1. Textile Fibers
FIBER &
YARNS
PRESENTED BY – NEERAJ K SINHA, DESIGN PROFESSIONAL .
AN ALUMNI OF NIFT KOLKATA . EMAIL – sinhaneeraj01@gmail.com

2. Key Terms
 Fabrics
 Fibers
 Natural Fibers
 Regenerated Fibers
 Synthetic Fibers

3. Definition of Fibers…….
 Amorphological term for substances characterized by their flexibility,
fineness and high ratio of length to cross sectional area.
 Aunit of matter, either natural or manufactured, that forms
element of fabrics and other textile structures.
the basic
 It is defined as one of the delicate, hair portions of the tissues of a plant
animal or other substances that are very small in diameter in relation to
there length.
or

4.  A fiber is characterized by having a length at least 100 times its diameter or
width.
 The term refers to units that can be spun into a yarn
various methods including weaving, knitting, braiding,
or made into a fabric by
felting, and twisting.
 The essential requirements for fibers to be spun into yarn include a length of
at least 5
important
luster.
millimeters, flexibility, cohesiveness, and sufficient strength. Other
properties include elasticity, fineness, uniformity, durability, and

5. Types of Fibers
and Yarns
 Fibers are spun into yarn
 Yarns are uninterrupted threads of textile
turned into fabrics
 Natural
 Originate from natural sources
 Plant (cellulosic) or animal (protein)
fibers that are ready to be
 Manufactured, synthetic, or man-made (terms interchangeable)
 Originate from chemical sources
 May also be from regenerated or recycled sources

7. Natural Fibers
 Natural fibers are textile fibers made
from plants or animals
 Cellulosic (from plants)
 Cotton
 From cotton plants
 Flax (linen)
 From flax stems
 Jute (Jute stems)
 Protein (from animals)
 Silk
 From cocoons of silkworms
 Wool
 From fleece (hair) of sheep or
lambs

8. Characteristics of
Natural
 Natural fibers are usually:
Absorbent
Comfortable
Cooler to wear
Wrinkle more
Shrink when washed
Fibe
rs
 Important
Cotton
Linen
Jute
Wool
Silk
natural fibers are:

9. Cotton
 Cellulosic fiber
 From “bolls” (seed pods) growing on bushes
 “Environmentally friendly” cotton can be grown in a
range of colors
 Main textile products of China, India, Iran, Pakistan
and Egypt
 Made into a wide range of wearing apparel

10. Cotton
Advantages:
 Comfortable
 Absorbent
Disadvantages:
Shrinks in hot water
Wrinkles easily
Weakened by perspiration
sun
Burns easily
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 Good color retention and
 Dyes & prints
 Washable
 Strong
well
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 Affected by mildew
 Drapes
 Easy to
well
handle and sew
 Inexpensive

11. Linen (Flax)
 Flax is the fiber name; linen is the
fabric name.
 World’s oldest textile fiber, dates
back to StoneAge 5,000 years.
 Cellulosic fiber from
plant.
 Towels, sheets, and
are called “linens”.
stem of flax
tablecloths

12. Linen
(Flax)
Advantages:
 Strong
 Comfortable
 Hand-washable
 Absorbent
 Dyes and prints
 Resists dirt and
 Durable
Disadvantages:
Wrinkles easily
Can be expensive
Shrinks Burns
easily Affected by
mildew
perspiration
Ravels
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or dry-cleanable
well
stains
and
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Difficult to remove
Shines if ironed
creases Withstands high heat
 Lint-free

13. Jut
e
 Jute is a long, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong
threads.
 The fibers are off-white to brown, and 1–4 meters (3–12 feet) long.
Bangladesh is the world’s largest exporter of
same land-water area as rice and is a very
harvest.
jute. Jute is grown in the
difficult crop to grow and
 Other important jute export countries include India, China, Burma
(Myanmar), Pakistan, Nepal and Thailand.

14. All rights are reserved
Advantages
Disadvantages
Great antistatic properties
Low thermal conductivity.
Moisture Regain properties is good
enough (about 13.75%).
100% Biodegradable; so it is
environment friendly fiber like Cotton.
Cheap in market.
Can be widely used inAgriculture
Sector, Textile Sector, Woven Sector,
Nonwoven Sector.
Jute Fiber can be blended with Natural
and Synthetic fibers.
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•The crease resistance of Jute is very low.
•Drape Property is not good enough.
•Create Shade effect and becomes yellowish if sunlight
is used.
•If Jute is wetted it lose it’s strength.
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15. Coir
• Is a natural fiber extracted from the husk of coconut
• Products such as floor mats, doormats, brushes,
mattresses, etc.
• Technically, coir is the fibrous material found between the
hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut.
• Other uses of brown coir (made from ripe coconut) are in
upholstery padding, sacking and horticulture.
• White coir, harvested from unripe coconuts, is used for
making finer brushes, string, rope and fishing nets.

16. He
mpHemp fiber was widely used throughout
history. Items ranging from rope, to
fabrics, to industrial materials were made
from hemp fiber.
Hemp was often used to make
sail canvas, and the word canvas derives
from cannabis.
Today, a modest hemp fabric industry
exists, and hemp fibers can be used in
clothing.

 Pure hemp has a texture similar to linen.
All rights are reserved17

17. Banana Fibers
• Anative plant of SoutheastAsia, banana is now
grown extensively in all tropical countries for fruit,
fiber or foliage.
• These fibers are obtained mainly from stem.
• The fibers obtained from the central core are of
low.er quality compared to the fibbers obtained
mainly from pseudo stem.At present, banana fiber
is available in three qualities
• It is used to make fancy items like bags, table
mats, purses, etc and their latest venture is
weaving of banana fiber fabric
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18. Wool
 Protein fiber from sheep or lambs
 Worsted wool is higher quality with long
staple fibers (over 2 inches)
 Natural insulator
 The term wool can only apply to all animal
hair fibers, including the hair of cashmere or
angora goat
 As well as the
alpaca, llama,
specialty hair
or vicuna
fibers of camel,

19. Wo
ol
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Warm
Lightweight
Wrinkle-resistant
Absorbent
Dyes well
Comfortable
Durable
Affected by moths
Shrinks with heat and moisture
Needs special care, dry cleaning
Absorbs orders
Scratchy on skin
Weakens when wet
Harmed by bleach, perspiration
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Creases well
Easy to tailor
Recyclable

20. Silk
•Silkworms spin cocoons in filaments
•Filament is a very long, fine, continuous thread
•It can take as many as 500 cocoons to create 1 blouse

21. Sil
k
Advantages:
 Soft
 Drapes well
 Dyes and prints
 Very strong
Lightweight
Disadvantages:
 Expensive
 Needs special care, dry cleaning
 Stains with water
 Yellows with age
Weakened by perspiration, sun,
soap
well
Resists soil,
Comfortable
Absorbent
mildew, and moths
Attacked by insects, silverfish

22. Sisal fibers
 Sisal is a perennial hardy plant, which
unlike the other fibers is not a
seasonal crop.
 It can establish and easily grow in all
states of India covering sub humid to
arid and semiarid regions, which cover
major parts of India.

23. Pineapple(PINA)
Fiber…
 Piña is a fiber made from the leaves of a
pineapple and is commonly used in the
Philippines
 It is sometimes combined with silk or
polyester to create a textile fabric.
 The people there used to extract fibers from
pineapple leaves and through hand spinning,
made a soft, sheer and a little stiff fabric- the
piña fabric. It's regal and exotic!

24. Manufactured Fibers
 Manufactured fibers are fibers created by a manufacturing process of any
substance that is not a fiber.
 Cellulosic- from generated fibrous substance in plants.
 Non-cellulosic or synthetic- made from petrochemical products.
 Process
Raw materials melted or dissolved to form thick syrup
Liquid extruded through spinneret
Extruded filaments stretched and hardened into fibers

25. All rights are reserved
Ray
on•1st manufactured in 1894 by theAmerican Viscose
Company
•Used during WW 1 for industrial products
•Derived from wood pulp, cotton linters, or vegetable
matter
•Rayon led to crepe, velvet, and satin fabrics

26. Rayon
Advantages:
 Soft and comfortable
 Drapes well
 Durable
 Highly absorbent
Dyes and prints well
Disadvantages:
 Wrinkles easily unless
 Low resiliency
 Heat sensitive
 Susceptible to mildew
Stretches
Weakens when wet
treated
No static or pilling
Inexpensive
Colorfast
 May be washable
problems
Fabric shrinks if washed
May need dry cleaning

27. Acetate Rayon
•Developed in early 20th century
•Produced in 1924 by the Celanese Corporation
•Used to line coats and
Advantages:
 Luxurious appearance
 Crisp (texture) soft hand
fabrics
Disadvantages:
Requires dry cleaning
Weak
Heat sensitive
Poor abrasion resistance
Dissolved by nail polish remover (acetone)
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 Wide range of colors; dyes and prints well
 Drapes well
 Resists shrinkage, moths, and mildew
 Low moisture absorbency, relatively fast
drying
 No pilling, little static

28. Lyocell
 Lyocell is the newest of the cellulosic manufactured
 Trade name is Tencel®
Advantages:
Absorbent
Biodegradable
Strong
fibers
Resists sunlight, aging,
Disadvantages
Susceptible to mildew
Used to Make:
and abrasion
Reusable woven materials
Fashion fabrics
Soft denims
shirts

29. Bamboo
 It is a regenerated cellulose fiber.
 Bamboo fiber is 100% made from
bamboo through a high-tech process.
 Fastest growing plant and takes only
3-4 years to reach maturity

30. Advantage:
•High strength, health care
•Anti- bacteria
•Moisture management and
•Soft hand feel
•Anti-static
•Perfect for Sensitive Skin
Disadvantage:
•Poor spinability
•High cost (30 to 40 % higher than cotton)
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31. Corn Fiber
 Trade name of this fiber is Ingeo.
 Ingeo fiber combines the qualities of natural
and synthetic fibers in a new way.
 Strength
comfort,
addition,
and resilience are balanced with
softness and drape
has
in textiles. In
Ingeo fiber good moisture
management characteristics.
 This means that Ingeo fiber is ideally
fabrics from fashion to furnishings.
suited to

32. Advantages of Corn fiber
 Good color fast (i.e. does not fade).
 Wrinkle free (doesn’t need ironing).
 Good Resilient - it doesn’t shrink.
 Doesn’t absorb odors.
 Has excellent soil release and stain resistance.
 Has excellent performance when compared to other fibers.
 Is hypoallergenic. Ingeo has never caused an allergic
independent testing.
 Has excellent U.V. resistance (better than polyester).
reaction in

33. Milk Fiber
 Milk Yarn is made from milk protein fibers.
 To make it, milk is first dewatered, i.e. all the water content
is taken out from it and then it is skimmed.
 New bio-engineering technique is then applied to make a
protein spinning fluid.
 This fluid is suitable for wet spinning process through which
the final high-grade textile fiber is made.
All rights are reserved35

34. Advanta
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Eco-friendly in nature.
It can be considered as Green Product .
More compatible to human skin.
Milk fiber has sanitarian function.
Comfortable, excellent water transportation & air permeability.
Milk Fiber has the advantages natural Fiber combined with
synthetic Fiber.
Disadvantages of casein fiber
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It gets wrinkles easily after washing and needs to be ironed every time.
It should not be washed in machine and that is because it's not a very hard fiber
It has a low durability
Due to abundance of other fabrics like polyester, milk fabric never really became that popular
It is expensive
All rights are reserved36

35. Synthetic Fiber

36. Polyes
ter
Synthetic fiber developed in the 1950’s
Advantages:
 Strong
 Crisp, but soft hand
 Resists stretching and shrinkage
 Washable or dry-cleanable
 Quick drying
 Resilient, resists wrinkles
 Abrasion resistant
 Resistant to most chemicals
 Colorfast
 Strong, durable
 Dyes well
Disadvantages:
 Low absorbency
 Static and pilling problems
by DuPont

37. Nylon
•Invented in 1938 by DuPont
•1st synthetic fiber
•Made completely from petrochemicals in an experimental laboratory
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
 Static and pilling
 Poor resistance to sunlight
 Low absorbency
 Picks up oils and dyes in wash
 Heat sensitive
Lightweight
Exceptional strength
Abrasion resistant
Easy to wash
Resists shrinkage and wrinkles
Resilient, pleat retentive
Fast drying, low moisture absorbency
Can be pre-colored or dyed in a wide range
of colors
Resists damage from oil and many chemicals
Insulating properties
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All rights are reserved39

38. Acrylic
•Manufactured in the 1950’s by DuPont.
•Originally used for blankets and sweaters because it resembled wool.
•Fiber composed of linear macromolecules
of acrylonitrile repeating units.
having in the chain at least 85% by mass
Advantages:
 Lightweight, soft, warm, wool-like hand
 Dyes to bright colors
 Machine washable, quick drying
 Resilient, retains shape, resists shrinkage
and wrinkles
 Wool-like, cotton-like, or blended appearance
 Excellent pleat retention
 Resists moths, oil, chemicals
Disadvantages:
 Low absorbency
 Develops static
 Pilling
 Heat sensitive
 Weak
 Dissolved by nail polish remover
(acetone)
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39. Spandex
 Developed in 1959 by DuPont
 Stretches over 500% without breaking
Advantages:
 Lightweight
 Retains original shape
 Abrasion Resistant
 Stronger than rubber
 Soft, smooth, supple
 Resists body oils, perspiration, lotions, detergents
 No static or pilling
Disadvantages:
 Whites yellow with age
 Heat sensitive
 Harmed by chlorine bleach
 nonabsorbent

40. Microfib
ers
 Newest trend in fashion
1st developed in 1989 by DuPont
 Ultra-fine fiber
 Denier is a unit of measurement used to identify the
thickness of diameter of a fiber
Advantages
 Extremely drapeable
 Very soft, luxurious hand
 Washable or dry cleanable
 Shrink-resistant
 Strong
 Insulates against wind, rain, and cold
Disadvantages
 Heat sensitive
All rights are reserved42

41. Kevlar &
Nomex
Advantages
 Exceptional strength
 Exceptional heat and
flame resistance Resistant to stretch
abrasion
Disadvantages
 Not absorbent
and

42. Kevlar
Bullet Proof Vests
Cut/Heat and Chemical
resistant Gloves
Nomex
Fireman Uniforms
Racing Apparel

43. The End