telugu book abul irfan

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Dhana Vikendreekarana (Decentralisation of Wealth)
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Name of the Title: Dhana Vikendreekarana
Telugu
(Decentralisation of Wealth)
Compilation : ABUL IRFAN
Hyderabad-2
Editing & Proof reading: Hafiz, Moulvi S.M. Rasool
Jamiatul Qur'an, Hyderabad
All rights reserved with: Islamic Resource Centre
First Edition: September, 2005
Second Edition: September, 2010
Copies: 1000
Published by: Islamic Resource Centre
Sahara Complex, Pathargatti,
Hyderabad-2, 9441515414
Type set by: Alifain, Geeturai Graphics
Lakkadkot, Chatta Bazar,
Hyderabad-500002
Printed at: Cosmic Printers
Lakkadkot, Chatta Bazar,
Hyderabad-500002
Price: Rs. 110/-
====( See Page- 184 )====
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(9) ¿+~üû ÉÏ*Ï~ü "≥∞ ã¨~å‡Ü«∂HÍi......_®Hõì~ü J|∞ÌÖò JrO W™ê¡Ç≤Ï
(10) ǨÏ"åÖ B~ü ÉÏ*Ï~ü ã≤Ü«∂ã¨`ü...._®Hõì~ü Ѷ¨[Å∞¢~°Ç¨‡<£ Ѷ¨sk
(11) ™êìH± =∂Ô~¯ò.................................._®Hõì~ü H˜~°}ü ‰õΩ=∂~ü
(12) ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OpHõ~°} (QÀ¡|Öˇ·*Ë+¨<£)...........*Ï<£ "≥∞_»Öˇ
(13) ^•=`ü, ¢`≥·k# L~°∂Ì Ñ¨¢uHõ...........#∂º_èçb¡
(14) q∞ëê¯`ü +¨sѶπ (L~°∂Ì).................ǨÏH©"£∞ q∞™êƒÇ¨ïnÌ<£ =∞~åÌx
(15) `«ã‘ÌY∞Öò "åiã‘<£ =Y~å|`«∞Öò =Úã¨ÎǨÏv<£...=∞øÖÏ<å =ÚǨÏ=∞‡^£ Ü«¸ã¨∞Ѷπ
Hõ~°∞}Ï=∞Ü«Ú_»∞, Hõ$áê™êQÆ~°∞_»~Ú# JÖÏ¡ÇπÏ ¿Ñ~°∞`À ¢áê~°OÉèíO
^èŒ# qˆHO¢n‰õ~°}
_»|∞ƒ! _»|∞ƒ!! _»|∞ƒ!!! _»|∞ƒ ã¨OáêkOKåe....ÉÏQÍ ã¨OáêkOKåe....WOHÍ
ã¨OáêkOKåe....
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JO`«ã¨∞Î Éèí=<åÅ∞ Hõ@∞ìHÀ"åe...."å}˜[º ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å∞ xi‡OK«∞HÀ"åe.....HÀ@¡‰õΩ
Ѩ_»QÆ Öˇ`åÎe....HÀ©â◊fi~°∞_Õ HÀ~°∞‰õΩ#flk ã¨OáêkOK«QÆÅ_»∞....Hõeq∞QÆÅ"å_Õ HõeÜ«ÚQÆ
g~°∞_»∞....ã≤iQÆÅ"å_ç^Õ ã¨=∞ã¨ÎO ™⁄O`«O....ã¨OѨ^Õ ã¨~åfi=ã¨~åÅ∞ f~°ÛQÆeˆQ
™ê^èŒ#O.... Hõ#∞Hõ gÖ~Ú#O`« Z‰õΩ¯= ^èŒ#O ã¨OáêkOKåe.....^èŒ<å~°˚<Õ ^èպܫ∞OQÍ
ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ"åe..... ™ê^茺=∞~Ú#O`« _»|∞ƒ ‰õÄ_»ÉˇÏìe.... ÉϺO‰õΩ ÉÏºÖˇ#∞ûÅ∞
ÃÑOK«∞HÀ"åe......
HÍ|˜ì U q^èŒOQÍ<≥·<å _»|∞ƒ ã¨OáêkOKåe....<åÅ∞QÆ∞ KÕ`«∞ÖÏ ã¨Oáê
kOKåe... hux QÀuÖ’ ѨÓ_»Û~Ú<å ã¨OáêkOKåe....¿Ñ^Àà◊§ á⁄@ìÅ∞ H˘@ì~Ú<å
㨈~....ZÖÏÔQ·<å ã≤iã¨OѨ^ŒÅ`À `«∞Å`«∂QÍe....J~°ú|Å"Õ∞ Jxfl˜H© =¸Å=∞O¢`«O
....J~°ú|ÅO`À<Õ JOQÆ|ÅO =ã¨∞ÎOk.....J~°ú|ÅO`À JO^ŒÅO ‰õÄ_® ZHõ¯=K«∞Û....
^•Ç¨ÏO! ^•Ç¨ÏO!! ^•Ç¨ÏO!!! D ^èŒ#^•Ç¨ÏO fi^≥ÖÏ....?
WÖÏ.............
''„áåǨ~zHí "åº"≥∂ǨÏ~Ö’ ǨO°ã¨ÊO°~ áÈ>©Ç¨_ç gÖˇ·#~`Œ ZHí∞¯= ã¨~áåk~KÍ
Å#fl `ŒÇ¨<Ë q∞=∞‡efl U=∞O°∞áå@∞Ö’ Ǩ_«"Õã≤~k. z=iH˜ (J^Õ O°~kÖ’) g∞O°∞
ã¨=∂kèH˜ KÕO°∞Hí∞~>ÏO°∞. (g∞~°ã¨Å∞ „áåǨ~zHí ã¨~Ǩ^Õ „ǨQõuH˜ zǨÏfl=∞x J#∞
Hí∞~@∞<®flO°∞ HÍÉ’Å∞.) Z~`Œ=∂¢`Œ~ Hß^°∞. `ŒfiO°Ö’<Ë g∞Hí∞ `ˇÅ∞ã¨∞Î~k ("åã¨Î=O
Uq∞’). Z~`Œ =∂„`Œ~ Hß^°∞. `ŒfiO°Ö’<Ë g∞Hí∞ `ˇÅ∞ã¨∞Î~k.—— (Y∞~üP<£.102:1-4)
''Z~`Œ=∂„`Œ~ Hß^°∞. qâ◊fiã¨hÜ«µ *Ï˝#~`À g∞O°∞ q+¨Ü«∂xfl „QõÇ≤Ï¿ãÎ (g∞ "≥·Yi
WÖÏ L~_«^°∞). g∞O°∞ `ŒÇ¨ÊHí∞~_Í #O°Hßxfl K«¥™®ÎO°∞. B#∞, g∞O°∞ #=∞‡Hí~Qå ^®xfl
g∞ Hõàϧ~å K«¥™®ÎO°∞. PO’A D ™œMϺÅ∞, ã≤iã¨~Ǩ^°efl Qõ∞i~z q∞=∞‡efl
`ŒÇ¨ÊHí∞~_Í xÅnÜ«µ_«~ [O°∞Qõ∞`Œ∞~k.—— (Y∞~üP<£.102:5-8)
^≥·ÇÍxfl, ǨO°Ö’Híz~`Œ##∞ q㨇i~z „áåǨ~zHí Çͺ"≥∂ǨÏǨO°∞_»~Ú áÈܵ#
=∞x+≤ `Œ# ã¨∞Yã¨~`Àë®Å H’ã¨~ gÖˇ·`Ë Zxfl J_«¤^®O°∞Öˇ·<® `˘H˜¯ _«|∞ƒ ã¨~áå
k™®Î_«∞. J<åºÜ«∞O, Jqhu, J„Hí=∂Å ^®fiO® H’@∞¡ ã¨~áåk™®Î_«∞. qÖÏ™®Å
HÀã¨~ ÇÍ>˜x qK«ÛÅq_çQå YO°∞ÛÃÑ_ÍÎ_«∞.
^èŒ# qˆHO¢nHõ~°} 9 10 ^èŒ# qˆHO¢nHõ~°}

6. HÍx J`Œ#∞ „ǨǨ~K«~Ö’ „ǨÉèí∞`Œfi~ Híà◊∞§ QõǨÊQõÅ_«∞ Qåx, qâ◊fi„ǨÉèí∞=Ù Híà◊∞§
QõǨÊÖË_«∞. J`Œ#∞ ã¨~áåk~z# rq`Í=ã¨O®Å∞, ^è°# Hí#Hí =ã¨∞Î=Ùefl Qõ∞i~z
Ѩ~°Ö’Hõ <åºÜ«∞™ê÷#OÖ’ Híiî#~Qå ÖˇHí¯ fã¨∞HÀ=_»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. ã≤iã¨OѨ^ŒÅ∞,
W`«~° rq`å=ã¨~åÅ∞ ZO`≥‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO>Ë qKÍO°} JO`« ã¨∞nO°…HßÅ~
™®Qõ∞`Œ∞~k. J`Œx J„Hí=∞ ã¨~áå^°#, ^è°# ^°∞ifixܡ∂QåÅ∞ O°∞AÇ‹·# `ŒO°∞ÇÍ`Œ
^≥·=^°¥`ŒÅ∞ J`Œ_çfl #O°Hí~Ö’H˜ <ˇ>˜ì"Õ™®ÎO°∞.
1. `«xq f~°x ^èŒ#Ñ≤áêã¨
=∂#=Ùx ^èŒ#Ñ≤áê㨠`«xq f~°x q+¨Ü«∞O. J`«x J`åºâ◊‰õΩ ǨÏ^Œ∞ÌÖË¡=Ù.
`å#∞ HÀ©â◊fi~°∞_»~Ú áÈ=_»"Õ∞ Q͉õΩO_® `«# H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞, ‰õÄ`«∞à◊√§, PÃÑ· `«#
=∞#=à◊√§, =∞#=~åà◊√§ ‰õÄ_® HÀ©â◊fi~°∞Å~Ú áÈ"åÅx HÀ~°∞‰õΩOÏ_»∞. `«~åfi`«
P ã≤iã¨OѨ^ŒÅ Éèí¢^Œ`« HÀã¨O QÆ∂O_®Å#∞ áÈ+≤™êÎ_»∞. ¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`åfikèHÍ~°∞ʼnõΩ
ÅOKåÅ∞ W™êÎ_»∞. "å˜ =Å¡ ‰õÄ_® ѨÓiÎ Éèí¢^Œ`« ÅaèOK«HõáÈ`Õ ZxflHõÅ |iÖ’H˜
ky ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°Hõ∆}Hõ=K«O ã¨Oáêk™êÎ_»∞. g@xfl˜H˜ Ãјì# Y~°∞ÛÅ∞ =_ô¤`À ã¨Ç¨
~å|@ì_®xH˜ ~å[H©Ü«∞ =Úã¨∞QÆ∞Ö’ ÃÑ^ŒÌ ÃÑ^ŒÌ ‰õΩOÉèíHÀ}ÏʼnõΩ Ãã·`«O áêÅÊ_»`å_»∞.
J~Ú`Õ JѨʘH© =∂#=Ùx ^èŒ#Ñ≤áê㨠f~°^Œ∞† J`«x Hõ_»∞ѨÙ=∞O@ K«ÖÏ¡~°^Œ∞†
J`«xH˜ P`«‡ã¨O`«$Ñ≤Î ÅaèOK«^Œ∞. =∞Ô~ÖÏ.....?
D ¢Ñ¨â◊fl‰õΩ =∞Ǩ¢Ñ¨=HõÎ =ÚǨÏ=∞‡^£ (ã¨Å¡O) WÖÏ ã¨=∂^è•#q∞KåÛ~°∞:
''=∂#=ÙxH˜ ã≤iã¨OѨ^ŒÅ`À (ÖËHõ |OQÍ~°O`À) xO_ç# F ÃÑ^ŒÌ Ö’Ü«∞
ÅaèOz#ѨʘH©, JÖÏO˜ =∞~À Ö’Ü«∞ ^˘iH˜`Õ ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞O^Œx ÉèÏq™êÎ_»∞. J`«x
¿Ñ~åâ◊ Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠(ã¨=∂kè)=∞˜ì`À =∂¢`«"Õ∞ xO_»∞`«∞Ok. J~Ú`Õ ¢áêѨOzHõ
"åº"≥∂ǨÏO =^Œe ѨâßÛ`åÎѨ ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞O`À ^Õ=Ùx "≥·Ñ¨Ù‰õΩ =∞~°e`Õ JÖÏO˜ =∞x+≤x
^Õ=Ù_»∞ =∞xfl™êÎ_»∞. J`«x ѨâßÛ`åÎáêxfl ã‘fiHõi™êÎ_»∞. (J`«xH˜ P`«‡ã¨O`«$Ñ≤Î ÉèÏQƺO
¢Ñ¨™êk™êÎ_»∞.)——
''J`«ºkèHõ ã≤iã¨OѨ^ŒÅ`À Hõeq∞ ~å^Œ∞. x["≥∞ÿ# Hõeq∞ P`«‡ã¨O`«$Ñ≤Î =Å¡<Õ
X#QÆ∂_»∞`«∞Ok.—— (|∞MÏi, =Úã≤¡O)
ǨϢ[`ü J|∂ã¨~¸^£ Y∞¢n (~°l) Hõ^äŒ#O: ^≥·=¢Ñ¨=HõÎ (ã¨Å¡O) F™êi =∂`À
=ÚK«Û˜ã¨∂Î ''g∞ q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ <å‰õΩ Éèí∂â◊√ÉèÏÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz ÉèíÜ«∞OQÍ LOk—— Jx
J<åfl~°∞. JѨÙÊ_»∞ XHõ`«#∞ ''Éèí∂â◊√ÉèÏÅ∞ JO>Ë Uq∞© ^≥·=¢Ñ¨=HÍÎ!—— Jx J_çQÍ_»∞.
^•xH˜ ^≥·=¢Ñ¨=HõÎ (ã¨Å¡O) ''Éèí∂â◊√ÉèÏÅ∞ JO>Ë ¢áêѨOzHõ ã≤iã¨OѨ^ŒÅ∞—— Jx
K≥áêÊ~°∞. JѨÙÊ_»∞ =∞~˘Hõ`«#∞ ''=∞Oz #∞O_ç ‰õÄ_® K≥_»∞ ѨÙ_»∞ÎO^•?—— Jx
¢Ñ¨tflOKå_»∞.
^≥·=¢Ñ¨=HõÎ (ã¨) D=∂@ qx =∞ø#OQÍ LO_çáÈÜ«∂~°∞. JÖÏ KåÖÏ ¿ãѨÙ
L<åfl~°∞. ^•O`À "Õ∞=Ú ^≥·=¢Ñ¨=HõÎ (ã¨)ÃÑ· k"åºq+¨¯$u (=Ç‘Ï) J=`«i™ÈÎO^Œx
ÉèÏqOKå=Ú. HÍ¿ãûѨ˜H˜ ^≥·=¢Ñ¨=HõÎ (ã¨) #∞^Œ∞˜H˜ Ѩ˜ì# K≥=∞@ `«∞_»∞K«∞‰õΩO@∂
''¢Ñ¨â◊fl J_çy# =∞x+≤ ZHõ¯_»∞<åfl_»∞?—— Jx J_çQÍ~°∞. JѨÙÊ_® =ºH˜Î ''<Õ#∞ WHõ¯_Õ
L<åfl#O_ô!—— J<åfl_»∞... JѨÙÊ_»∞ ^≥·=¢Ñ¨=HõÎ (ã¨Å¡O) WÖÏ K≥áêÊ~°∞:
''=∞Oz q+¨Ü«∞O =Å¡ ZѨÙÊ_»∂ =∞OKÕ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. J~Ú`Õ D ¢áêѨOzHõ
ã¨OѨ^Œ (ÃÑ·H˜) `«à◊√‰õΩ ɡà◊√‰õΩÅ`À #=#=ÖÏ_»∞`«∂, ~°∞zÖ’ ZO`À =∞^èŒ∞~°OQÍ
LO@∞Ok. =~å¬HÍÅOÖ’ UѨÙQÍ ÃÑiy #Ü«∞<å#O^ŒHõ~°OQÍ LO_Õ Ñ¨zÛHõ#∞ QÆ#Hõ
Ѩâ◊√=Ù q∞ug∞i "Õ∞¿ãÎ (JriÎ`À) ^•x á⁄@ì LaƒáÈ`«∞Ok. ^•O`À Jk
Kå=#~Ú<å K«ã¨∞ÎOk. ÖË^• Kå=Ù ^Œi^•Ñ¨ÙÅÔH·<å KÕ~°∞`«∞Ok. JÖÏQÍHõ P Ѩâ◊√=Ù
HÍã¨Î q∞`«OQÍ Ñ¨zÛHõ "Õ∞ã≤, Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠xO_»QÍ<Õ ZO_»Ö’ÔHo§ xÅ|_ç <≥=∞~°∞"Õã≤,
=∞Å=¸¢`« qã¨~°˚# `«~°∞"å`« uiQ˘zÛ "Õ∞ã¨∞ÎO>Ë ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞Ok. (#+¨ì"Õ∞g∞
LO_»^Œ∞.) D ¢áêѨOzHõ Sâ◊fi~°ºO ‰õÄ_® JÖÏO˜^Õ. Wk ÃÑ·H˜ ZO`À PHõ~°¬
=O`«OQÍ, ~°∞zÖ’ =∞^èŒ∞~°OQÍ LO@∞Ok. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ nxfl (J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ#O`«
"Õ∞~°‰õΩ) ^èŒ~°‡Ü«ÚHõÎOQÍ ã¨OáêkOz ^èŒ~°‡Ü«ÚHõÎOQÍ qxÜ≥∂yOKåe. JѨÙÊ_Õ Jk
=∞x+≤H˜ ã¨`«ÊùÅq∞ã¨∞ÎOk. ^•xH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞ J^èŒ~°‡OQÍ, J¢Hõ=∞OQÍ `«#‰õΩ ÅaèOK«
=Åã≤#^•x HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= ã¨OáêkOz u<Õ"å_»∞, ZO`«u<åfl Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠xO_»x"å_ç`À
ã¨=∂#∞_»=Ù`å_»∞.—— (|∞MÏi, =Úã≤¡O)
^èŒ# ^•Ç¨ÏO, ¢áêѨOzHõ "åº"≥∂ǨÏO ZO`«˜ ¢Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∂Ö’
=∞Ǩ¢Ñ¨=HõÎ =ÚǨÏ=∞‡^£ (ã¨) ¢Ñ¨=zOz# D ¢H˜Ok =∞Ç≤Ï`À‰õΩÎÅ∞ K«∂_»O_ç:
''Sâ◊fi~°º ѨÓ*Ïi (^èŒ# Ñ≤áêã≤) â◊Ñ≤OK«|_®¤_»∞.—— (ui‡l)
''PHõeQ˘#fl Ô~O_»∞ `À_Õà◊§#∞ "Õ∞HõÅ=∞O^ŒÖ’H˜ =ke`Õ P `À_Õà◊√§ "Õ∞HõÅ#∞
ZO`« #+¨ìѨ~°∞™êÎÜ≥∂, =∞x+≤Ö’x ^èŒ#Ñ≤áê㨠J`«x ^èŒ~å‡xfl JO`«HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=
#+¨ìѨ~°∞ã¨∞ÎOk.—— (ui‡l, ^•i‡)
''Ô~O_»∞ q+¨Ü«∂Ö’¡ =$^Œ∞úx ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞O ‰õÄ_® Ü«Ú= ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞"≥∞ÿáÈ`«∞Ok.
XHõ˜, ¢áêѨOzHõ "åº"≥∂ǨÏO. Ô~O_»∞, ã¨∞n~°…HÍÅO ¢|`«HÍÅ#fl HÀiHõ.—— (|∞MÏi)
''=∂#=Ù_»∞ XHõ"≥·Ñ¨Ù =$^Œ∞ú_»~ÚáÈ`«∞O>Ë, =∞~À"≥·Ñ¨Ù J`«xÖ’ Ô~O_»∞
q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ JkèHõ=∞=Ù`«∞OÏ~Ú. (1) ^èŒ#"åº"≥∂ǨÏO, (2) n~å…Ü«Ú=٠Ѩ@¡
HÀiHõ.—— (=Úã≤¡O)
ã≤iã¨OѨ^ŒÅ Ѩ@¡ =∞x+≤H˜ WO`«˜ "åº"≥∂ǨÏO, J`åºâ◊Å∞ LO_»ÏxH˜
=ÚYº HÍ~°}O ™êfi~°÷O, ã¨fi¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÖË. Y∞~üP<£ =¸_»∞"ÕÅ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ ¢H˜`«O
<å˜ F ã¨OѶ¨∞@##∞ Dq^èŒOQÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯O@∞#flk:
^èŒ# qˆHO¢nHõ~°} 11 12 ^èŒ# qˆHO¢nHõ~°}

7. 2. MÏ~°∂<£ Ѩ~°º=™ê#O
''MÏO°¥<ü J<ËÇÍ_«∞ =¸™® (¢Ñ¨=HõÎ) *ÏuH˜ K≥~k#"å_»∞. Jܵ`Ë J`Œ#∞ `Œ#
*ÏuH˜ =ºuOÕHí~Qå =º=ǨÏi㨥Πq„^ÀÇ≤ÏQå =∂O®_«∞. "Õ∞=∞`ŒxH˜ JáåO°
ã≤iã¨~Ǩ^°Å∞, xHı∆áåÅ∞ „Ǩ™®k~KÍ=Ú. ÇÍ>˜H˜ ã¨~|~kè~z# `Íà◊Ѩ٠K≥=Ùefl
|e+¨∞ªÖˇ·# HÁ~^°O°∞ =ºHí∞ÎÅ ã¨=¸Ç¨Ï~ JuHí+¨ì~ g∞^° ÃÑ·H≥`ŒÎ QõÅ∞Qõ∞`Œ∞~k.——
''F™®i J`Œx *Ïu„Ǩ[Å∞ J`ŒxH˜ÖÏ Ç≤Ï`ÀǨ^Õâ◊~ KÕâÍO°∞: 'q∞_çã≤Ǩ_«Hí∞.
q∞_çã≤Ǩ_Ë"åix ^Õ=Ù_«∞ „¿Ñq∞~K«_«∞. ^Õ=Ù_«∞ hHí∞ „Ǩ™®k~z# Sâ◊fiO°º~`À ǨO°Ö’Hí
Qõ$ǨÏ~ xi‡~K«∞H’=_ÍxH˜ „Ǩܫµufl~K«∞. „ǨǨ~K«~ #∞~_ç Hí∂_Í h ÉèÏQåxfl
(ǨO°Ö’HßxH˜ fã≤H≥à◊§_«~) =∞O°záÈHí∞. ^Õ=Ù_«∞ hHí∞ "Õ∞Å∞ KÕã≤#@∞¡ h=Ù Hí∂_Í
(W`ŒO°∞ÅHí∞) "Õ∞Å∞ K≥ܵº. ^è°O°}˜Ö’ HíÅǨÅ∞, ã¨$+≤ì~K«Hí∞. ^Õ=Ù_«∞ HíÅǨÏHßO°∞efl
„¿Ñq∞~K«_«∞——. (Y∞~üP<£–28:76,77)
D =∂@Å∞ qx J`Œ_«∞ (=∞i~`Œ hÅ∞æ`Œ¥) ''W^°~`Í <®Hí∞ <® *Ï˝#~, `ˇeq
`Ë@Å =Å¡ Åaè~z~k—— J<®fl_«∞. ^Õ=Ù_«∞ ѨÓO°fi~ W`ŒxHí~>Ë ZHí∞¯= â◊H˜Î™®=∞O®÷ºÅ∞,
=∞~n=∂O°ƒÅ~ HíÅÇÍix <®â◊#~ KÕâÍ_«∞. D ã¨~Qõu J`ŒxH˜ `ˇeÜ«µ^®? áåáå`Œ∞‡
Å#∞ ÇÍi áåáåÅ#∞ Qõ∞i~z J_«Qõ@~ [O°Qõ^°∞ (x*Ïxfl XǨCH’O°∞ Qõ#Hí).—— (28:78)
''FO’A J`Œ#∞ ѨÓiÎ sîq, ^°O®ÊÅ`À `Œ#*Ïu „Ǩ[Å =Ú~^°∞Hí∞ =KÍÛ_«∞.
JǨC_«∞ „áåǨ~zHí Çͺ"≥∂ǨÏǨO°∞Å∞ HÁ~^°O°∞ J`Œ_çfl K«¥ã≤ 'MÏO°¥<üHí∞ Åaè~z# ã≤i
ã¨~Ǩ^°Å∞ =∞#Hí∂ Åaè~z=Ù~>Ë ÉÏ=Ù~_«∞! MÏO°¥<ü Z~`À J^°$+¨ì=~`Œ∞_«∞— J<®flO°∞.
Jܵ`Ë (^≥·qHí)*Ï˝#~ HíÅÇÍO°∞ (ÇÍi PÖ’K«<® ^èÀO°}˜x q=∞i≈㨥Î) 'g∞ "≥·Yi KÍÖÏ
qKÍO°HíO°~. qâ◊fiã≤~z ã¨`ͯO®ºÅ∞ KÕ¿ãÇÍiH˜ ^Õ=Ùx (^°QõæO°∞#fl) „ǨuǶ¨Å~ Z~`À „âı+¨ª
Ç‹∞·#k. ã¨Ç¨Ï#~ =Ç≤Ï~KÕ"åiHı D =∞ǨÉèÏQõº~ Åaèã¨∞Î~k— J<®flO°∞.—— (28:79,80)
''z=iH˜ "Õ∞=Ú MÏO°¥<üx, J`Œx W~>˜x (ǨÏOî®`Œ∞ÎQå) Éèí¥q∞Ö’H˜ kQõ|_ç
áÈÜ˵ÖÏ KÕâÍ=Ú. JǨC_«∞ ^Õ=ÙxH˜ =ºuOÕHí~Qå J`Œ_çfl P^°∞Hí∞<Ë ÇÍO≥=O°¥
ÖËHíáÈÜ«∂O°∞. J`Œ#∞ Hí∂_Í `Œ##∞ `Í#∞ Hßáå_«∞H’ÖËHí áÈÜ«∂_«∞.—— (28:81)
''x#fl>˜O’A J`Œx Ǩϟ^® J~`Œã¨∞ÎÅ∞ K«¥ã≤ JÖÏ~>˜q `Œ=∞Hí∞ Hí∂_Í HßÇÍÅx
H’O°∞Hí∞#flÇÍO°∞ WǨC_«∞ qKÍO°~ "≥e|∞K«∞Û`Œ¥ WÖÏ J<®flO°∞: '=∞#~ XHí q+¨Ü«µ~
=∞O°záÈÜ«∂O. ^Õ=Ù_«∞ Z=iH˜ ѨÙ+¨¯Å~Qå Láåkè W=fi^°ÅK«∞Hí∞~>Ï_À ÇÍiH˜ =∂„`Œ"Õ∞
ѨÙ+¨¯Å~Qå Láåkè Åaèã¨∞Î~k. PÜ«µ# =∞O≥=iH˜ Ǩiq∞`Œ~Qå Láåkè WÇÍfiÅx
ÉèÏq™®Î_À ÇÍiH˜ Ǩiq∞`Œ~Qå<Ë Åaèã¨∞Î~k. ^Õ=Ù_«∞ =∞#efl J#∞„QõÇ≤Ï~z L~_«HíáÈ`Ë
PÜ«µ# =∞#efl Hí∂_Í Éèí¥q∞Ö’H˜ J}Qõ„^˘Hı¯"å_«∞. Jܡ∂º! JqâÍfiã¨∞Å∞ ™®Ç¶¨Åº~
K≥~^°O°#fl ã¨~Qõu (JǨC_«∞) =∞#Hí∞ HÁ~K≥~ Hí∂_Í Qõ∞O°∞ÎHí∞ O®ÖË^Õ!—— (28:82)
'^è°#=¸Åq∞^°~ [Qõ`Œ∞Η J#∞Hí∞<®fl_«∞ MÏO°¥<ü. J~^°∞Hı J`Œ#∞ =∞~z-
K≥_«∞, ^è°O°‡~-J^è°O°‡~, J<Ë qK«Hí∆} Z~`Œ=∂„`Œ~ KÕÜ«µHí∞~_Í ÃÑ^°ÌZ`Œ∞Î# Ç‹~_ç-
|~QåO® Å∞, =„[-Ç‹·_è«¥O®ºÅ∞, W`ŒO° J<ËHí qÅ∞Ç‹·# =ã¨∞Î=Ùefl áÈQõ∞KÕã≤ ÇıÖÏk
W#∞Ǩ ÃÑ>ˇìÅÖ’ ^®z, WHí „Ç¨Ç¨~K«~Ö’ Ƕ≤OÒ<üO®A `ŒO°∞ÇÍ`Œ `Œ# Hí~>Ë Q˘Ç¨ÊÇÍ_«∞
ÖË_«x g∞ã¨~ Ç‹∞ÖËâÍ_«∞. |ǨïâÍ J`Œ#∞ <Ë>˜ "≥∞ÿ„H’™®Ñ¶πì Hí~ÃÑh JkèǨu aÖòQÕ>òû
Hí~>ı Hí∂_Í ÃÑ^°Ì ^è°xHí∞_≥· L~_«=K«∞Û. Jã¨Å`Œ#∞ ã≤iã¨~Ǩ^°Å∞ ^®z# ÃÑ>ˇìÅ∞,
cO°∞ÇÍ Å‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz `Íà◊Ѩ٠K≥=ÙÖË Zxfl L<®flÜ≥∂ K«∂_»O_ç! P `Íà◊ѨÙ
K≥=ÙÅ Qõ∞K«Û#∞ Ç‹ØÜ«µ_ÍxHı ã¨∞=∂O°∞ Ǩk Ǩ<ˇfl~_«∞ =∞~k =∞#∞+¨∞Å∞ Hß=Åã≤
=Ù~_Ë^°@!!
Hßx J~`Œ>˜ ^è°#~ Hí∂_Í D ^ÒO®ƒùQõ∞º_çfl Hßáå_«ÖËHí áÈܵ~k. J`Œ#∞ F
O’A ǨÏOî®`Œ∞ÎQå `Œ# ã≤iã¨~Ǩ^°Å`À ã¨Ç¨ <ËÅÖ’H˜ âÍâ◊fi`Œ~Qå kQõ|_ç áÈÜ«∂_«∞
áêѨO!. Jܵ`Ë D<®_«∞ HÁ~^°O°∞ D KÍi„`ŒHí ã¨~Ѷ¨∞@# #∞~_ç Qõ∞}áåOî°~ <ËO°∞Û
H’=_ÍxH˜ |^°∞Å∞, ѨÙO®=ã¨∞ΠǨiâ’^è°# ¿ÑO°∞`À Éèí¥q∞Ö’ Ö’`Œ∞Qå kQõ|_ç
áÈܵ# P ^è°#O®ã¨∞efl Ç‹eH˜fÜ«µ_ÍxH˜ „Ǩܫµuflã¨∞Î<®flO°@!
3. Ѩi^èŒ∞ÖË¡x ¢áêѨOzHõ "åº"≥∂ǨÏO
^èŒx‰õΩÅ∞ ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ ^èŒ#"åº"≥∂ǨÏOÖ’ ‰õÄ~°∞‰õΩáÈ~Ú LO_»@O =Å¡
"å~°∞ ^≥·"åxfl ¢áêi÷Oz<å ¢áêѨOzHõ ã¨OѨ^ŒÅ∞ ¢Ñ¨™êkOK«=∞<Õ ¢áêi÷™êÎ~°∞. nxH˜
aè#flOQÍ Ñ¨~°Ö’Hõ ["å|∞^•s ÉèÏ=# Hõey# UHõ^≥·"å~å^茉õΩÅ∞ Hõ∆}ÉèíOQÆ∞~°OÖÏO˜
¢áêѨOzHõ ã¨OѨ^Œ HõO>Ë Ñ¨~°Ö’Hõ ã¨OѨ^ŒˆH Z‰õΩ¯= ¢áê^è•#ºq∞™êÎ~°∞. D Ô~O_»∞
q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ k=ºY∞~üP<£ Dq^èŒOQÍ z¢uOzOk:
''HÁ~^°O°∞ ^Õ=Ù_çfl „áåi÷㨥Π' „ǨÉèí¥! =∂Hí∞ (h=Ù „Ǩ™®k~KÕ=hfl) WǨÏÖ’Hõ~
Ö’<Ë „Ǩ™®k~K«∞— J~>ÏO°∞. JÖÏ~>˜ÇÍiH˜ (WǨÏÖ’Hõ~Ö’<Ë `ŒÇ¨Ê) ǨO°Ö’Hí(ã¨fiO°æ)~Ö’
ZÖÏ~>˜ ÇÍ>Ï Åaè~K«^°∞.—— (2:199,200)
''=∞i HÁ~^°O°∞<®flO°∞. ÇÍO°∞ '„ǨÉèí¥! =∂Hí∞ WǨÏÖ’Hí~Ö’#¥, ǨO°Ö’Hí~Ö’#¥
=∞~zx „Ǩ™®k~K«∞. =∞=∞‡efl #O°Hí Ü«∂`Œ#Å #∞~_ç O°H˜∆~K«∞— Jx "Õ_«∞Hí∞~>ÏO°∞.
WÖÏ~>˜ÇÍiH˜ ÇÍi ã¨~áå^°##∞ |>˜ì LÉèíÜ«µÖ’HßÖ’¡#¥ `Œy# ÇÍ>Ï („ǨuǶ¨Å~)
Åaèã¨∞Î~k. ^Õ=Ù_«∞ `ŒfiO°Ö’<Ë (HíO°‡Å#∞ Qõ∞i~z) ÖˇHí¯ fã¨∞Hí∞~>Ï_«∞.—— (2:201,202)
D HÍ~°}OQÍ<Õ Jqâßfiã¨∞ʼnõΩ ^Õ=Ù_»∞ qâßfiã¨∞Å Hõ<åfl Z‰õΩ¯= ã≤iã¨OѨ^ŒÅ∞
¢Ñ¨™êkã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞. ^Õ=Ù_»∞ `«ÅK«∞‰õΩO>Ë PÜ«∞# qâßfiã¨∞ʼnõΩ `å=Ú HÀi#^•x
HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= W=fiQÆÅ_»∞. HÍx WǨÏÖ’Hõrq`«OÖ’ D Éè’QÆÉèÏQͺÅ∞ ÃÑ·ÃÑ·
"≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Å∞, =¸<åflà◊§ =ÚK«Û@ =∂¢`«"Õ∞. Jã¨Å∞ Éè’QÆÉèÏQͺÅ∞, âßâ◊fi`« ™œMϺÅ∞
Ѩ~°Ö’HõOÖ’<Õ ¢áêѨÎ=∞=Ù`å~Ú.
^èŒ# qˆHO¢nHõ~°} 13 14 ^èŒ# qˆHO¢nHõ~°}

8. ''=∂#=ÙÅ~`Í XˆH =O°=_çÖ’ HÁ@∞ìHí∞áÈ`ÍO°#fl ÉèíÜ«µ~ ÖËHõáÈ`Õ "Õ∞=Ú
HíO°∞}®=∞Ü«µ∞_≥·# ^Õ=Ù_çfl uO°ã¨¯i~KÕ"åi W~_«¡ HíǨCÅ#∞, "åO°∞ "Õ∞_«Å ÃÑ·H˜ ZHı¯
"≥∞@¡#∞, ÇÍi `ŒÅ∞ѨÙefl, "åO°∞ k~_«¡Hß#∞HÁx Hí∂O°∞Û<Ë Ç‘Oî®Å#∞, Jxfl>˜h Ç‹~_ç
|~QåO®Å`À KÕ¿ã¿ãÇÍO°~. Hßx Wk (=¸<®flà◊§ =ÚK«Û>ˇ·#) „áåǨ~zHírq`Œ ã¨~Ǩ^°
=∂„`Œ"Õ∞. (ǨO°Ö’Híã¨~Ǩ^° W~`ŒHí~>Ë Z~`À „âı+¨ª"≥∞ÿ#k, âÍâ◊º`Œ"≥∞ÿ#k.) h „ǨÉèí∞=Ù
^°QõæO° ÉèíÜ«µÉèíHí∞ÎÅ∞HíÅ"åiHı ǨO°Ö’Hí ã¨~Ǩ^° „áåǨÎ=∞=Ù`Œ∞~k.—— (43:33-35)
„áåǨ~zHí ã≤iã¨~Ǩ^°Å Ǩ@¡ L~_Ë PHíO°¬} =Å¡ =∂#=ÙÅ~`Í „ǨǨ~K«
ѨÓ*ÏO°∞Öˇ·áÈܵ ǨO°Ö’Híz~`Œ# ѨÓiÎQå =∞O°záÈ`ÍO°x, JÖÏ [iQÕ „Ǩ=∂^°~
QÆ#Hõ ÖËHíáÈ`Ë Jqâßfiã¨∞efl ^Õ=Ù_«∞ "≥~_ç|~QåO®Å`À `Œ∞Å`Œ¥QÕÖÏ KÕ™®Î_«x
ÃÑ·ã¨∂H˜Î J~°÷O. Jܵ`Ë ^Õ=Ùx ^°$+≤ìÖ’ SÇ≤ÏHí rq`ÍxH˜ gã¨Ç‹∞`ŒÎܵ<® qÅ∞=ÖË^°x
D „H˜~k ǨÏnã¨∞ Hí∂_Í ã¨Ê+¨ì~ KÕ™ÈÎ~k:
''^Õ=Ùx ^°$+≤ìÖ’ „ǨǨ~K«~ qÅ∞= ^À=∞O≥Hí¯~`Œ L<®fl, PÜ«µ# D
„ǨǨ~K«~Ö’ ã¨`ŒºuO°™®¯O°∞ÅHí∞ „`ÍQõ_ÍxH˜ Qõ∞H≥¯_«∞hà◊∞§ Hí∂_Í „Ǩ™®k~KÕÇÍ_«∞
Hß^°∞——. (|∞MÏi)
^èŒ#^•Ç¨~°∞ÎÅ∞, ¢áêѨOzHõ "åº"≥∂ǨÏѨ~°∞efl ÃÇÏK«Ûiã¨∂Î ã¨$+≤ìHõ~°Î Y∞~üP<£Ö’
J=`«iOѨ*Ëã≤# D ã¨∂‰õΩÎÅ∞ K«∂_»O_ç:
''Hı=Å~ „áåǨ~zHí rq`Íxfl, ^®x `Œà◊∞Hí∞ ɡà◊∞Hí∞efl H’O°∞Hí∞<Ë ÇÍiH˜ ÇÍi
HíO°‡ Ƕ¨ÖÏxfl ѨÓiÎQå WHí¯_Ë WzÛ"Õ™®Î=Ú. J~^°∞Ö’ ÇÍiH˜ ZÖÏ~>˜ HÁO°`Œ KÕÜ«µ=Ú.
Jܵ`Ë Ç¨O°Ö’Hí~Ö’ JÖÏ~>˜ "åiH˜ #O°Hßyfl `ŒÇ¨Ê =∞OÕg∞ L~_«^°∞. "åO°∞
„ǨǨ~K«~Ö’ ã¨=∞ Hí∂O°∞ÛHí∞#fl^°~`Í xO°O°÷Hí=∞ܵ áÈܵ~k† ÇÍO°∞ KÕã≤#^°~`Í q∞^èÕº
(Jx JǨC_«∞ `ˇÅ∞ã¨∞Î~k ÇÍiH˜).—— (11:15,16)
WǨÏѨ~°Ö’HÍÅ ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞efl áÈÅ∞Û`«∂ ^≥·=¢Ñ¨=HõÎ (ã¨Å¡O) ¢Ñ¨=zOz# D
Ç≤Ï`ÀH˜Î ‰õÄ_® ZO`À QÆ=∞<å~°›"≥∞ÿ#k:
''`«# ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OKåxfl ÉÏQÆ∞Ѩ~°K«∞HÀ=_»OÖ’<Õ =ÚxyáÈÜÕ∞"å_»∞ `«# Ѩ~°Ö’HÍxfl
#+¨ìѨ~°K«∞‰õΩOÏ_»∞. J^Õq^èŒOQÍ `«# Ѩ~°Ö’HÍxfl ÉÏQÆ∞Ѩ~°K«∞‰õΩ<Õ"å_»∞ `«# WǨÏ
Ö’HÍxfl #+¨ìѨ~°K«∞‰õΩOÏ_»∞. Hõ#∞Hõ g∞~°∞ âßâ◊fi`«OQÍ LO_Õ q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞
J=ÅOaO K«O_ç. `«fi~°Ö’ JO`«=∞ÜÕ∞º Jâßâ◊fi`«"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞
J=ÅOaOK«HõO_ç.—— (ɡ·Ç¨Ïd.)
'Ѩ~°Ö’HõO ã¨OQÆu Ѩ~°=∂`«∞‡xH˜ =kÖˇ~Úº, ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OK«"Õ∞ =∞#H˜Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞
ã¨~°fiã¨fiO— Jx ã≤^•úO`«HõiOK«∞‰õΩ#fl"åiH˜ J_»∞QÆ_»∞QÆ∞<å, J#∞Hõ∆}O ™êfi~°÷O,
ã¨fi¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÖË Hõà◊§ =ÚO^Œ∞ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞OÏ~Ú. =º‰õΩÎÖˇ·<å, *Ï`«∞Öˇ·<å,
P<å_»~Ú<å, D<å_»~Ú<å ™êfi~°÷Ѩ~°`«fi"Õ∞ "åi rq`« Ѩ~°=∂~°÷O. Éèí∂™êfi=ÚÅ∞,
*Ïw~°∞^•~°∞Å Éèí∂™êfi=∞º =º=ã¨÷~Ú<å† =~°Î‰õΩÅ∞, ^èŒx‰õΩÅ∞ HõxÃјì# |∂~°∞˚"å
ã¨∂¢`åÖˇ·<å† ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s q^è•<åÖˇ·<å† "å˜ |∂A ^Œ∞e¿Ñã≤ ¢Ñ¨`«ºHõ∆"≥∞ÿ#
™È+¨e[O, ™ê=∞º"å^•Ö~Ú<å 㨈~ "å@xfl˜H© ¢¿Ñ~°HÍÅ∞ ™êfi~°÷O, ã¨fi¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÖË.
"åi näã≤ãπ, ã≤O^äŒã≤ãπÅ ¢Ñ¨^è•# ÅHõ∆ºO ã¨fi¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÖË. ¢H©.â◊. J~Ú^Œ= â◊`å|ÌOÖ’
áêâßÛ`«º ~À=∞<£ ™ê¢=∂[ºO Ѩ`«#"≥∞ÿáÈ~Ú# `«~°∞"å`« LxH˜Ö’H˜ =zÛ#
''Éèí∂™êfi=∞º =º=ã¨÷—— (Feudal System) QÆ∞iOKÕ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ K«iÛ^•ÌO.
4. Éèí∂™êfi=∞º, |∂~°∞˚"å =~åæÅ∞
P<å_»∞ â◊H˜Î=∞O`«=∞~Ú# S~Àáê ™ê¢=∂[ºO =ÚHõ¯K≥Hõ¯Å~Ú U~°Ê_ç#
z#flz#fl Éèí∂ÉèÏQÍʼnõΩ Éèí∂™êfi=ÚÖË áêʼnõΩÅÜ«∂º~°∞. Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ HõÅ"å~°O`å
áêʼnõΩÅ∞QÍ, Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ ÖËx"å~°∞ áêe`«∞Å∞QÍ (=∞~À=∂@Ö’ ÉÏxã¨Å∞QÍ)
=∂~å~°∞. D Éèí∂™êfi=∞º =º=ã¨÷Ö’ ~°∂ѨÙk^Œ∞̉õΩ#fl ã¨=∂[O XHõ xK≥Û#QÍ, |Ǩïà◊
JO`«ã¨∞ÎÅ "Õ∞_»QÍ `«Ü«∂~°~ÚOk. WO^Œ∞Ö’x ¢Ñ¨u "≥∞@∞ìÃÑ· ÖË^• ¢Ñ¨u JO`«ã¨∞ÎÃÑ·
L#fl"å_»∞ `«# ¢H˜Ok"≥∞@∞ì ÖËHõ JO`«ã¨∞Î "åxH˜ ^Õ=ÙxQÍ, ÃÑ·JO`«ã¨∞Î "åxH˜
^•ã¨∞_çQÍ JÜ«∂º_»∞.
P HÍÅOÖ’<Õ ^Õ=Ùx ¿Ñ~°∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê ¢Ñ¨[ÅÃÑ· ÃÑ`«Î#O K≥ÖÏ~ÚOK«_®xH˜ Pq~°ƒù
qOz# ¢ÔH·ã¨Î= K«sÛ =º=ã¨÷ Éèí∂™êfi=ÚÅ JkèHÍ~åxfl ZkiOK«ÖËHõ "åi Éèí∂™êfi=∞º
=º=ã¨÷`À ~årѨ_çáÈ~ÚOk. `«`«Êùe`«OQÍ K«sÛ Éèí∂™êfi=ÚÅ Jaè=∞`åʼnõΩ J#∞
QÆ∞}OQÍ =∞`« xÜ«∞=∂Å∞, Hõ@∞ìÉÏ@∞Å∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOz ã¨=∂[OÖ’ Jkè‰õΩÅ∞,
J^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ J<Õ q=Hõ∆Å∞, Jã¨=∂#`«Å‰õΩ =∞iO`« TÑ≤i áÈã≤Ok. J~Ú`Õ
Éèí∂™êfi =ÚÅ∞ ÃÑ`«Î#O =Ç≤Ïã¨∞Î#fl D z#fl ~å*ϺʼnõΩ "å˜ ã¨iǨÏ^Œ∞ÌÅ "≥Å∞ѨÅ
ÉÏǨϺ ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OK«OÖ’ ã¨OÉèíqã¨∞Î#fl =∂~°∞ÊʼnõΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOKÕ ˆHO¢nÜ«∞
JkèHÍ~°O ÖËHõáÈ~ÚOk. D ã¨Î|Ì`« 13= â◊`åÉÏÌO`«O =~°‰õΩ H˘#™êyOk.
P `«~°∞"å`« 14= â◊`å|ÌO #∞O_ç 16= â◊`å|ÌO =~°‰õΩ ÃãÊ~Ú<£, ã≤ã≤bÅÃÑ·
=Úã≤¡OÅ PkèѨ`«ºO, ¢ÔH·ã¨Î= =∞`«Ü«Ú^•úÅ∞ (Crusades), áêâßÛ`«∞ºÅÃÑ· =Úã≤¡OÅ
<åQÆiHõ`å ã¨O㨯$`«∞Å ¢Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O, Éè∫uHõ "≥·^Œº QÆ}˜`« ™êOˆHuHõ âߢ™êÎÅ qHÍã¨O,
=º=™êÜ«∞ "å}˜[º ~°OQÍÅ ¢Ñ¨QÆu "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# =º=Ǩ~åÅ∞ H˘#™êQÍ~Ú. ^•O`À
S~Àáê ¢Ñ¨[Å, =ÚYºOQÍ q^•º=O`«∞Å PÖ’K«<å ^èÀ~°}˜Ö’ ‰õÄ_® =∂~°∞Ê
=zÛOk. D =∂~°∞Ê Ü«∂=`«∞Î S~ÀáêÖ’ ѨÙ#~°∞r˚=<À^Œº=∂xH˜ <åOk ѨeH˜
ã¨O㨯~°}ŠѨ~åfixH˜ `«Å∞ѨÙÅ∞ `≥izOk. #∂`«#Hõà◊Å∞, ™êOˆHuHõâߢã¨ÎO,
ZQÆ∞=∞u–kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å "åºáê~åÅ∞, q^ÕâßÅ`À ~åHõáÈHõÅ ã¨O|O^è•Å‰õΩ Ѩ@ì}ÏÖË
Ѩ@∞ìH˘=∞‡Öˇ· áÈÜ«∂~Ú. ^•x =Å¡ ¢QÍ=∂Å ¢áê=ÚYºO `«yæáÈ~Ú Ñ¨@ì}ÏÅ
¢áê=ÚYºO ÃÑiyOk.
^èŒ# qˆHO¢nHõ~°} 15 16 ^èŒ# qˆHO¢nHõ~°}

9. D #∂`«# Ѩi}Ï=∂ʼnõΩ, ѨÙ#~°∞r˚=<À^Œº=∂xH˜ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO =Ç≤ÏOz#
^èŒx‰õΩÅ∞, |_®"åºáê~°∞Å∞, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•~°∞Å∞, =$uÎѨ#∞Å"åà◊√§ ''|∂~°∞˚"å—— =~°æOQÍ
U~°Ê_ç Pi÷Hõ, ™ê=∂lHõ ~°OQÍÖ’¡ *Ïw~ü^•~°∞Å PkèѨ`åºxfl† Éèí∂™êfi=∞º =º=ã¨÷Ö’x
q=Hõ∆`«, x"≥∂fl#fl`«Å#∞ ZkiOK«_»O ¢áê~°OaèOKå~°∞. ^•O`À H˘kÌ HÍÅOÖ’<Õ
*Ïw~ü^•~°∞Å ÃÑ`«Î#O, Éèí∂™êfi=∞º =º=ã¨÷‰Ñ¨`«#"≥∞ÿ ÃÑ^ŒÌÃÑ^ŒÌ *ÏfÜ«∞ ~å*ϺÅ∞
~°∂á⁄O^•~Ú. Éèí∂™êfi=∞º =º=ã¨÷Ö’ *Ïw~ü^•~°¡ ÃÑ`«Î#O ¢H˜O^Œ J}˜y LO@∂ "åi
PHÍOHõ∆ʼnõΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ =∞`å[˝Å∞ *Ïs KÕã¨∞ÎO_ç# K«sÛ=º=ã¨÷ `«# ^èÀ~°}˜
=∂~°∞ÛH˘x H˘`«ÎQÍ U~°Ê_ç# *ÏfÜ«∞~å*ϺŠJkèHÍ~° h_»Ö’ P¢â◊Ü«∞O á⁄OkOk.
K«sÛH˜, *Ïw~ü^•~°¡ =º=ã¨÷‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ |∂~°∞˚"å =~°æO ™êyOz# áÈ~åÏxH˜
(Liberalism) ''L^•~°"å^ŒO ÖËHõ qâßÅ^Œ$HõÊ^äŒO—— ¢áêuѨkHõ~Ú áÈ~ÚOk. rq`«O
Ö’x U~°OQÆO J~Ú<å D L^•~°"å^ŒO =Å¡<Õ ¢Ñ¨QÆu ™ê^茺=∞=Ù`«∞O^Œx |∂~°∞˚"å
=~°æO"å~°∞ ¢Ñ¨[Å#∞ #q∞‡OK«_®xH˜ qã¨Î$`« ¢Ñ¨Kå~°O KÕâß~°∞. JO`ÕH͉õΩO_® "å~°∞
¢Ñ¨QÆujÅ =∞x+≤ =∂~°æOÖ’ Z^Œ∞~°ÜÕ∞º ã¨=∞ã¨Î ¢Ñ¨u|O^èŒHÍÅ∞, J"åO`«~åÅ∞,
ã¨O‰õΩz`«`«`åfiÅ#∞ `˘ÅyOK«_®xH˜ ‰õÄ_® ZO`«QÍ<À ¢Ñ¨Ü«∞uflOKå~°∞.
D ã¨OѶ¨∞~°¬}Ö’ K«sÛ Hõeã≤# Éèí∂™êfi=∞º (Feudal) =º=ã¨÷ ÉèÏ"åÅ∞ XHõ
Ju"å^•xH˜ QÆ∞~°~Ú`Õ D |∂~°∞˚"å "Õ∞^è•=ÙÅ L^•~°"å^Œ "≥·Yi =∞~À Ju"å^•
xH˜ QÆ∞~°~ÚáÈ~ÚOk. HÍx <åºÜ«∞O, ^èŒ~°‡O, hu, x*Ï~ÚfʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#
PÖ’K«<å "≥·Yi D Ô~O_ç˜Ö’ U =~°æOÖ’ ‰õÄ_® HÍ#~å^Œ∞. LÉèíÜ«∞=~åæÅ ÉèÏ=
*ÏÖÏʼnõΩ =¸Å ¢¿Ñ~°HÍÅ∞ ™êfi~°÷O, ã¨fi¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÖË.
|∂~°∞˚"å =sæÜ«ÚŠѨÙ#~°∞r˚=<À^Œº=∞O, L^•~°"å^•Å∞ ™êy# ~ÀAÖ’¡<Õ
"≥∞H˜Ü«∂"Õ≥e J<Õ "Õ∞^è•q ~å[H©Ü«∞ ¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ <≥·uHõ ã¨∂¢`åÅ∞
áê˜OKÕ J=ã¨~°O ZO`«=∂¢`«O ÖË^Œ<Õ ã≤^•úO`åxfl ÉÏǨ@OQÍ ã¨=∞i÷OKå_»∞. P
HÍÅOÖ’<Õ K«iÛ, Éèí∂™êfi=∞º =º=ã¨÷Å ™ê÷#OÖ’ *Ï`«∞ŠѶ¨∞~°¬}Å∞, "≥·+¨=∂ºÅ‰õΩ
^•if¿ã *ÏfÜ«∞`«, *ÏfÜ«∞~å[ºO, *Ï`«ºÇ¨ÏOHÍ~°O J<Õ q¢QÆǨÅ∞ ~°∂ѨÙk^Œ∞Ì
‰õΩ<åfl~Ú. P HÍÅOÖ’<Õ "≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ˜ ™êiQÍ =_ô¤ 㨢Hõ=∞"≥∞ÿ#k, ^èŒ~°‡|^Œú"≥∞ÿ#k,
P"≥∂^ŒÜ≥∂Qƺ"≥∞ÿ#k J<Õ ÉèÏ=#‰õΩ JO‰õΩ~å~°Ê} [iyOk.
5. áêi¢âßq∞Hõ qѨ¡=OÖ’ L^•~°"å^Œ∞Å áê¢`«
18= â◊`å|ÌOÖ’ ''Ü«∞O¢`«O—— Pq+¨¯~°} ^•fi~å |∂~°∞˚"å L^•~°"å^Œ∞Å
ѨÙ#~°∞ r˚=<À^Œº=∞O =∞iO`« f¢==∞~ÚáÈ~ÚOk. H˘`«Î âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞ Ѩi*Ï˝#O`À
ã¨iH˘`«Î Pq+¨¯~°}Å`À Ѩi¢â◊=∞Ö’¡, =$uÎѨ#∞Ö’¡, =º=™êÜ«∞OÖ’, ~°"å}Ï™œHõ~åºÖ’¡
=$nú qHÍ™êÅ∞ [iQÍ~Ú. Ѩ@ì}ÏÖ’¡ ÃÑ^ŒÌ ÃÑ^ŒÌ á¶êºHõìsÅ∞, "å}˜[ºˆHO¢^•Å∞
"≥eâß~Ú. ÃÑ^ŒÌ Z`«∞Î# ™ê=∞¢y `«Ü«∂~°=_»O, ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OK« #Å∞=¸ÅÖ’¡ `«Ü«∂~°ÜÕ∞º
™ê=∞¢y J=Ú‡_»=_»O ¢áê~°OÉèí=∞~ÚOk.
J~Ú`Õ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç, q^•º*Ï˝<åÅ∞, ™êOˆHuHõ<≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO, HÍ~°ºx~åfiǨÏHõ
™ê=∞~°÷ºO |∂~°∞˚"å=~°æO KÕ`«∞Ö’¡<Õ LO_»@O =Å¡ áêi¢âßq∞Hõ qѨ¡=O ^•fi~å
KÕ‰õÄi# Jaè=$kú Ѷ¨ÖÏÅ∞ P =~°æO"åiˆH ^ŒHͯ~Ú. ^•O`À Ñ¨Öˇ¡Ö’¡ x=ã≤OKÕ =$uÎ
Ѩ#∞Å"åà◊√§, z#fl z#fl ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å`À "åºáê~°O KÕ¿ã"åà◊√§ ÃÑ^ŒÌÃÑ^ŒÌ á¶êºHõìsÅ
Ü«∞[=∂#∞Å ^ŒQÆæ~° ‰õÄbÅ∞QÍ, |_®"åºáê~°∞Å ^ŒQÆæ~° L^ÀºQÆ∞Å∞QÍ Ñ¨x
KÕÜ«∞=Åã≤# Ѩiã≤÷u =zÛOk.
ÉèÏsѨi¢â◊=∞Å`À, "åºáê~åaè=$kú`À |eã≤áÈ~Ú# |∂~°∞˚"å =~°æO `«#
L^•~° "å^ŒO (Liberalism) PÜ«Ú^è•xH˜ =∞iO`« Ѩ^Œ∞#∞Ãјì f¢=OQÍ
q[$OaèOzOk. K«sÛ J~Ú<å, ¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi"≥∞ÿ<å, ™ê=∂lHõ =º=ã¨÷~Ú<å, =∞Ô~=Ô~·<å
㨈~ =ºH˜Î Kտ㠢ѨQÆu Ü«∞`åflÅ#∞, ã¨fiÖÏÉèÏ~°˚<å Hõ$+≤x x~ÀkèOKÕ Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯ ÖË^Œx†
U ~°OQÆOÖ’<≥·<å ¢Ñ¨u =∞x+≤H© ¿ãfiK«ÛùQÍ `«# â◊H˜Î™ê=∞~å÷ºÅ#∞ `«# Jaè~°∞K«∞ʼnõΩ
J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞ HÀ=_®xH˜, ™ê^茺"≥∞ÿ# "Õ∞~°‰õΩ ѨÙ~ÀQÆq∞OK«_®xH˜
J=HÍâ◊O ÅaèOKåÅx† ¢Ñ¨u =∞x+≤H© ã¨OѨÓ~°‚ ¿ãfiK«Ûùx=fi_»O ^•fi~å<Õ ^Õâ◊ ã¨=∂*ÏÅ
¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® ™ê^茺 =∞=Ù`åÜ«∞x D =~°æO <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ ¢Ñ¨Kå~°O KÕÜ«∞_»O
"≥Ú^ŒÖˇÏì~°∞.
JO`ÕHÍ^Œ∞, |∂~°∞˚"å =~°æO `«# ÉèÏsѨi¢â◊=∞Å∞, ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å |Å∞ѨÙ`À
áêʼnõΩÅ#∞, ~å[H©Ü«∞ <åÜ«∞‰õΩefl Ãã·`«O âßã≤OKÕ ™ê÷~ÚH˜ ZkyOk. ¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`åfixH˜
Ѩ#∞flÅ∞ K≥e¡OKÕk ¢Ñ¨[ÖË QÆ#Hõ "åi Jaè=∞`åʼnõΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ<Õ ¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`åfiÅ∞
U~°Ê_»@OQÍx, Ѩ_çáÈ=_»OQÍx [~°QÍÅx† âßã¨#x~å‡} ǨωõΩ¯ ‰õÄ_® ¢Ñ¨[ňH
LO_®Åx D=~°æO QƘìQÍ "åkOzOk. JÖψQ Pi÷Hõ~°OQÆOÖ’ =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ `«=∞
Jaè~°∞K«∞ʼnõΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ ™êyOKÕ ¢Ñ¨Ü«∞`åflʼnõΩ, "åi ¿ãfiKåÛù™êfi`«O¢`åºÅ‰õΩ
¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fiO ZÖÏO˜ J=~À^è•Å∞ ã¨$+≤ìOK«_»OQÍx, *’HõºO HõeyOK«∞HÀ=_»OQÍx
KÕÜ«∞‰õÄ_»^Œx ‰õÄ_® D=~°æO _ç=∂O_£ KÕã≤Ok. ¿ãfiKåÛùqѨ}˜ (Free Enterprise)H˜
ã¨O|OkèOz# D _ç=∂O_Õ P^èŒ∞xHõ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s q^è•<åxH˜ =¸Åã¨∂¢`«=∞~Ú
áÈ~ÚOk.
ѨÙ#~°∞r˚=# HÍÅOÖ’x L^•~°"≥·Yi =∂kiQÍ<Õ áêi¢âßq∞HõqѨ¡= HÍÅOÖ’x
L^•~°"≥·Yi ‰õÄ_® H˘xfl Ü«∞^•~å÷Å P^è•~°OQÍ ~°∂á⁄Ok, J"Õ ^•x q[Ü«∂xH˜
HÍ~°}Éèí∂`åÅÜ«∂º~Ú. J~Ú`Õ D Ü«∞^•~å÷Å`À áê@∞ |∂~°∞˚"å =~°æOÖ’ Ô~O_»∞
|ÅÇ‘Ï#`«Å∞ ‰õÄ_® KÀ@∞KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~Ú. J"Õ ™êfi~°÷Ѩ~°`«fiO, f¢="å^ŒO. "å~°∞
`«=∞‰õΩ U ǨωõΩ¯Å∞ HÍ"åÅx _ç=∂O_»∞KÕâß~À "å˜x ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ `«=∞ ^ŒQÆæ~°
ѨxKÕ¿ã HÍi‡‰õΩʼnõΩ, L^ÀºQÆ∞ʼnõΩ, x~°∞¿Ñ^ŒÅ‰õΩ W=fi_®xH˜ ã¨Oã≤^ŒúO HÍÖËHõ
áÈÜÕ∞"å~°∞.
^èŒ# qˆHO¢nHõ~°} 17 18 ^èŒ# qˆHO¢nHõ~°}

10. 6. P^èŒ∞xHõ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s =º=ã¨÷
ã¨Oáê^Œ<å =∂~°æOÖ’ ǨÏ^Œ∞Ìg∞i# ¿ãfiK«Ûù`À ‰õÄ_ç# ''L^•~°"å^ŒO—— ã≤^•úO`«O
P^è•~°OQÍ ~°∂á⁄Ok# Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷<Õ ''P^èŒ∞xHõ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s =º=ã¨÷—— (Modern
Capitalism) JOÏ~°∞. WÅ∞¡, "åǨÏ#O, |@ìÅ∞, Ѷ¨sflK«~ü, =O@áê¢`«Å∞,
ÃÑOѨÙ_»∞ Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ∞ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# x`åº=ã¨~åÅ`À áê@∞ Ü«∞O¢`åÅ∞, Ѩx=Ú@∞¡,
Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞, =Ú_çѨ^•~å÷Å∞ =ÔQ·~å =ã¨∞Î=Ùefl ‰õÄ_® D ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s =º=ã¨÷
=∞x+≤ =ºH˜ÎQÆ`« Pã¨∞ÎÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}˜ã¨∞ÎOk. D =º=ã¨÷ ¢Ñ¨HÍ~°O g@xfl˜ÃÑ· =∞x+≤H˜
Ü«∂[=∂#ºÑ¨Ù ǨωõΩ¯Å`À ã¨Ç¨ "å˜x J=Ú‡HÀ=_®xH˜, =$kúKÕã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ ѨÓiÎ
¿ãfiK«Ûù LO_®e.
ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•~°∞Å∞ `«=∞ "åºáê~åaè=$kú HÀã¨O J<ÕHõ ã¨∂¢`åÅ∞ HõxÃÑÏì~°∞.
FÃÑ<£ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞Å =∞^茺 áÈ© ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx, `«^•fi~å L`åÊ^ŒHõ
=ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ <å}º`« ‰õÄ_® ÃÑiy ^èŒ~°Ö’¡ ^•#O`«@^Õ XHõ ã¨=Úz`« ¢áê=∂}˜Hõ`«
<≥ÅH˘O@∞O^Œx, JÖψQ ™ê=∞~°÷ºO HõÅ HÍi‡‰õΩʼnõΩ "åi Ѩx`«<åxfl |˜ì JkèHõ
"Õ`«<åÅ∞ Åaè™êÎÜ«∞x D =º=ã¨÷ ã¨=∞~°÷‰õΩÅ∞ K≥|∞`å~°∞.
HÍx ǨÏ^Œ∞Ìg∞i# ™êfi~°÷O, Jqh`«∞Å∞ "å˜ =∂@Å∞ |∂@HõO Jx x~°∂Ñ≤
ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. ÖÏ~ü¤ ˆH<£û J#fl@∞¡ ''¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OK«OÖ’ <≥·uHõ, ã¨Ç¨Ï[ ã≤^•úO`åÅ PkèѨ`«ºO
JO`« Ѩ˜+¨ªOQÍ ÖË^Œ∞. LO>Ë ^•x ^•fi~å =º‰õΩÎÅ ™⁄O`« ¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åʼnõΩ, ã¨OѶ¨∞O
™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõ ¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åʼnõΩ =∞^茺 ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O `«Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_® ^•#O`«@^Õ ‰õΩkˆ~k.
Pi÷Hõ ã¨∂¢`åÅ ^•fi~å 'JÉèí∞º^ŒÜ«∞Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# ™êfi~°÷O ZšѨÙÊ_»∂ ™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõ ¢âıÜ«∞O
HÀã¨"Õ∞ Hõ$+≤ KÕã¨∞ÎOk— Jx ã¨∂¢fHõiOK«_»O U=∂¢`«O ã¨Ô~·# ã¨∂¢fHõ~°} JxÊOK«∞
HÀ^Œ∞. JÖψQ ™êfi~°÷O ZšѨÙÊ_»∂ JÉèí∞º^ŒÜ«∞Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#^Õ Jx K≥ѨÊ_»O ‰õÄ_®
ã¨iHÍ^Œ∞. ã¨fi¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ HÀã¨O Hõ$+≤ KÕ¿ã"å~°∞ KåÖÏ =¸~°öOQÍ, |ÅÇ‘Ï#OQÍ
=º=ǨÏi™êÎ~°∞. XH˘¯Hõ¯™êi "å~°∞ `«=∞ ™⁄O`« ¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ#∞ Ãã·`«O <≥~°"Õ~°∞Û
HÀÖË~°∞. JÖÏO@ѨÙÊ_»∞ "å~°∞ ™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõ ¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ HÀã¨O ZšѨÙÊ_»∞
`«Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_® ¿ã= KÕ™êÎ~°#fl q+¨Ü«∞O =˜ì |∂@HõO.——
|∂~°∞˚"å ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•~°∞Å∞ `«=∞ ™êfi~°÷O JÉèí∞º^ŒÜ«∞Hõ~°=∞~Ú#k HÍ^Œx
ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ `«=∞ PK«~°} ^•fi~å x~°∂Ñ≤OK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. áêi¢âßq∞Hõ qѨ¡=O =Å¡
KÕ‰õĈ~ ¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅhfl `å"Õ∞ HÍ*ËÜ«∂Å#fl L^ÕÌâ◊ºO`À "å~°∞ Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~°O ‰õΩ=∞‡Hõ~Ú
H˘#∞ QÀÅ∞^•~°∞Öˇ·# ¢Ñ¨[Å∞, "Õ`«<åxH˜ ѨxKÕ¿ã HÍi‡‰õΩÅ∞, âßOuÜ«Ú`«
"å`å=~°}O ã¨$+≤ìOKÕ ¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fiO– D =¸_çO˜ ¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ
‰õΩ¢@Ѩ<åfl~°∞. z=iH˜ ¿ãfiKåÛùqѨ}˜ (Free Enterprise)x ÉÏǨ@OQÍ ã¨=∞i÷OKÕ
P^•"£∞ ã≤‡`ü ÖÏO˜ "Õ∞^è•q Ãã·`«O WÖÏ "åºMϺxOK«=Åã≤ =zÛOk:
''"åºáê~°∞Å∞ XHõ KÀ@ HõÅ=_»O JO@∂ [iy`Õ "åi D ã¨=∂"Õâ◊O
¢Ñ¨[ʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ U^À ‰õΩ¢@ Ѩ#fl‰õΩO_®, ^èŒ~°efl ÃÑOKÕ x~°‚Ü«∞O [~°QƉõΩO_®
=ÚyÜ«∞^Œ∞. z=iH˜ U"≥·<å "Õ_»∞HõÖ’¡ áêÖÁæ<åfl JHõ¯_» HõÅã≤ ‰õÄ~°∞Û<Õ J=HÍâ◊O
Åaè¿ãÎ ^•xfl ‰õÄ_® g~°∞ D <Õ~°O KÕÜ«∞‰õΩO_® =$^è• áÈx=fi~°∞.——
JO`ÕH͉õΩO_® D ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•~°∞Å∞ `«=∞ ã¨fi¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ HÀã¨O ã¨OѶ¨∞O
™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõ ¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ Z<Àfl J¢Hõ=∞ Ѩ^Œú`«∞Å∞ J#∞ã¨iOK«
™êQÍ~°∞. L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ WHõ¯_» ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl H˘xfl Ѩ^Œú`«∞Å∞ K«∂_»O_ç:
(1) ÉèÏsÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å`À x`åº=ã¨~° =ã¨∞Î=Ùefl H˘x ÃÑ^ŒÌ Z`«∞Î# xÅfiKÕÜ«∂e.
z=iH˜ |*Ï~°∞Ö’ "å˜ ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~å H˘~°=_ç _ç=∂O_»∞ ÃÑ~°QÍe. WÖÏ ^èŒ~°efl
Hõ$¢u=∞OQÍ ÃÑOK«_»O [~°QÍe.
(2) L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞Å∞, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å =∞^茺 ^ŒàÏs =º=ã¨÷#∞ ã¨$+≤ìOz
ˆH=ÅO ÉϺO‰õΩÉÏºÖˇ#∞ûÅ∞, >ˇeá¶È#¡ P^è•~°OQÍ ã¨~°∞‰õΩ#∞ Ѩ~ÀHõ∆OQÍ ¢HõÜ«∞
q¢HõÜ«∂ʼnõΩ QÆ∞iK≥Ü«∂ºe. Dq^èŒOQÍ L`åÊ^Œ#, ~°"å}Ï `«k`«~° Ѩ#∞Å HÀã¨O
U=∂¢`«O Y~°∞Û ÃÑ@ì‰õΩO_®<Õ JkèHõ ^èŒ~°Å`À ^ŒàÏ~°∞ʼnõΩ ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ KÕ‰õÄ~åÛe.
(3) L`«ÊuÎ J~Ú# ã¨~°∞‰õΩ =∂Ô~¯ò‰õΩ `«~°e¿ãÎ ^èŒ~°Å∞ Ѩ_çáÈÜÕ∞ ¢Ñ¨=∂^ŒO
L#flѨÙÊ_»∞ ^•xfl HÍeÛ"ÕÜ«∞_»"≥∂ ÖËHõ ã¨=Ú¢^ŒOÖ’ áê~°"ÕÜ«∞_»"≥∂ [~°QÍe.
(4) ÃÑ^ŒÌ Z`«∞Î# qÖÏ㨠=ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕã≤ ¢Ñ¨Kå~°O, ¢¿Ñ~°}Å ^•fi~å
"≥Ú^Œ@ Lz`«OQÍ Ñ¨Oz, ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ =∂@Å∞ Je¡ "å˜H˜ ÖËxáÈx _ç=∂O_»∞#∞
ã¨$+≤ìOKåe. `«~°∞"å`« "å˜x x`åº=ã¨~åÅ#∞ Ãã·`«O <≥~°"Õ~°∞ÛHÀÖËx ¿Ñ^Œ, =∞^茺
`«~°QÆu ¢Ñ¨[Å rq`å=ã¨~åÖ’¡ J#=ã¨~°OQÍ K˘Ñ≤ÊOKåe.
(5) x`åº=ã¨~° =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅHõO>Ë qÖÏã¨=ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ "åºáê~°O ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•~°∞ʼnõΩ
Z‰õΩ¯= ÖÏÉèí™ê˜QÍ LO@∞OkQÆ#Hõ [#™ê=∂#ºO J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# "å˜HõO>Ë J#=
ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ HÀã¨O _»|∞ƒ qK«ÛÅq_çQÍ Y~°∞ÛÃÑ>ËìÖÏ "å`å=~°}Ïxfl ã¨$+≤ìOKåe.
(6) ¢Ñ¨[Å P~ÀQͺxH˜ ǨxHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#, <≥·uHõ`«#∞ <åâ◊#O KÕ¿ã, ã¨Éèíº`å ã¨O™ê¯
~åÅ#∞ =∞O@Hõe¿Ñ =ã¨∞Î=Ùefl JO^ŒOQÍ, PHõ~°¬hÜ«∞OQÍ ~°∂á⁄OkOz =∂Ô~¯ò
Ö’H˜ q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕÜ«∂e. ÃÑ^ŒÌZ`«∞Î# ¢Ñ¨Hõ@#Å ^•fi~å ¢Ñ¨[Å =¸_è»#=∞‡HÍÅ#∞,
"åi ‰õ∆Ω¢^ŒÉèÏ"åÅ#∞ L`ÕÎ[Ѩ~°z, "åix Ñ≤KÀÛà◊√§QÍ KÕã≤ ÉèÏ~åºÑ≤Å¡Å#∞ Ãã·`«O
áÈ+≤OK«∞HÀ=_®xˆH ã¨iáÈx "åi ã¨fiÖÏÊ^•Ü«∞O #∞O_ç F ÃÑ^ŒÌÉèÏQÍxfl D =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ
HÀã¨O Y~°∞Û ÃÑ>ËìÖÏ KÕÜ«∂e.
(7) "å}˜*Ϻaè=$kú, Pi÷Hõ ÖÏÉèÏÅ HÀã¨O |ÅÇ‘Ï# *Ï`«∞ŠǨωõΩ¯Å#∞ H˘Å¡
Q˘Ïìe. ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OKåxfl qaè#fl ¢Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åÅ =∞O_»ÖÏÅ∞QÍ qÉèílOz Ö’|~°K«∞HÀ"åe.
P *Ï`«∞Å (^ÕâßÅ)Ö’x ^èŒx‰õΩÅ∞, Éèí∂™êfi=ÚÅ∞, áêi¢âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞, "åºáê~°∞Å∞
^èŒ# qˆHO¢nHõ~°} 19 20 ^èŒ# qˆHO¢nHõ~°}

11. `«=∞ `«=∞ *Ïu¢Ñ¨[efl q∞uÖËx `«=∞ ™êfi~°÷ ¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åʼnõΩ Ѩx=Ú@∞¡QÍ
=∞ÅK«∞H˘x "å~°∞ Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~°O HõÅÇ≤ÏOK«∞‰õΩO@∂ âßâ◊fi`« ã¨OѶ¨∞~°¬}Ö’ Ѩ_ç=ÙO_ÕÖÏ
KÕÜ«∂e. P ã¨OѶ¨∞~°¬}Å∞ W@∞ Ü«Ú^ŒúO ^•fi~å Ѩi+¨¯$`«O H͉õÄ_»^Œ∞† J@∞
ã¨Okè X_»O|_çHõÅ ^•fi~å ‰õÄ_® F H˘eH˜¯ ~å‰õÄ_»^Œ∞.
W=hfl |∂~°∞˚"å =~°æO qâ◊$OYÅ"≥∞ÿ# ¿ãfiK«Ûù ^•fi~å q∞ug∞i# ÖÏÉèÏÅ`À
‰õÄ_ç# ã¨fi¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ HÀã¨O KÕ¿ã JHõ$`åºÅ∞ HÍ"å? J=^èŒ∞ÖË¡x ™êfi~°÷O U "Õ∞~°‰õΩ
JÉèí∞º^ŒÜ«∞Hõ~°=∞=Ù`«∞Ok? ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜ ™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõ ¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ∞ KÕ‰õÄ~°∞`åÜ«∞#fl
|∂@HõѨ٠¢Ñ¨Kå~°O ^•fi~å ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•~°∞Å∞ `«=∞ ã¨fi¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ∞ ™êkèOK«∞
HÀ=_®xH˜ KÕã¨∞Î#fl ‰õΩ˜ÅÜ«∞`åflÅ∞ HÍ"å Wq?
ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s =º=ã¨÷Ö’ Hõ+¨ìr=ÙÖˇ·# ¿Ñ^Œ, =∞^茺 `«~°QÆu ¢Ñ¨[ÖË Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ
#+¨ì áÈÜÕ∞"å~°x `≥Å∞ã¨∂Î<Õ LOk. J~Ú`Õ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•~°∞Å∞ JO`«˜`À `«$Ñ≤Î
K≥O^ŒÖË^Œ∞. Pi÷HõOQÍ zuH˜áÈ~Ú# Hõ+¨ìr=Ùefl P^Œ∞HÀ=_®xH˜ J#fl@∞¡ =_ô¤
=Úã¨∞QÆ∞`À =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ =KåÛ~°∞. =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ "å~°∞ "åºáê~°∞ʼnõΩ, ¢Ñ¨[ʼnõΩ,
¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`åfixH˜ =_ô¤ ÖÏÉèÏÅ qâ◊fi~°∂ѨO ¢Ñ¨^Œi≈Oz "å}˜*Ϻaè=$kúÔH·<å, ¢âßq∞‰õΩÅ
ã¨OˆH∆=∂xÔH·<å, ã¨=∂[ ¢âıÜ«∞ã¨∞ûÔH·<å, ¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi Ѩ^äŒHÍÅ J=∞Å∞ÔH·<å =_ô¤ =º=¿ã÷
HõÅÊ`«~°∞=x q¢ã¨Î$`« ¢Ñ¨Kå~°O KÕã≤ ¢Ñ¨[efl #=∞‡|eHÍ~°∞.
D ¢Ñ¨Kå~°OÖ’ q[Ü«∞O ™êkèOz# `«~åfi`« "å~°∞ "å}˜[º ã¨Oã¨÷ʼnõΩ,
¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi ã¨Oã¨÷ʼnõΩ =_ô¤ ¢áêuѨkHõÃÑ· ~°∞}ÏÅ∞ WKÕÛ"å~°∞. "å}˜[º ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ =_ô¤
"≥Ú`åÎÅ#∞ `«=∞ ÖÏÉèÏÅ #∞O_ç fÜ«∞‰õΩO_® `«=∞ L`«Ê`«∞ÎÅ ^èŒ~°Å#∞ ÃÑOK«_»O
^•fi~å H˘#∞QÀÅ∞^•~°∞Å *Ë|∞Å #∞O_ç fã≤KÕÛ"å~°∞. ¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`åfiÅ~Ú`Õ =_ô¤ |~°∞=Ùx
`˘ÅyOK«∞ HÀ=_®xH˜ Ѩ#∞flÅ∞, tã¨∞ÎÅ∞ ÃÑOz ¢Ñ¨[Å #∞O_ç =ã¨∂Å∞KÕ™êÎ~Ú. WHõ
z#flz#fl "åºáê~°∞Å∞, ã¨#flHÍ~°∞ Ô~·`«∞Å∞, ѨÓ@QÆ_»=x ¢â◊=∞r=ÙÅ∞ QÆ`«ºO`«~°OÖËx
Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡ =_ô¤"åºáê~°∞Å ^ŒQÆæ~° Pã¨∞ÎÅ∞ `åHõ@∞ìÃјì ~°∞}ÏÅ∞ fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤
=ã¨∞ÎOk. XH˘¯Hõ¯ ™êi =_ô¤ f~°Û_®xH˜ ‰õÄ_® =∞m§ JѨÙÊ fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤ =ã¨∞ÎOk.
ã¨HÍÅOÖ’ JѨÙÊÅ∞ f~°ÛÖËx ѨHõ∆OÖ’ =_ô¤"åºáê~°∞Å, ÉϺO‰õΩÅ x~°ÌÜ«∞‰õΩ QÆ∞~°~Ú
`«=∞‰õΩ#fl H˘kÌáê˜ Pã¨∞Îefl ‰õÄ_® áÈQ˘@∞ìHÀ=Åã≤# ^Œ∞ã≤÷u U~°Ê_»∞`«∞Ok.
7. ™È+¨e[O–Hõ=¸ºx[O
ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s =º=ã¨÷Ö’ ¿Ñ^ŒÅ∞, HÍi‡‰õΩÅ∞ f¢="≥∞ÿ# J}z"Õ`«‰õΩ QÆ∞~°~Ú
ZO`À #+¨ìáÈÜ«∂~°∞. "åi ã¨Ç¨Ï#O ã¨iǨÏ^Œ∞ÌʼnõΩ KÕ~°∞H˘x ¢ÉˉõΩ Ѩ_ç# |O_çÖÏ
Py áÈ~ÚOk. "åi QÆ∞O_≥Ö’¡ QÆ∂_»∞Hõ@∞ì‰õΩ#fl ¢HÀ^èŒO JyflѨ~°fi`«OÖÏ ¢|^ŒÌÅ~Ú
áÈ~ÚOk. ^•x ÖÏ"å #∞O_Õ =∞~À Ju"å^Œ"≥∞ÿ# ''™È+¨e[O—— ѨÙ@∞ìH˘zÛOk.
™ê^è•~°}OQÍ ã¨Ô~·# =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈Hõ`«fiO ÖËxKÀ@ XHõ Ju"å^•xfl JO`«"≥ÚOkOK«
_®xH˜ ^•xH˜ aè#fl"≥∞ÿ# =∞~˘Hõ Ju"å^Œ"Õ∞ LxH˜Ö’H˜ =ã¨∞ÎOk. ѨzÛ ™êfi~°÷O`À
‰õÄ_ç# ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s =º=ã¨÷#∞ HÍi‡‰õΩÅ∞, Hõ~°¬‰õΩÅ ã¨∞fÎ H˘_»=à◊§`À JO`«
"≥ÚOkOK«_®xH˜ ™ÈqÜ«∞ò ~°ëêº, K≥·<å `«k`«~° ^ÕâßÖ’¡ ™È+¨eã¨∞ì =º=ã¨÷ |∞ã¨Å∞
H˘_»∂Î =ÚO^Œ∞H˘zÛOk.
™È+¨e[O L^Œº=∞O =º‰õΩÎÅ Pã≤ΠǨωõΩ¯ÃÑ· ^•_çKÕÜ«∞_»O`À ¢áê~°OÉèí
=∞~ÚOk. ™È+¨e[O JO>Ë ''™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõ`«`«fiO—— Jx ÉèÏ=O. D Ѩ^ŒO =ºH˜Î`åfixH˜
=ºuˆ~HÍ~°÷OÖ’ ã¨$+≤ìOK«|_çOk. =ºH˜Î`«fiO (Individualism) P^è•~°OQÍ<Õ P^èŒ∞xHõ
ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s =º=ã¨÷ ~°∂á⁄OkOk. nxH˜ ѨÓiÎ aè#flOQÍ HÍ~°Öò=∂~ü¯û Ü«∂=`«∞Î
¢âıÜ«∞O ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜ ÅaèOѨ*Ë¿ã L^ÕÌâ◊ºO`À ™È+¨e*O ¿Ñ~°∞`À F ¢Ñ¨`ÕºHõ
™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõ`«`åfixfl ¢Ñ¨"Õâ◊ÃÑÏì~°∞. n<Õfl Ãã·O˜Ñ¶≤H± ™È+¨e[O, =∂i¯û[O,
Hõ=¸ºx[O =ÔQ·~å ¿Ñ~°¡`À Ñ≤eKå~°∞.
=º‰õΩÎÅ Pã¨∞ÎÅ#∞ ã¨=∂[Ѩ~°O KÕÜ«∞_»O ^•fi~å<Õ Pi÷Hõ ã¨=∂#`«fiO, Pi÷Hõ
<åºÜ«∞O <≥ÅH˘O@∞O^Œ<Õk ™È+¨e[OÖ’x =¸Åã¨∂¢`«O. =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ Pã≤ÎǨωõΩ¯
Hõey=ÙO_»@"Õ∞ Jã¨Å∞ K≥_»∞‰õΩ =¸Å=∞x ™È+¨eã¨∞ìÅ Jaè¢áêÜ«∞O. `˘_»∞‰õΩ¯<Õ
|@ìÅ∞, "å_»∞‰õΩ<Õ áê¢`«Å∞, WO˜ Ѷ¨sflK«~ü, WOHÍ WÖÏO˜"Õ W`«~° =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞
=ºH˜ÎQÆ`« Pã≤ÎÖ’ LO>Ë Ñ¨~°"åÖË^Œ∞. HÍx Éèí∂q∞, Ü«∞O¢`åÅ∞, "≥∞+‘#∞¡, ã¨Oáê^Œ<å
™ê^èŒ<åÅ~Ú# W`«~° =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅÃÑ· =∂¢`«O =º‰õΩÎʼnõΩ Z˜ì Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡#∂ Pã≤ÎǨωõΩ¯
LO_»~å^Œ∞. XHõ =∞x+≤ D Pã¨∞ÎÅÖ’ U^≥·<å XHõ˜ Hõey=ÙO>Ë ^•x ^•fi~å J`«#∞
^èŒ#O ã¨Oáêk™êÎ_»∞. ^èŒ#O ã¨Oáêk¿ãÎ ^•xfl ‰õÄ_»Éˇ_®Î_»∞. ‰õÄ_»Éˇ_ÕÎ ^•O`À
=∞ˆ~^≥·<å Ü«∞O¢`åxflQÍx, Éèí∂q∞xQÍx H˘x P^•Ü«∞ =#~°∞efl ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩOÏ_»∞.
=#~°∞Å∞ ÃÑiy`Õ H˘O^Œ~°∞ =º‰õΩÎʼnõΩ r`«O ÖËHõ ‰õÄe WKÀÛ ÖË^• =∞ˆ~ Ѩ^Œúu
^•fi~å<≥·<å XѨÊO^ŒO KÕã¨∞H˘x "åi KÕ`« Ѩx KÕ~ÚOK«∞‰õΩOÏ_»∞. WO`«=~°‰õΩ
=KåÛ_»O>Ë J`«#∞ `«Ñ¨Êxã¨iQÍ |∂~°∞˚"å ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•~°∞_»∞ KÕ¿ã^ŒO`å KÕ™êÎ_»∞.
HÍ|˜ì D Ñ≤âßK«O ѨÙ@∞ìHõ =¸ÖÏ<Õfl #iˆH¿ãÎ Ñ‘_» q~°QÆ_»~Ú áÈ`«∞Ok.
J~Ú`Õ =ºH˜ÎQÆ`« Pã¨∞ÎÅ#∞ JO`«"≥ÚOkOKÕ =∂~°æOÖ’ ™È+¨eã¨∞ìʼnõΩ =∞`«
ã¨O¢Ñ¨^•Ü«∂Å∞, <≥·uHõ K«ÏìÅ∞ J=~À^è•Å∞QÍ xeKå~Ú. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ ^èŒx‰õΩÅ,
Éèí∂™êfi=ÚÅ ¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ#∞ HÍáê_ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ "åi `åÉË^•~°∞Öˇ·# H˘O^Œ~°∞ =º‰õΩÎÅ∞
¢Ñ¨=HõÎÅ∞QÍ, ~°∞+¨µÅ∞QÍ, <≥·uHõ`å ¢Ñ¨É’^茉õΩÅ∞QÍ, âßã¨#Hõ~°ÎÅ∞QÍ J=`å~°"≥∞uÎ D
ã¨O¢Ñ¨^•Ü«∂Å∞, K«ÏìÅ∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKå~°x, ZO`À HÍÅO #∞Oz "åi =∂Ü«∂
*ÏÅOÖ’ Ѩ_ç=Ù#fl Hõ+¨ìr=ÙÅ∞ ^•xfl KèÕkOz f~°∞`å~°x g~°∞ =∞`åÅ g∞^Œ ^•_çH˜
kQÍ~°∞. D q^èŒOQÍ ™È+¨eã¨∞ìÅ∞ J<åkQÍ =ã¨∞Î#fl huã¨∂¢`åÅ#∞, =∞`«Ñ¨~°"≥∞ÿ#
ã¨`«ûO¢Ñ¨^•Ü«∂Å#∞ Ãã·`«O =ºuˆ~H˜Oz <åã≤ÎHõ, Éè∫uHõ "å^•Å#∞ LxH˜Ö’H˜
`≥KåÛ~°∞.
^èŒ# qˆHO¢nHõ~°} 21 22 ^èŒ# qˆHO¢nHõ~°}

12. HÍx =∞`« ã¨O¢Ñ¨^•Ü«∂Å#∞, huã¨∂¢`åÅ#∞ JO`«"≥ÚOkOK«_»O JO`«
`ÕeÔH·# ѨxHÍ^Œ∞. "å˜x JO`«OKÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ÃÑ^ŒÌ áÈ~å@O [~°Ñ¨=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
^•x HÀã¨O ™È+¨eã¨∞ì ã≤^•úO`«Hõ~°ÎÅ∞ F zϯ HõxÃјì ^•xH˜ ''QÆ`«OÖ’ =∂#=
<åQÆiHõ`å Ѩi}Ï=∞ ¢Ñ¨QÆ`«∞Åhfl =~°æáÈ~å@O ^•fi~å<Õ [iQÍÜ«∞#fl—— Kåi¢`«Hõ
Ü«∞^è•~°÷Ѩ٠~°OQÆ∞ ѨÙeq∞ [#OÖ’H˜ =kÖÏ~°∞. JO`ÕHÍ^Œ∞ `«=∞ ™È+¨eã¨∞ì
ã≤^•úO`åxH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ ã¨`«º¢áêuѨkHõÃÑ· ZÖÏO˜ q+¨Ü«∞O =ÚO^Œ∞H˘zÛ<å
^•xfl "å~°∞ `«~°¯O`À YO_çã¨∂Î Jã¨Å∞ ''x`«ºã¨`åºÅ<Õq Ug ÖË=——x ã¨∂¢fHõ
iOKå~°∞. Dq^èŒOQÍ "å~°∞ `å=Ú HõxÃјì# ã¨∂¢`åÅ∞, ã≤^•úO`åÅ∞ =∂¢`«O x`«º
ã¨`åºÖË#x K≥ѨÊHõ<Õ K≥áêÊ~°∞.
J~Ú`Õ ''áê`˘Hõ ~À`«, H˘`˘ÎHõ qO`«——J<Õ ™ê"≥∞`« ¢Ñ¨HÍ~°O S~Àáê [#
™ê=∂#ºO ¢áê~°OÉèíOÖ’ ™È+¨e*Ïxfl XHõ qO`«QÍ K«∂ã≤, P `«~°∞"å`« áê`«
q+¨Ü«∂ÅÃÑ· ~À`«Ñ¨Ù˜ì H˘`«Îq+¨Ü«∞O Ѩ@¡ Pã¨H˜Î K«∂áê~°∞. J~Ú<å ™È+¨e[O â◊Hõ@O
`«y#O`« =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ ™êQÆÖË^Œ∞. ^•x HÀã¨O Ô~O_»∞ ¢Ñ¨uáê^Œ#Å∞ =KåÛ~Ú. XHõ
¢Ñ¨uáê^Œ# ¢Ñ¨HÍ~°O D =∂~°∞Ê HÀã¨O ¢Ñ¨*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ q^è•<åÅ∞ J=ÅOaOKåe.
nxHõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ ¢Ñ¨*Ïaè¢áêÜ«∂xfl =∞Åz ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxfl ǨÏã¨ÎQÆ`«O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe.
`«~°∞"å`« âßã¨#x~å‡}O ^•fi~å ¢Hõ=∞OQÍ "åº=™ê~ÚHõ Pã¨∞Îefl, áêi¢âßq∞Hõ,
"å}˜[º ˆHO¢^•efl ™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõ Pã¨∞ÎÅ∞QÍ *ÏfÜ«∞O KÕÜ«∂e.
nxH˜ aè#flOQÍ Ô~O_À=~°æO ¢Ñ¨uáê^Œ# ¢Ñ¨HÍ~°O ¢Ñ¨*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ q^è•<åÅ`À D
=∂~°∞Ê ~å^Œ∞. nxH˜ qѨ¡"å`«‡Hõ q^è•<åÅ∞ HÍ"åe. ¿Ñ^Œefl, HÍi‡‰õΩefl ã¨OѶ¨∞˜`«O
KÕÜ«∂e. ^èŒxHõ, Éèí∂™êfi=∞º, áêi¢âßq∞Hõ =~åæÅ#∞ ZkiOz gÖˇ·# Ѩ^Œú`«∞Åxfl˜h
J=ÅOaOz áÈ~å@O[~°áêe. "åi Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞, Hõ~å‡QÍ~åÅ∞, "åºáê~° ˆHO¢^•Å#∞
^ÀK«∞HÀ"åe. =ºuˆ~H˜OKÕ"åix JO`«"≥ÚOkOKåe. Dq^èŒOQÍ |∂~°∞˚"å áêÅ##∞
`«∞^Œ=Ú˜ìOz ¢âßq∞Hõ=~°æ xÜ«∞O`«$`«fiO <≥ÅH˘ÖÏÊe.
`«~°∞"å`« (=∞#) K«@ìO^•fi~å =ºH˜Î ÖËHõ =º‰õΩÎÅ KÕ`« Ѩx KÕ~ÚOK«∞HÀ=_®xfl,
ÖÏÉèíO QÆ_çOK«_®xfl x¿+kèOK«_»O [~°QÍe. D qѨ¡=O q[Ü«∞=O`«O J~Ú#
`«~åfi`« ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•~°∞Å∞ =∞m§ ¢|uH˜ |@ìHõ>Ëì ¢Ñ¨=∂^ŒO LO_»^Œ∞. JѨÙÊ_»∞ D
HÍi‡Hõ xÜ«∞O`«$`«fiO `«#O`«@^Õ ZO_ç ~åeáÈ`«∞Ok. ^•x ™ê÷#OÖ’ ZÖÏO˜
|ÖÏ`å¯~åÅ∞ ÖËx, Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~å"≥∂^ŒO, ã¨ÅǨã¨O¢Ñ¨kOѨÙÅ`À ™êˆQ F H˘`«Î =º=ã¨÷
^•#O`«@^Õ ^•x ™ê÷#O P¢Hõq∞OK«∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. (ZÖÏQÀ, U"≥∂!) D Ô~O_»=
ѨO^ä• ¿Ñˆ~ qѨ¡=™È+¨e[O. nxfl ÉÁÖò+≤fi[O, =∂i¯û[O Jx ‰õÄ_® JOÏ~°∞.
Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅ∞ Ô~O_»= ¢Ñ¨uáê^Œ##∞ J=∞Å∞Ѩ~°K«_®xH˜ x~°‚~ÚOK«∞H˘x
ã¨=∞Ü«∞O HÀã¨O xsH˜∆OKå~°∞. z=iH˜ 1914–18 =∞^茺 [iy# "≥Ú^Œ˜ ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OK«
Ü«Ú^ŒúO JÅ[_çx Pã¨~åQÍ fã¨∞H˘x ~°ëêºÖ’ F qѨ¡=O ÖË=nâß~°∞. P `«~°∞"å`«
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Ѩ٘ìOz JHõ¯_ç áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ `«Å<˘Ñ≤ÊQÍ `«Ü«∂~°Ü«∂º~°#flk ‰õÄ_® LOk.
™È+¨eã¨∞ì =º=ã¨÷Ö’ WÖÏ [~°QÆ_»O Pâ◊Û~°ºHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞"Õ∞g∞ HÍ^Œ∞. [~°QÆHõ
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P~°∞HÍÜ«∞Å∞QÍ =i÷ÖË¡q Jqhu, J<åºÜ«∂Å∞ HÍHõáÈ`Õ hu, <åºÜ«∂Å∞
=i÷Å∞¡`åÜ«∂?
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`å=Ú ã¨fi¢Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åaèÖÏ+¨#∞, ™êfi~°÷ÉèÏ"åÅ#∞ ¢Ñ¨[Å PO`«~åºÅ #∞O_ç f¿ãã≤
"å`å=~°}OÖ’x =∂~°∞Ê^•fi~å "åiÖ’ ™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõÉèÏ=# [xOѨ*Ë™êÎ=∞x Hõ=¸º
xã¨∞ìÅ∞ ¢Ñ¨QÆÖσùÅ∞ ѨeHÍ~°∞. HÍx PK«~°}Ö’ "å~°∞ Ѷ¨∞’~°OQÍ qѶ¨Å=∞Ü«∂º~°∞.
¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fiO =º‰õΩÎÅ Pã¨∞ÎÅ∞ ™êfinè#O KÕã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ ǨÏ^Œ∞Ìg∞i# ^Ò~°˚<åºÅ∞,
^ŒO_»#Å`Àáê@∞ =OK«#, "åQÍÌ#ÉèíOQÍÅ∞, J|^•úÅ∞, J¢Hõ=∂ʼnõΩ Ãã·`«O áêÅÊ_»
=Åã≤ =zÛOk. D =∂~°æOÖ’ J=~À^è•Å∞QÍ xez# hu ã¨∂¢`åÅ∞, =∞`« ã¨O¢Ñ¨^•
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nx HÀã¨O Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ F H˘`«Î <≥·uHõ ^Œ$HõÊ^äŒO ã¨$+≤ìOKå~°∞.
ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ Öˇx<£ J#fl D =∂@Å∞ q#O_ç:
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ÖËHõ Jk '=~°æqÉèí[#— ÉèÏ=#‰õΩ Jf`«"≥∞ÿ# U ÉèÏ"åÅ #∞O_ç ѨÙ>Ëì^Œ~Ú<å "Õ∞=Ú
^•xfl u~°ã¨¯iã¨∞Î<åflO. =∂ ^Œ$+≤ìÖ’ <≥·uHõ`« J<Õk ˆH=ÅO =~°æáÈ~åÏxH˜ Ö’|_ç
LOk.....¢âßq∞Hõ xÜ«∞O`«$`«fi ¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`åfixfl Ѩ˜+¨ìOQÍ, ã¨∞ã≤÷~°OQÍ <≥ÅH˘ÅÊ_®xH˜
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l`«∞ÎÅ∞, =OK«#Å∞, LáêÜ«∂Å∞, ™ê‰õΩÅ∞, ™ê^èŒ<åÅ∞, Jã¨`åºÅ∞, J¢Hõ=∂Å∞
J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ<å 㨈~ "å@xfl˜h LѨÜ≥∂y™êÎO.——
=ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ L`«ÊuÎ Y~°∞ÛÅ∞, "å˜ =∂Ô~¯ò ^èŒ~°Å =∞^茺 L#fl =º`åºã¨O
JO>Ë ''ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞—— ˆH=ÅO Éèí∂™êfi=ÚÅ∞, áêi¢âßq∞Hõ"Õ`«ÎÅ∞, |_® "åºáê~°ã¨∞ÎÅ∞
=O˜ H˘xfl ¢Ñ¨`ÕºHõ =~åæÅ *Ë|∞Ö’¡H˜ áȉõΩO_® "≥Ú`«ÎO ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜ K≥O^ÕÖÏ
™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõ (¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi) Y*Ï<åÖ’H˜ KÕi`Õ "å˜x Jxfl =~åæÅ ¢Ñ¨[ʼnõΩ ã¨=∂#OQÍ
ÖË^• Hõhã¨O ã¨=∞O[ã¨OQÍ<≥·<å ѨOÑ≤}© KÕÜ«∞=K«Ûx Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞
ÉèÏqOKå~°∞. =ºH˜ÎQÆ`« Pã¨∞ÎÅ#∞ JO`«"≥ÚOkOK«_®xH˜ Jã¨Å∞ HÍ~°}O W^Õ. HÍx
"åã¨Î=OQÍ [iyO^Õq∞©?
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ÅHõ∆Å ~°∂|∞à◊§‰õΩ KÕiáÈ~ÚOk. JO>Ë Ñ¨Ó~°fiO |∂~°∞˚"å ã¨=∂*ÏÖ’¡ ÃÑ·`«~°QÆ`«∞Å∞,
¢H˜Ok `«~°QÆ`«∞Å =∞^茺 ZÖÏ Pi÷Hõ Jã¨=∂#`«Å∞ LO_Õ"À WѨÙÊ_»∞ ™È+¨eã¨∞ì
ã¨=∂[OÖ’ ‰õÄ_® JÖÏO˜ Pi÷Hõ Jã¨=∂#`«ÖË KÀ@∞KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åflÜ«∞#fl =∂@.
HÍHõáÈ`Õ ¢Ñ¨u =∞x+≤H© u#_®xH˜ Ô~O_»∞ ѨÓ@ÖÏ ‰õÄ_»∞, =à◊√§ HõѨÙÊHÀ=_®xH˜
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J`«_çfl P^Œ∞‰õΩ<Õ J=HÍâ◊O ‰õÄ_® ÅaèOzOk.
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=∞"Õ∞Hõ=∞~Ú L#fl ^≥·qHõÉèÏ=#, huxÜ«∞=∂Å∞, =∞`« ã¨O¢Ñ¨^•Ü«∂Å
ã¨~°fi<åâ◊#O!!!!
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huxÜ«∞=∂Å#∞ ZO`À HÍÅO J}zÃÑ@ìÖË^Œ∞. ÖÏ"å`À Ö’Ö’# ‰õΩ`«‰õΩ`«ÖÏ_Õ
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"åºkè =ÚkiáÈ~Ú ™È+¨eã¨∞ì =º=ã¨÷ H͘H˜ HÍà◊√§ *ÏÑ≤Ok.
™È+¨eã¨∞ì ~°ëêº z=i J^茺‰õ∆Ω_»∞ Q˘~°ƒK≥"£ áêÅ#Ö’ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì
áêsì J¢QÆ<åÜ«∞‰õΩÖ’¡ XHõ_»~Ú# Zeû<£ ZO`À KåHõK«HõºO`À JkèHÍ~°O ǨÏã¨ÎQÆ`«O
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JHõ¯_» ™È+¨eã¨∞ì =º=ã¨÷ <å=∞=∂¢`«OQÍ<≥·<å q∞ye LOk.
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JÖψQ LO_çáÈÜ«∂~Ú. JO`ÕHÍ^Œ∞, ™ÈqÜ«∞ò ~°ëêºÖ’ Hõ=¸ºx[O JO`«O
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=ÚO^Œ∞H˘zÛOk.
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14. 8. #∂`«# ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OK« =º=ã¨÷
ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s =º=ã¨÷ D™êi ''#∂º =~°Öò¤ P~°¤~ü—— (#∂`«# ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OK« =º=ã¨÷)
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QÆ∞~°~Ú L<åfl~Ú. Jq `«=∞ áê^•Å H˜O^Œ Éèí∂q∞ HõOÑ≤ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡ J^Œi
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D J#∞=∂#Ѩ٠ÃÑ#∞Éèí∂`«O Uq∞©? "å˜ #∂`«# ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OK« =º=ã¨÷ (#∂º
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"å˜ ã¨∞O^Œ~° TǨ™œ^è•xH˜ `«∂@∞¡ "Õ™ÈÎOk. D<å_»∞ ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OK«OÖ’x qq^èŒ
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QÆQÀæÅ∞ÃÑ_»∞`«∂, D #∂`«# K≥·`«<åºxH˜ =∞`«KèåO^Œã¨ "å^Œ=∞x, ѨÙ<åk"å^ŒO
(Fundamentalism) Jx, ¿Ñ~°∞¡ÃÑ˜ì ¢Ñ¨*Ï™êfi=∂ºxH˜, Ãã‰õΩºÅi*ÏxH˜ |^Œú
q~À^èŒx =∂#=ǨωõΩ¯Å‰õΩ, ¿ãfiKåÛù ¢Ñ≤Ü«∞`åfixH˜ ÃÑ^ŒÌ ¢Ñ¨=∂^ŒO =ÚOK«∞H˘zÛO^Œx
^Œ∞¢+¨ÊKå~°O KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú.
x*ÏxH˜ D ^ÕâߊѨiã≤÷u QÆ=∞xã¨∞ÎO>Ë ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s "å^ŒO, Pi÷Hõ ^ÀÑ≤_ç,
E^ŒO, =_ô¤ ¢áêuѨkHõÅÃÑ· U~°Ê_ç# áêâßÛ`«º<åQÆiHõ`å ¢áê™ê^ŒO W™ê¡O
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P^èŒ∞xH©Hõ~°}, =∂#="≥∞ÿ¢u, L^•~°"å^ŒO (Liberalism), áêâßÛ`«º`«~°Ç¨ ¢Ñ¨*Ï
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Ñ‘_ç`« *Ï`«∞Å∞ WѨÙÊ_»∞ D "≥∂ã¨Ñ¨Ù Z`«∞ÎQÆ_»Å #∞O_ç |Ü«∞@Ѩ_»ÏxH˜
¢Ñ¨Ü«∞uflOK«_»O`À J"≥∞iHÍ, ^•x q∞¢`«^ÕâßÅ∞ ɡkiáÈ`«∞<åfl~Ú.
S~ÀáêÖ’ Hõ=¸ºx[O `«∞_çzÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩáÈ=_»O, =∞^茺¢áêK«ºOÖ’ `«#
ã¨~åfikèHÍ~° Ѩ`åHÍxfl ZQÆ~°"ÕÜ«∞_»O [iQÍHõ J"≥∞iHÍ ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OK«OÖ’ UÔH·Hõ J¢QÆ
~å[ºOQÍ xezOk. HÍx J^Õ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ ^•xH˜ `«# Ѩ`«#KèåÜ«∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_®
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S~Àáê `«# ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s â◊H˜Î, PÜ«Ú^è•Å∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞ l`«∞ÎÅ∞, ZO_»=∂q
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¿ãfiKåÛùâßO`«∞Å HÍ=Ú‰õΩxQÍ x~°∂Ñ≤OK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ ¢Ñ¨Ü«∞uflOzOk. JO`ÕQÍHõ
¢Ñ¨*Ï™êfi=∞º `«~°Ç¨ áêÅ<å=º=ã¨÷#∞ `«# ¢Ñ¨`ÕºHõ Pq+¨¯~°}QÍ ¢Ñ¨Kå~°O
KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#flk. HÍx P `«~°∞"å`« ã¨OÉèíqOz# JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ Ѩi}Ï=∂Å ¢Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O`À
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QÆeQÍ~Ú. J~Ú`Õ áêâßÛ`«º*Ï`«∞Å Pi÷Hõ, ™êO㨯$uHõ ^•ã¨ºO #∞Oz |Ü«∞@
Ѩ_ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ `«∂~°∞Ê *Ï`«∞Å∞ ™êyã¨∞Î#fl ™êfi`«O¢`«º ã¨=∞~°O J"≥∞iH͉õΩ WOHÍ
`«Å<˘Ñ≤ÊQÍ<Õ LOk.
J"≥∞iHÍ J^茺‰õ∆Ω_»∞ *Ïi˚|∞+π, J`«x q∞¢`«‰õÄ@q∞ `«=∞ ã¨~°fi™ê^èŒ#
ã¨OѨuÎ`À, Ü«∂=`«∞Î Ü«∞O¢`åOQÆO`À, `«=∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞ K«^Œ~°OQÆO`À, Ãã·xHõâ◊H˜Î`À
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New World Order (#∂`«# ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OK« =º=ã¨÷). HÍx D #∂º =~°Öò¤ P~°¤~ü
"åã¨Î"åxH˜ H˘`«Îã‘™êÖ’ áÈã≤# áê`«™ê~å ÖÏO˜^Õ `«Ñ¨Ê =∞ˆ~g∞HÍ^Œ∞. nx L^ÕÌâ◊ºO
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J"≥∞iHÍ, ^•x q∞¢`«^ÕâßÅ∞ HõÅÅ∞ HõO@∞<åfl~Ú.
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Å#fl _ç=∂O_»∞¡ ‰õÄ_® KÕÜ«∞_»O [iyOk.
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"åi Jaè¢áêÜ«∞O ¢Ñ¨HÍ~°O =∂#=ǨωõΩ¯Å#∞ Q“~°qOKÕ, ¢Ñ¨[ʼnõΩ Pi÷Hõ
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™êˆQO^Œ∞‰õΩ ѨÓiÎ ™êfi`«O¢`«ºO LO_®e.
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áêâßÛ`«º^ÕâßÅ∞ ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OK«OÖ’ `å=Ú ¢Ñ¨*Ï™êfi=∞º *’ºux "≥eyOz Ç≤ÏO™ê
^Ò~°˚<åºÅ pHõ@¡#∞ áê~°^ÀÅ_®xH˜ ZO`«QÍ<À Hõ$+≤ KÕã≤#@∞¡ Q˘Ñ¨ÊÅ∞ K≥ѨÙÊ
‰õΩOÏ~°∞. HÍx Pã≤Ü«∂, P¢Ñ¶≤HÍÅÖ’ ¢Ñ¨*Ï™êfi=∞ºO =$kúK≥O^Œ_®xfl "å~°∞ U<å_»∂
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W™ê¡g∞Ü«∞ ¢Ñ¨*Ï™êfi=∞ºO HõO>Ë W™ê¡"Õ∞`«~° xÜ«∞O`«$`«fi"Õ∞ "Õ∞Å@!! ^≥·=cèu,
Ѩ~°Ö’Hõ ["å|∞^•s ÉèÏ=# ¢áêuѨkHõÅÃÑ· U~°Ê_Õ W™ê¡g∞Ü«∞ ¢Ñ¨*Ï ™êfi=∞ºO
=∂#=ǨωõΩ¯Å#∞ Q“~°qã¨∂Î ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ, Pi÷Hõ <åºÜ«∂xfl, <≥·uHõ ¢Ñ¨=∂}ÏÅ#∞, âßOf
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JO`ÕHÍ^Œ∞, áêâßÛ`«∞ºÅ∞ =∂#=ǨωõΩ¯Å H˘~°‰õΩ XHõ ÅH∆ͺxfl xˆ~ÌtOz ™êkèOK«ÖËHõ
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=OK«_®xH˜ ã≤^ŒúOQÍ ÖË~°∞.
Jb˚iÜ«∂ ™ê~°fi¢uHõ ZxflHõÖ’¡ W™ê¡q∞H± ™êÖËfi+¨<£ ¢Ñ¶¨Oò Ѷ¨∞#q[Ü«∞O
™êkèOz#ѨÙÊ_»∞ áêâßÛ`«º"Õ∞^è•=ÙÅ∞ z¢Ô~uÎáÈ~Ú JHõ¯_» =∞`«KèåO^Œã¨∞Å∞ JkèHÍ~°O
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áêÅÊ_»@O [iyáÈÜ«∂~Ú.)
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áÈHõ_»#∞ `«Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_® `≥zÛÃÑ_»∞ÎOk.—— JÖψQ ѨtÛ=∞^ÕâßʼnõΩ W+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# =∞~À Ãã·xHõ
xÜ«∞O`« *ˇ·#∞Öò Pan<£ (@∞x+≤Ü«∂ J^茺‰õ∆Ω_»∞) W™ê¡q∞ã¨∞ìÅ#∞ J}K«_®xH˜
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PÜ«∞# áêâßÛ`«º ¢Ñ¨Éèí∞=ÙŠѨ@¡ `«#‰õΩ#fl ™êfiq∞ÉèíH˜Îx Kå@∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞.
¢Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`«O W™ê¡O‰õΩ, J*Ï˝xH˜ =∞^茺 qâ◊fi"åºÑ¨Î ã¨OѶ¨∞~°¬} [~°∞QÆ∞`ÀOk.
J"≥∞iHÍ `«# '#∂º =~°Öò¤ P~°¤~ü— ^•fi~å Ü«∂=`«∞Î J*Ï˝#, J<åQÆiHõ â◊‰õΩÎʼnõΩ
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`«#‰õΩ q^èÕÜ«ÚÅ~Ú# P xÜ«∞O`«Å ^•fi~å JHõ¯_ç ¢Ñ¨*Ï L^Œº=∂Å#∞ L‰õΩ¯
áê^ŒO`À J}z"Õ™ÈÎOk. W™ê¡O#∞ QÆ∞iOz, W™ê¡O Jaè=∂#∞Å#∞ QÆ∞iOz Jã¨`«º
¢Ñ¨Kå~°OKÕã¨∂Î ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OKåxfl JѨ=∂~°æO Ѩ˜ì™ÈÎOk.
Dq^èŒOQÍ J"≥∞iHÍ ™ÈqÜ«∞ò Ü«¸xÜ«∞<£ Ѩ`«<å#O`«~°O `«# '#∂º =~°Öò¤
P~°¤~ü—‰=∂~°æOÖ’ JuÃÑ^ŒÌ J=~À^èŒOQÍ q∞ye# W™ê¡g∞Ü«∞ â◊H˜Îx ‰õÄ_® `˘ÅyOz
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^Œ∞+¨ì Ѩ^äŒHÍÅ∞ ZO`ÀHÍÅO ™êQÆ=Ù. D Jã¨`«ºO, J<åºÜ«∞O, J}z"Õ`«Å
HÍ~°∞"Õ∞Ѷ¨∂Å Kå@∞ #∞OKÕ U^À XHõ~ÀA âßOfã¨∞ã≤÷~°`«Å∞, hu<åºÜ«∂ʼnõΩ ¢Ñ¨fHõ
J~Ú# W™ê¡O ÉèÏ#∞_»∞ `«Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_® `«# ã¨Ç¨Ï¢ã¨ H˜~°}ÏÅ`À L^Œ~Ú™êÎ_»∞.
'#∂`«# ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OK« =º=ã¨÷— JO>Ë WÖÏ LO@∞O^Œ@!– J"≥∞iHÍ ã¨=∂Kå~°âßY
¢Ñ¨HÍ~°O ''#∂º =~°Öò¤ P~°¤~ü—— D ¢H˜Ok POâßÅ`À ‰õÄ_ç LOk:
(1) U ^ÕâßxÔH·<å `«# Éè∫QÀoHõ ã¨iǨÏ^Œ∞ÌÅ Éèí¢^Œ`« HÀã¨O J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# "Õ∞~°ˆH
Ãã·xHõ, ~°Hõ∆} â◊H˜Î Hõey LO_ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ J#∞=∞uOK«_»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
(2) U ^Õâ◊"≥∞ÿ<å `«# ~°Hõ∆}, Ãã·xHõ â◊H˜Îx ÃÑOK«∞HÀ^Œe¿ãÎ Jk SHõº~å[º
ã¨q∞u J#∞=∞u `«Ñ¨Êxã¨iQÍ fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok. (SHõº~å[ºã¨q∞u WѨÙÊ_»∞
ѨÓiÎQÍ J"≥∞iHÍ J_»∞QÆ∞ʼnõΩ =∞_»∞QÆ∞ÖÁ`ÕÎ ã¨Oã¨÷QÍ =∂iO^Œ#fl ã¨OQÆu `≥eã≤O^Õ.)
(3) J}ÏfiÜ«Ú^è•Å∞ ¢Ñ¨Ñ¨OK« q<åâßxˆH LѨHõi™êÎ~Ú Hõ#∞Hõ, "å˜x
gÖˇ·#O`«=~°‰õΩ JO`«"≥ÚOkOKåe. J}∞â◊H˜Î ¢Ñ¨[Å (z#fl^ÕâßÅ) KÕ`«∞Ö’¡ LO_»
‰õÄ_»^Œ∞.
(4) U ^Õâ◊OÖ’#~Ú<å ~å[H©Ü«∞ ѨikèH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# =∂~°∞Ê ~å[H©Ü«∞
q^è•<åÅ ^•fi~å<Õ fã¨∞‰õΩ~å"åe.
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