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Interventions and strategies for
changing HIV-related behaviours

       Geoffrey Setswe DrPH, MPH

       Presentation at SBI Workshop,

            30 November 2009
Outline of presentation
• Theoretical basis for behavioural interventions

• Target behaviours that need to be changed in
  HIV/AIDS

• Target groups for behavioural interventions

• Strategies to change behaviours

• Behavioural interventions for reducing the risk of
  HIV in South Africa


                                                       2
Theoretical basis for behavioural interventions

     • Theories tell us why people do what they do. They
       can designate factors that should be targeted for
       change in intervention attempts.




     • Models tell us how they do it. They explicitly
       articulate the presumed mechanisms by which the
       changes in behaviour will be brought about and
       guide the development of behavioural change
       interventions accompanying prevention campaigns.



Washington State Dept of Health. Effective interventions and strategies –
Definitions of theories and models.                                         3
Behaviour change interventions

A behavioural intervention is a specific activity (or set
of related activities) intended to change the
knowledge, attitudes, behaviours or practices (KAPB)
of individuals and populations, to reduce their risk of
being infected with HIV/AIDS.

Key components of HIV/AIDS prevention programs
  seek:
• increased condom use
• appropriate STI treatment seeking behavior
• increasing awareness and knowledge of HIV/AIDS
• practicing safer sex
                                                      4
Assumptions on the KABP model

             Awareness of HIV/AIDS

       Increased Knowledge of HIV/AIDS

 Positive Attitudes towards prevention measures

          Positive Behaviours e.g. DRC

Positive Practices e.g. delayed sex, “zero-grazing”

        Reduced prevalence of HIV/AIDS

                                                      5
What target behaviours need to be
        changed in HIV/AIDS?
• The tendency to have multiple and/or concurrent
  partners

• Having unprotected sex

• Lack of self-efficacy skills

• Failure to disclose one’s sero-status to a partner

• Sharing unsterile needles with other drug users

• Delaying age of sexual intercourse
                                                       6
What are the target groups for
        behavioural interventions?
• School-children, Adolescents and Young people

• Women

• Adult heterosexual men and women,

• Injecting drug users (IDUs)

• Men who have sex with men (MSM) and WSW

• Workers at high risk - Truck drivers, migrant workers,
  construction workers, farm workers, military, educators etc.

• Commercial sex workers (CSWs) and their clients

• PLWHA
                                                                 7
What are the strategies for changing
             behaviours?
1. One individual counseling session: Discuss/refine risk-
   reduction goal, assess client’s needs, and provide indicated
   referrals to Counseling & Testing and medical/social services.

2. Two group sessions: Identify the client’s HIV risk and
   current stage of change, hear risk reduction stories, set personal
   goal and identify first step to reduce HIV risk.

3. Two (or more) group social events: Share meal and
   socialize, participate in planned HIV related risk-reduction
   activities, receive reinforcement for personal risk reduction.

4. Two (or more) follow-up contacts: Review client’s progress
   in achieving risk-reduction goal, discuss barriers encountered,
   identify concrete next steps and discuss possible
   barriers/solutions, make referrals to C&T and medical/social
   services.



                                                                        8
Behavioural interventions for reducing
       the risk of HIV in South Africa
•    Zimmerman et al., School-based alcohol and HIV prevention
     targeting teenagers in Pietermaritzburg.
•    Smith et al., Adolescent drug and HIV prevention intervention
     programme in Mitchell's Plain, Cape Town.
•    Jemmott et al., Adolescent health promotion and HIV risk
     reduction intervention in Mdantsane, East London.


•    Simbayi, Kalichman et al., Theory-based HIV risk reduction
     counselling for STI patients in Cape Town. Alcohol and HIV
     risk reduction intervention. Gender violence and HIV risk
     reduction in Gugulethu = Phaphama.
•    Jewkes et al., RCT of Stepping Stones behavioural intervention
     for HIV prevention in the rural Eastern Cape.
                                                                  9
Behavioural interventions for reducing
   the risk of HIV in South Africa
• Bell, Bhana et al., Using CHAMP to prevent youth HIV risks
  in Kwadeda-Ngendlale (near Durban).
• Wechsberg et al., A woman focussed HIV prevention
  intervention to reduce alcohol and other drugs (AOD) use,
  HIV risk behaviours and related violence, in Pretoria.

• Simbayi, Strebel et al., Behavioural risk reduction
  interventions among PLWHA in several countries in sub-
  Saharan Africa in 1) support groups and 2) clinical care.
• Shisana, Rispel, Simbayi, Skinner, Setswe et al., A multiple
  intervention strategy for group social support of OVC in
  Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
• Celentano, Sweat, Coates, Richter et al., Community-based
  HIV VCT intervention programme to change community
  norms in Thailand, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and South Africa.

                                                            10
Behavioural interventions for reducing
   the risk of HIV in South Africa
• Setswe, Ottenweller, Dickinson et al., Implementation and
  evaluation of abstinence and faithfulness among youth
  (ABY) interventions in five African countries.

• Goldstein, Japhet, Usdin, Scheepers et al., Soul City: Using
  a multimedia edutainment health communication
  intervention for social change.

• MRC Health Promotion Behavioural Interventions Research
  Unit. Design and implement bio-behavioural research
  interventions.




                                                              11
Conclusion
• Long-term/sustained behaviour change must be
  the goal of interventions.

• Need to focus on the community level, influencing
  norms and structure rather than focus on
  individuals and groups only.

• Must integrate behavioural interventions into
  existing programmes, interventions or care.

• Focus on higher-risk sexually active target groups.

• Assist behavioural science expertise to be truly
  interdisciplinary.

                                                     12

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Review Of Interventions For Changing Behaviours

  • 1. Interventions and strategies for changing HIV-related behaviours Geoffrey Setswe DrPH, MPH Presentation at SBI Workshop, 30 November 2009
  • 2. Outline of presentation • Theoretical basis for behavioural interventions • Target behaviours that need to be changed in HIV/AIDS • Target groups for behavioural interventions • Strategies to change behaviours • Behavioural interventions for reducing the risk of HIV in South Africa 2
  • 3. Theoretical basis for behavioural interventions • Theories tell us why people do what they do. They can designate factors that should be targeted for change in intervention attempts. • Models tell us how they do it. They explicitly articulate the presumed mechanisms by which the changes in behaviour will be brought about and guide the development of behavioural change interventions accompanying prevention campaigns. Washington State Dept of Health. Effective interventions and strategies – Definitions of theories and models. 3
  • 4. Behaviour change interventions A behavioural intervention is a specific activity (or set of related activities) intended to change the knowledge, attitudes, behaviours or practices (KAPB) of individuals and populations, to reduce their risk of being infected with HIV/AIDS. Key components of HIV/AIDS prevention programs seek: • increased condom use • appropriate STI treatment seeking behavior • increasing awareness and knowledge of HIV/AIDS • practicing safer sex 4
  • 5. Assumptions on the KABP model Awareness of HIV/AIDS Increased Knowledge of HIV/AIDS Positive Attitudes towards prevention measures Positive Behaviours e.g. DRC Positive Practices e.g. delayed sex, “zero-grazing” Reduced prevalence of HIV/AIDS 5
  • 6. What target behaviours need to be changed in HIV/AIDS? • The tendency to have multiple and/or concurrent partners • Having unprotected sex • Lack of self-efficacy skills • Failure to disclose one’s sero-status to a partner • Sharing unsterile needles with other drug users • Delaying age of sexual intercourse 6
  • 7. What are the target groups for behavioural interventions? • School-children, Adolescents and Young people • Women • Adult heterosexual men and women, • Injecting drug users (IDUs) • Men who have sex with men (MSM) and WSW • Workers at high risk - Truck drivers, migrant workers, construction workers, farm workers, military, educators etc. • Commercial sex workers (CSWs) and their clients • PLWHA 7
  • 8. What are the strategies for changing behaviours? 1. One individual counseling session: Discuss/refine risk- reduction goal, assess client’s needs, and provide indicated referrals to Counseling & Testing and medical/social services. 2. Two group sessions: Identify the client’s HIV risk and current stage of change, hear risk reduction stories, set personal goal and identify first step to reduce HIV risk. 3. Two (or more) group social events: Share meal and socialize, participate in planned HIV related risk-reduction activities, receive reinforcement for personal risk reduction. 4. Two (or more) follow-up contacts: Review client’s progress in achieving risk-reduction goal, discuss barriers encountered, identify concrete next steps and discuss possible barriers/solutions, make referrals to C&T and medical/social services. 8
  • 9. Behavioural interventions for reducing the risk of HIV in South Africa • Zimmerman et al., School-based alcohol and HIV prevention targeting teenagers in Pietermaritzburg. • Smith et al., Adolescent drug and HIV prevention intervention programme in Mitchell's Plain, Cape Town. • Jemmott et al., Adolescent health promotion and HIV risk reduction intervention in Mdantsane, East London. • Simbayi, Kalichman et al., Theory-based HIV risk reduction counselling for STI patients in Cape Town. Alcohol and HIV risk reduction intervention. Gender violence and HIV risk reduction in Gugulethu = Phaphama. • Jewkes et al., RCT of Stepping Stones behavioural intervention for HIV prevention in the rural Eastern Cape. 9
  • 10. Behavioural interventions for reducing the risk of HIV in South Africa • Bell, Bhana et al., Using CHAMP to prevent youth HIV risks in Kwadeda-Ngendlale (near Durban). • Wechsberg et al., A woman focussed HIV prevention intervention to reduce alcohol and other drugs (AOD) use, HIV risk behaviours and related violence, in Pretoria. • Simbayi, Strebel et al., Behavioural risk reduction interventions among PLWHA in several countries in sub- Saharan Africa in 1) support groups and 2) clinical care. • Shisana, Rispel, Simbayi, Skinner, Setswe et al., A multiple intervention strategy for group social support of OVC in Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe. • Celentano, Sweat, Coates, Richter et al., Community-based HIV VCT intervention programme to change community norms in Thailand, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and South Africa. 10
  • 11. Behavioural interventions for reducing the risk of HIV in South Africa • Setswe, Ottenweller, Dickinson et al., Implementation and evaluation of abstinence and faithfulness among youth (ABY) interventions in five African countries. • Goldstein, Japhet, Usdin, Scheepers et al., Soul City: Using a multimedia edutainment health communication intervention for social change. • MRC Health Promotion Behavioural Interventions Research Unit. Design and implement bio-behavioural research interventions. 11
  • 12. Conclusion • Long-term/sustained behaviour change must be the goal of interventions. • Need to focus on the community level, influencing norms and structure rather than focus on individuals and groups only. • Must integrate behavioural interventions into existing programmes, interventions or care. • Focus on higher-risk sexually active target groups. • Assist behavioural science expertise to be truly interdisciplinary. 12