not taking place.
Respiration – breathing There is no respiration.
Reproduction It is not taking place.
Sensitivity There is no sensory organs.

5. What is a living thing?
 Imagine that you are space traveler who lands on
an unknown planet. How could you determine if
what you are looking at is alive. Ex. A rock and a
blade of grass.

6. What are the life processes?
 NUTRITION
 TRANSPORT
 RESPIRATION
 EXCRETION
 SYNTHESIS
 GROWTH
 REGULATION
 REPRODUCTION

7. Nutrition
 Includes the activities involved in
ingestion (obtaining food from the
environment) and digestion
(processing food for use by the
organism). It also includes egestion
(removal of solid wastes)

8. How organisms grow?
 Living organisms need to grow, they need energy
for living and growth.
 This is accomplished by breaking down food to
produce energy.
 Life on earth depends on obtaining energy by
breaking down carbon-based compounds
(carbohydrates, fats and proteins).

9. FATS CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
OXIDATION- REDUCTION
REACTIONS
ENERGY

10. Molecular
movements inside
cells
Maintaining living
structures Energy
Growth of
body
To run series of biochemical
reactions inside cells

11. Chemical reactions inside cells
 Oxidation-reduction reactions are most common
inside cells to breakdown molecules of glucose
or fatty acid or amino acid (molecules used by
cells).
 These reactions use oxygen.
 Living organisms use oxygen to carryout
oxidation-reduction reactions, so they are
called as cellular respiration.

12. How do organisms obtain their nutritionSingle
cellular organisms
 These organism live with one cell.
 They carry out all life processes with its single
cell.
 They are not having any specific organ system
for taking in food, exchange of gases or removal
of wastes.
 The entire surface of the organism is in contact
with the environment.
 Single cellular organisms carryout Simple
Diffusion process to meet some of the life
processes.

13. Nutrition in amoeba

18. Multicellular organisms
 Multicellular organisms are organisms that
consist of more than one cell, in contrast to
single-cell organisms. To form a multicellular
organism, these cells need to identify and attach
to the other cells.

20. Multicellular continues….
 All cells are not in direct contact with
environment.
 Simple diffusion is insufficient and will not meet
the requirements of all the cells.

21. FOOD OXYGEN
Digestive system digests Respiratory system is
complex food and responsible for inhaling O2.
absorbs simpler form of Then O2 is transported to
nutrients and then all cells.
transported to cells.
Transport system
Body cells need both to perform biochemical
reactions to produce energy
Excretion

22. Nutrition

23. How do living things get their food?
 Green plants and some bacteria make their own
food.
 They use raw materials like water and carbon
dioxide(inorganic raw materials).
 Green plants and some bacteria are autotrophs.

24. What is an autotroph?
An organism capable of making its own food
from inorganic substances, using light or
chemical energy. Plants are autotrophs. They take
in light (the sun) and convert this into food or
energy. E.g. plants , bacteria and algae.
What is a heterotroph?
An organism that must ingest complex organic
substances in order to create energy. These
organisms use biocatalysts called enzymes.
Examples of heterotrophs are humans. Humans
must ingest food in order to create energy. They
do this through digestion. Other e.g. animals,

28. Photosynthesis in equation

29. photosynthesis
 Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.

30.  Conversion of light energy into chemical energy.

31. Splitting of water molecules into Hydrogen and oxygen
and 1pair of electrons.

32.  Desert plants takes up carbon dioxide and
prepare starch at night.
 Light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll
during day time.

33. Nutrition in green plants
 Green plants are also called autotrophic
organisms, as they can produce their own
food.
 Autotrophic = auto+ trophic, means- making
food by self without depending other living
beings.
 Green plants produce food by photosynthesis
process, so they are known as producers in
the environment.

35. Starch test

37. Leaves tested for starch-IODINETEST
Variegated leaf

38. Opening and closing of stomata
Stomata: They are tiny openings or pores,
found mostly on the underside of a plant leaf
and used for gas exchange.
The pore is formed by a pair of specialized cells
known as guard cells which are responsible for
regulating the size of the opening.

46. glucose NITROGEN
Amino
acids

47.  Roots of leguminous plants can absorb nitrate /
nitrite compounds (nitrogen source) from the
soil.
 Rhizobium bacteria helps in converting
atmospheric nitrogen into organic
nitrates/nitrites.

49. Heterotrophic nutrition
 Heterotrophic nutrition is classified into three
types : (i) Saprophytic nutrition (ii) Parasitic
nutrition (iii) Holozoic nutrition.
SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION : Organisms obtaining
nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter
are called saprophytes and their mode of nutrition
is called saprophytic nutrition. Many species of
bacteria and different types of fungi are
saprophytes.

50. Heterotrophic nutrition in non green plants
Types: Saprophytes: These organisms get their
food from dead and decaying plants and
animals.
 They release digestive enzymes to break down
complex organic matter into simpler ones.
 E.g. Fungi, Bacteria.

51.  PARASITIC NUTRITION : If an organism
depends on another living organism for
nutrition, its mode of nutrition is called
parasitic nutrition. Such organisms are
called parasites and the organism from
which they obtain nutrition is called host.
The host organism is harmed by the parasite.
Parasitic nutrition is observed in some
bacteria, fungi, flowering plants like cuscuta
and animal like ascaris.

52. Cuscata (amber -bel)

54. leeches

56.  HOLOZOIC NUTRITION : Holozoic
nutrition involves intake of parts of
plants or animals or an organism as a
whole by the process of ingestion which
is then digested and absorbed. Some
examples are amoeba, frog, insects,
human being, etc.

57. Nutrition in humans
 Digestion: The conversion of complex food
into simple soluble forms.
 Parts of digestive system:
 Teeth – biting, chewing food.
 Alimentary canal - it consists of several
organs oesophagus, stomach, the small and
large intestines, rectum and anus.
 Digestive glands - secrete digestive juices.

58. H u m a n N u t r it io n
INGESTION taking of food into to the mouth
DIGESTION break down of food into small soluble
pieces
ABSORPTION taking in of useful food into the
bloodstream
ASSIMILATION use of food for growth, repair and energy
EGESTION removal of unused food from the body.

59. NUTITION IN HUMAN BEINGS
 Human alimentary canal

61. Identify the labellings

62. Location of the salivary glands in mouth

63. Digestion in mouth
What happens in mouth?
Grinding S alivary
of bolus glands
by teeth produce saliva
Saliva contains
salivary amylase
Starch maltose

64. Digestion of starch in
mouth

65. Peristalsis

66. Peristaltic waves of contraction push food through
the lower esophageal sphincter into the stomach.

67. Parts of stomach

68. Gastric glands and mucous membranes

69. Digestion in stomach
Pepsin action is favored by HCl, mucus protects
inner lining of stomach
Digestion in stomach
CHYME: when
stomach churns food,
it is converted into
semi solid state.

74. main digestive enzymes found in our body
S.NO Digestive Enzyme/juice Food Substances produced.
organ acted
upon
1. Mouth Salivary amylase Starch Maltose (sugar)
(salivary
glands)
2. Stomach Gastric juice - Proteins Peptides (fragments of
Pepsin protein)
3. Pancreas Pancreatic juice:
•Amylase •Starch •Maltose (sugar)
•Trypsin •Proteins •Peptides (very small
•Lipase •Fats fragments)
(lipids) •Fatty acids+ glycerol
4. Small •Lipase •Fats •Fatty acids+ glycerol
intestine •Maltase •Maltose •Glucose
•Sucrase •Sucrose •Glucose and fructose
•Peptidase •Peptides •aminoacids

75. Small intestine structure

76. Absorption in the small intestines

77. Assimilation
 It is the final stage of digestion.
 When the soluble food absorbed into the
blood stream is used to provide energy and
materials for growth and repair of body
tissues.

78. assimilation
Food material Assimilation
Glucose •Provides energy.
•Stored in liver and muscles.
Fatty acids+ •Energy reserves.
glycerol •It is stored in liver and in
under skin.
Amino acids •Repairs damages in body
parts.
• Forms enzymes, hormones.
•Responsible for growth

79. Egestion
 The removal of undigested food or waste
moves to large intestines where water is
absorbed from them, making a semi solid.
This is Faeces.
 It is stored in the large intestine called
rectum.
 It is sent out of the body through anus.

81. RESPIRATION
 The process of releasing energy from organic
molecules for use by cells.
 During respiration glucose is broken down,
and the energy released is stored in the
compound ATP.
 Energy released by the compound ATP is used by
organisms to perform life functions.

82. Respiration is the release of energy from
glucose or another organic chemical.
Aerobic Respiration requires oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration does not require
oxygen and releases less energy.

85. Respiration
 Respiration: is the release of energy from food,
takes place in animal and plant cells.
 Aerobic Respiration requires: Glucose, Oxygen.
 Aerobic Respiration produces:
 Energy,
Carbon Dioxide,
 Water.
 Anaerobic Respiration requires: Glucose.
 Anaerobic Respiration produces:
Energy (not as much),
Carbon Dioxide,
Lactic Acid or Alcohol.

86. Anaerobic respiration
C6H12O6 2C2 H5OH +
ethanol
2CO 2 +
Energy
Yeast can carry out respiration in the absence of
oxygen.

87. Anaerobic respiration in humans
During vigorous physical exercise.
Glucose Lactic acid + Energy

88. BREAK DOWN OF GLUCOSE BY ANAEROBIC
PATHWAYS IN MUSCLE CELLS
In cytoplasm
Glucose (6C) Pyruvate (3C) + Energy
Lack of oxygen
in muscle cells
Lactic acid (3C) + Energy

89. ANAEROBIC PATHWAY FOR GLUCOSE BREAK
DOWN IN YEAST
In cytoplasm
Glucose (6C) Pyruvate (3C) + Energy
Absence of
oxygen in yeast
Ethanol (2C) + CO2 + Energy

90. Aerobic pathway for glucose break down in
mitochondria
In cytoplasm
Glucose (6C) Pyruvate (3C) + Energy
Presence of oxygen
in mitochondria
Water + CO2 + Energy

91. Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Presence of oxygen. Absence of oxygen.
6 Carbon glucose 6 Carbon glucose 3Carbon
3Carbon pyruvate pyruvate ethanol or lactic
CO2, water inside acid
mitochondria. in cytoplasm.
More energy is released. Very less energy is released.
It takes place in most of It takes place in yeast
cells like RBC, Brain (ethanol fermentation),
cells, heart muscle cells. muscle cells (lactic acid)
muscle cramps during muscle
exercise.

92. Types of respiration

93. What form of energy used by cells?
 The energy used during cellular respiration is
used to synthesis ATP.
 ATP – Adenosine Tri Phosphate (currency of
cells)
 ATP is the fuel to all cell activities.
 ATP s are broken down to release energy which
can be used by cells to carry out movement in
molecules, biochemical reactions.

94.  Endothermic reactions (reactions that
absorbs heat from outside source) use ATP
to drive their reactions.
 The terminal phosphate linkages are broken
down using water (hydrolytic reactions).
 1 ATP = 30.5 KJ/mol is released.
 ATP can be used for:
 Muscle contraction
Protein making and cell repairs
Conduction of nerve impulse messages
Molecules to enter and exit plasma membrane.

95. ADP + PHOSPHATE
Energy
ADP~PHOSPHATE
ATP

97. Diffusion
The process by which molecules spread
from areas of high concentration, to areas
of low concentration. When the molecules
are even throughout a space - it is called
EQUILIBRIUM.

98. Diffusion contd…..
 Molecules will always move down the
concentration difference, toward areas of
lesser concentration. Think of food coloring
that spreads out in a glass of water, or air
freshener sprayed in a room.

100. Water movement in plants

101. Diffusion in plants
 Plants exchange gases through stomata.
 The large intracellular space ensures cells are in
contact with environment air.
 CO2 and O2 are exchanged by diffusion here.
 Direction of diffusion depends on environmental
conditions and requirements of plants.
 Night no photosynthesis occurs CO2
exchange.
 Day CO2 used by plants  Photosynthesis
 no CO2 released to air. O2 is released.

102. Diffusion in terrestrial animals
 Animals respire using different organs.
 Terrestrial animals use lungs for breathing.
 These animals have respiratory system.
 That has large surface area that is in close
contact with air as well as they are protected
inside our body, because they are so delicate to
carry out diffusion of gases.
 These organs have special mechanism to carry
out breathing and diffusion of gases

103. Diffusion in aquatic animals
Breathing rate is
comparatively
faster in aquatic
animals.
Takes in
water by
mouth

106. Respiration in humans

112. Gas exchange in alveoli

116. The circulatory system in humans
3 distinct components
 Blood - fluid circulates in our body.
 Blood vessels- tubes that help the blood to
circulate.
 Heart - pumping organ that
circulates the blood around
the body.

117. Composition of blood
PLASMA
(55%) BLOOD
CELLS(45%
Red blood cells )
White blood cells Platelets
(Erythrocytes) (Leucocytes) (thrombocytes)

118. Red blood cells
 Disc shaped.
 O2 and CO2 transport.
 1 cubic millimetre of blood has
5 million RBC.
 Haemoglobin

119. White blood cells
 Colourless and larger than RBC.
 Protects your body against infection by killing bacteria.

120. HUMAN HEART
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary
vein
septum

123. Single circulation in
fishes, amphibians
and reptiles

128. Blood pressure

131.  Blood pressure
Force exerted by blood on the walls of artery.
 It is greater in arteries than in veins.
 The Pressure of blood inside the artery
during ventricular systole (contraction) is
called systolic pressure.
 Pressure in artery during ventricular diastole
(relaxation) is called diastolic pressure.
 The normal systolic pressure -120mm Hg.
 The normal diastolic pressure-80 mmHg.

135. Maintenance by platelets

136. Lymph
 Lymph or tissue fluid is involved
in transportation.
 The almost colourless fluid that bathes body
tissues and is found in the lymphatic vessels that
drain the tissues of the fluid that filters across
the blood vessel walls from blood. Lymph
carries lymphocytes that have entered the
lymph nodes from the blood.

139. Transport in plants

142.  Water absorbed into roots through root hair cells
 Water carried to leaves through xylem vessels
 Water evaporates from underside of leaves
 Water escapes through holes called stomata
 As water evaporates, more is sucked up xylem
 Stomata open and close to control water loss
 Open – O2 and CO2 enter and exit
 Closed – Reduce water loss

143.  Water is absorbed in plants by young roots and
in the dermal cells by osmosis
 Cell sap of the epidermal cells has higher
concentration than water in the soil
 Root hairs significantly increase water
absorption
 Root hairs increase the root surface area and
catchment space for water uptake

145. Diffusion and osmosis

146. osmosis
Visit the site:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=yYx_9y0I1Hg&feature=related

147. Osmosis in plants

148. transpiration

150. substances

152. Excretion in humans

153.  i) Kidneys
Place of filtration and reabsorption
 ii) Ureter
Urine flows from the collecting tubes in the kidneys to the
ureter (a pipe)
 iii) Urinary Bladder
Urine flows from ureter to this place where it is temporarily
stored
 iv) Urethra
Periodically, urine is EXCRETED from the bladder through the
urethra

156. Urine formation

164. EXCRETION

165. Oxygen- waste product.
Photosynthesis
Water – transpiration
Dead cells/waste
Excretion in plants stored in leaves -
removed by falling
leaves
Waste products
Plants excretes are stored in
waste into soil cellular vacuoles