3. Benefits of 128 bit address
โข Easier address management and delegation
โข Easier address auto-configuration
โข Deploy end-to-end IPsec
โ (NATs removed as unnecessary)
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4. Hexadecimal Review
โ Grouping binary bits into groups of 4.
โ Each group (nibble) is assigned a hex digit value.
โ Digits are the same as for decimal up to 9
โ Letters A through F are used for 10 through 15.
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0000 = 0 1000 = 8
0001 = 1 1001 = 9
0010 = 2 1010 = A
0011 = 3 1011 = B
0100 = 4 1100 = C
0101 = 5 1101 = D
0110 = 6 1110 = E
0111 = 7 1111 = F
Thus the 16-bit binary number:
1011 0100 1010 0111
converted to hex is:
B4A7
5. IPv6 Address Syntax
โ Binary
0010000000000001000011011011100000000000000000000010111100111011
0000001010101010000000001111111111111110001010001001110001011010
โ Divided on 16-bit boundaries
0010000000000001 0000110110111000 0000000000000000 0010111100111011
0000001010101010 0000000011111111 1111111000101000 1001110001011010
โ 16-bit blocks converted to hexadecimal, delimited with colons
2001:0DB8:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A
โ Suppressing leading zeroes in each block
2001:DB8:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A
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6. IPv6 Format and Header
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IPv6
Header
Upper layer
Protocol Data Unit
Payload
IPv6 Packet
Extension
Headers
7. IPv4 and IPv6 Header Comparison
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40 bytes
20 bytes
IPv4
IPv6
0 15 16 31
vers hlen TOS total length
identification flags flag-offset
TTL protocol header checksum
source address
destination address
options and padding
vers traffic class flow-label
payload length next header hop limit
source address
destination address
Removed (6)
ID, flags, flag offset TOS,
hlen ,header checksum
Changed (3)
Added (2)
Expanded
- total length => payload
- protocol => next header
- TTL => hop limit
- traffic class
- flow label
address 32 to
128 bits
9. Address Types
โข Unicast
โ Address of single interface, delivery to single interface
โข Anycast
โ Address of set of interfaces, delivery to single interface within set
โข Multicast
โ Address of set of interfaces, delivery to all interfaces in set
โข No more broadcast
โข IPv6 nodes will have more than one IP address
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10. Identification
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Address Type Identification
IPv4 IPv6
Internet address classes N/A
Multicast address 224.0.0.0/4 IPv6 multicast address FF00::/8
Broadcast addresses N/A
Unspecified address 0.0.0.0 Unspecified address ::
Loopback address 127.0.0.1 Loopback address ::1
Public IP address Global Unicast Address
Private IP address Unique-local address FD00::/8
APIPA address Link-local address FE80::/64
Dotted decimal format Colon hexadecimal format
Subnet mask or prefix length Prefix length notation only
12. Router Advertisements
โ Router Advertisements (RA) replace dependence on DHCPv4
โ Default router address
โ Prefix
โ Bits to tell devices how to get configuration information
Provides stateful address configuration or stateless configuration settings for
IPv6 hosts
Managed Address Configuration (M) flag
When set to 1, this flag instructs the host to use a configuration protocol to
obtain stateful addresses
Other Stateful Configuration (O) flag
When set to 1, this flag instructs the host to use a configuration protocol to
obtain other configuration settings
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13. Neighbor Discovery
โ Neighbor Discovery (ND) replaces ARP
โ Uses a much more efficient multicast process to discover link level
information about other LAN devices
โ ONLY ND IS REQUIRED FOR BASIC IPV6 TO WORK LOCALLY ON A
LAN
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14. DHCPv6 Components
โ IPv6 hosts do not automatically configure a directly
attached subnet route for a DHCPv6-assigned IPv6 address
โ On-Link flag in the Prefix Information option
โ There is no Router option in DHCPv6 to assign a default
router
โ Default route is configured from the RA
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18. DHCPv6 Relay Agent
โข Node that acts as an intermediary to deliver DHCP
messages between clients and servers
โ On the same link as the client
โ Listening on multicast addresses
โข All_DHCP_Relay_Agents_and_Servers (FF02::1:2)
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19. IPv6 Router Renumbering
โ New address prefixes can be introduced, old ones
withdrawn
โ Hosts learn prefix lifetimes and preference order from
router advertisements
โ Old TCP connections can survive until end of overlap
โ New TCP connections use longest preferred lifetime
โ Router renumbering protocol
- allow domain-interior routers to learn of prefix introduction /
withdrawal
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20. Autoconfiguration: Plug-and-Play
โข Hosts generally construct addresses from RA:
โ subnet prefix(es) learned from periodic multicast advertisements from
neighboring router(s)
โ interface IDs generated locally
โ MAC addresses : pseudo-random temporary
โข Other IP-layer parameters also learned from router adverts (e.g., router addresses,
recommended hop limit, etcโฆ)
โข Higher-layer info (e.g., DNS server and NTP server addresses) discovered by
multicast / anycast-based service-location protocol, or DHCPv6
โข DHCP is available
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21. Stateful Message Exchange
1. A Solicit message sent by the client to locate the servers
2. An Advertise message sent by a server to indicate that it can
provide addresses and configuration settings
3. A Request message sent by the client to request addresses and
configuration settings from a specific server
4. A Reply message sent by the requested server that contains
addresses and configuration settings
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23. Why is DNS Important?
โข Hides intricacies of underlying network structure
โ Translation between symbolic names and IP addresses
โข Provides applications (domain name servers, mail exchangers)
reverse lookups, mapping IP numbers to a name
โข YOU DONโT HAVE TO REMEMBER 2620:144:2D00::138
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24. Changes to DNS for IPv6
โข DNS Enhancements
โ DNS extensions to support IP version 6
โข RFC 3596
โ Name to address records
โข AAAA record type
โ Address to name records
โข New reverse domain: IP6.ARPA
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25. DNS Structure
โข Resource Record (RRs): Data records stored by name servers
โข Types of RRs:
โ Start of Authority (SOA): Marks the beginning of a DNS zone
โ Name Servers (NS): Domain name of a server in a DNS zone
โ Canonical Names (CNAMEs): Aliases for FQDN
โ Pointer (PTR): IP number to name mapping
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26. DNS Extensions
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In Use Experimental/Deprecated
AAAA record A6 and DNAME records
Textual representation in PTR record Binary Labels type
IP6.arpa IP6.int domain
New DNS Queries
โขAAAA
โข Forward lookup (Name โ IPv6 Address)
A 192.134.0.49
AAAA 2001:660:3006:1::1:1
โขPTR
โข Reverse lookup (IPv6 Address โ Name)
Main tree: ip6.arpa
27. Reverse Lookup
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โข Reverse DNS lookups for IPv6 addresses use similarly the ip6.
arpa domain
โ Top-Level Domain (TLD).
โข IPv6 address represented as a name in the ip6.arpa domain by
a sequence of nibbles in reverse order
โข Represented as hexadecimal digits, separated by dots with
the suffix .ip6.arpa
IPv6: 4321:0:1:2:3:4:567:89AB.ip6.arpa
B.A.9.8.7.6.5.0.4.0.0.0.3.0.0.0.2.0.0.0.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.2.3.4.IP6.ARPA