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Cetvrta sedmica
Hemija – drugi razred
Cas: 55/56
Nada Trišić, prof.
Karboksilne kiseline
(UDŽBENIKSTR. 135.)
-definicija
-funkcionalnagrupa
-podjela
Nomenklatura
-uobičajenaimena
-imenapremaIUPAC-sistemu
(obratite pažnjunatabelu11.1. str.134)
Monokarboksilne zasićene kiseline
Nalaženje i dobijanje
1. Oksidacijaprimarnihalkoholaili aldehida
Vježba:prikazati hemijskomjednačinomoksidacijuetanola i 1-propanola
2. Oksidacijaalkil-benzena
(Kojakiselinanastaje oksidacijombilokogalkil-benzena)
3. Adicijaorganomagnezijumovihjedinjenjanaugljenik(IV)-oksid,CO2 (Grinjarovareakcija)
Vježba:prikazati reakcije: O=C=O + CH3MgBr→
O=C=O + CH3CH2MgBr→
O=C=O + CH3CH2CH2MgBr→
Ovommetodomne može se dobiti jedna monokarboksilna zasićenakiselina.Koja?
Fizičke osobine
-detaljnoanalizirati funkcionalnugrupu
-prikazati dimerkarboksilne kiseline
-uporediti temperature ključanjaalkohola,aldehidai karboksilnihkiselinasaistimbrojemC-atoma
-miriskarboksilnihkiselina(svimaje poznatmirissirćetne kiseline)
Hemijske osobine
(Ponoviti Arenijusovui protolitičkuteorijukiselinai baza.Gradivoprvog razreda.)
1. Raskidanje O-H veze
a) Kiselost
RCOOH + HOH → RCOO−
+ H3O+
Napišite disocijacijumetanske,etamskei propanske kiseline.
Da li je disocijacijakarboksilnihkiselinapotpuna?__________
Kojakiselinaje jačasirćetnaili HCl?_____________________
Napišite sljedeće reakcije:
CH3CH2OH + Na →
C6H5OH + NaOH →
CH3COOH+ NaHCO3→
Iz ove tri reakcije izvedite zaključak.
Čemuse može pripisati kiselostkarboksilnihkiselina?
Kojazasićenamonokarboksilnakiselinaje najjača?____________________
Koliki je uticaj alkil-grupe nadisocijacijukarboksilne kiseline?________________
Napišite formule sljedećihsupstituisanihkarboksilnihkiselina:
a) monohlorsirćetna; b) dihlorsirćetna; c) trihlorsirćetna
___________________________________________________________________
Kojaje,odove tri supstituisanekiseline,najjača?Zašto?_________________________
Šta je indukovani efekat?
b)Građenje soli
Karboksilne kiseline reagujusaneorganskimi organskim (aminima) bazamai grade odgovarajuće soli:
RCOOH + NaOH → RCOO-
Na+
+ H2O
RCOOH + NH2CH3 → RCOO- +
NH3CH3
Prikažite sljedeće reakcije:
CH3COOH + NaOH →
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 →
CH3COOH + Na2CO3 →
CH3(CH2)16COOH + NaOH →
Da li su soli karboksilnihkiselinarastvorljive uvodi?__________________ Koji je uobičajeni nazivzasoli
višihalkanskih(masnih) kiselina?____________________ Koje sukiselinejače;karboksilneili
karbonatna?____________________________________________
Akodođe do reakcije izmeđualkalnihsolikarboksilnihkiselinai jakihneorganskihkiselina izdvajajuse
karboksilne kiseline.Dovršite sljedećejednačine:
CH3COONa + HCl →
CH3CH2COONa + HCl →
2. Reakcije koje se vrše na ugljenikovomatomu karboksilne grupe
Ovimreakcijamavrši se supstitucija –OHgrupe nekimatomomili atomskomgrupompri čemunastaju
derivati karboksilnihkiselina. (sljedećalekcija)
3. Dekarboksilacija
Dekarboksilacijaje procesizdvajanja(eliminacije) ugljenik(IV)-oksida,CO2,izkarboksilnegrupe.Na
procesdekarboksilacijeutičuprirodakarboksilnekiselinei reakcioni uslovi.
Npr. CH3COONa + NaOH → CH4 + Na2CO3
Neke važnije monokarboksilne kiseline
-metanska,
-etanska,
-propanska,
-mliječna
-benzoeva
-salicilna
Za svaku od navedenih kiselina napišite po nekoliko važnih podataka: dobijanje, fizičke
karakteristike, toksičnost, upotreba i dr. zanimljivosti.
Nada Trišić, prof.

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Karboksilne kiseline

  • 1. Cetvrta sedmica Hemija – drugi razred Cas: 55/56 Nada Trišić, prof. Karboksilne kiseline (UDŽBENIKSTR. 135.) -definicija -funkcionalnagrupa -podjela Nomenklatura -uobičajenaimena -imenapremaIUPAC-sistemu (obratite pažnjunatabelu11.1. str.134) Monokarboksilne zasićene kiseline Nalaženje i dobijanje 1. Oksidacijaprimarnihalkoholaili aldehida Vježba:prikazati hemijskomjednačinomoksidacijuetanola i 1-propanola 2. Oksidacijaalkil-benzena (Kojakiselinanastaje oksidacijombilokogalkil-benzena) 3. Adicijaorganomagnezijumovihjedinjenjanaugljenik(IV)-oksid,CO2 (Grinjarovareakcija) Vježba:prikazati reakcije: O=C=O + CH3MgBr→ O=C=O + CH3CH2MgBr→ O=C=O + CH3CH2CH2MgBr→ Ovommetodomne može se dobiti jedna monokarboksilna zasićenakiselina.Koja? Fizičke osobine -detaljnoanalizirati funkcionalnugrupu -prikazati dimerkarboksilne kiseline
  • 2. -uporediti temperature ključanjaalkohola,aldehidai karboksilnihkiselinasaistimbrojemC-atoma -miriskarboksilnihkiselina(svimaje poznatmirissirćetne kiseline) Hemijske osobine (Ponoviti Arenijusovui protolitičkuteorijukiselinai baza.Gradivoprvog razreda.) 1. Raskidanje O-H veze a) Kiselost RCOOH + HOH → RCOO− + H3O+ Napišite disocijacijumetanske,etamskei propanske kiseline. Da li je disocijacijakarboksilnihkiselinapotpuna?__________ Kojakiselinaje jačasirćetnaili HCl?_____________________ Napišite sljedeće reakcije: CH3CH2OH + Na → C6H5OH + NaOH → CH3COOH+ NaHCO3→ Iz ove tri reakcije izvedite zaključak. Čemuse može pripisati kiselostkarboksilnihkiselina? Kojazasićenamonokarboksilnakiselinaje najjača?____________________ Koliki je uticaj alkil-grupe nadisocijacijukarboksilne kiseline?________________ Napišite formule sljedećihsupstituisanihkarboksilnihkiselina: a) monohlorsirćetna; b) dihlorsirćetna; c) trihlorsirćetna ___________________________________________________________________ Kojaje,odove tri supstituisanekiseline,najjača?Zašto?_________________________ Šta je indukovani efekat? b)Građenje soli Karboksilne kiseline reagujusaneorganskimi organskim (aminima) bazamai grade odgovarajuće soli: RCOOH + NaOH → RCOO- Na+ + H2O RCOOH + NH2CH3 → RCOO- + NH3CH3
  • 3. Prikažite sljedeće reakcije: CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → CH3(CH2)16COOH + NaOH → Da li su soli karboksilnihkiselinarastvorljive uvodi?__________________ Koji je uobičajeni nazivzasoli višihalkanskih(masnih) kiselina?____________________ Koje sukiselinejače;karboksilneili karbonatna?____________________________________________ Akodođe do reakcije izmeđualkalnihsolikarboksilnihkiselinai jakihneorganskihkiselina izdvajajuse karboksilne kiseline.Dovršite sljedećejednačine: CH3COONa + HCl → CH3CH2COONa + HCl → 2. Reakcije koje se vrše na ugljenikovomatomu karboksilne grupe Ovimreakcijamavrši se supstitucija –OHgrupe nekimatomomili atomskomgrupompri čemunastaju derivati karboksilnihkiselina. (sljedećalekcija) 3. Dekarboksilacija Dekarboksilacijaje procesizdvajanja(eliminacije) ugljenik(IV)-oksida,CO2,izkarboksilnegrupe.Na procesdekarboksilacijeutičuprirodakarboksilnekiselinei reakcioni uslovi. Npr. CH3COONa + NaOH → CH4 + Na2CO3 Neke važnije monokarboksilne kiseline -metanska, -etanska, -propanska, -mliječna
  • 4. -benzoeva -salicilna Za svaku od navedenih kiselina napišite po nekoliko važnih podataka: dobijanje, fizičke karakteristike, toksičnost, upotreba i dr. zanimljivosti. Nada Trišić, prof.