1.
Cognitive,
Humanistic and
Group Therapies
Muzaffar khan Alam khan
M.D.
Student of TSMU

2.
– THINKING
– UNDERSTANDING
– LEARNING
– REMEMBERING
TREATMENT
COGNITION
To change feelings and behaviors by changing the way a client thinks
about or perceives significant life experiences.

3.
Underlying Assumption
abnormal behavior patterns and emotional distress start with problems
– what people think (cognitive content) and
– how they think (cognitive process).

4.
2 major forms of CT
– Alteration of false belief systems and
– Cognitive behavioral therapy.
CT focuses on eliminating psychological distress
whereas CBT targets the elimination of negative behavior as well
Difference

5.
CT argues CBT
– Faulty thinking can be based on
– (1) unreasonable attitudes
– (2) false premises
– (3) rigid rules that put behavior on
automatic pilot so that prior patterns
are repeated even when they have
not worked (“I must obey
authorities”).
 as their primary
 targets for
 change,
 beliefs,
 Attitudes,
 habitual thought patterns.

6.
FOUR CHARACTERISTICS:
– A collaborative relationship between client and therapist.
– The belief that psychological distress is largely the result of a
disturbance in cognitive processes.
– A focus on changing cognition to produce desired changes in
emotions and/or behavior.
– A time-limited, educational treatment that focuses on specific
problems.

7.
Rational Emotive Behaviour Theraphy
REBT / RET- Albert Ellis
– A comprehensive system of personality change based on changing
irrational beliefs that cause undesirable,
– highly charged emotional reactions such as severe anxiety.
how to recognize the “SHOULDS,” “OUGHTS,” AND “MUSTS”
that are controlling their actions and preventing them from
choosing the lives they want.

8.
– A: Activating Event(actual event, client’s immediate interpretation of event).
– B: Beliefs(evaluations, rational, irrational).
– C: Consequences(emotions, behaviors, other thoughts).

9.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
– Combines the cognitive emphasis on changing false beliefs
– with the behavioral focus in the modification of performance
Unacceptable behavior patterns are modified by COGNITIVE
RESTRUCTURING—
– changing a person’s negative self-statements into constructive
coping statements.

10.
Emotional distress

11.
Aaron becks formulates
– “The therapist helps the patient to identify his warped thinking
and to learn more realistic ways to formulate his experiences”
Treatment in simple form

12.
Client And Therapist
– A critical part is to discover by therapist and client
– The way the client thinks about and expresses the problem for
which therapy is sought
– The kind of thinking that is leading to unproductive or
dysfunctional behaviors, they develop new self-statements
– that are constructive and minimize the use of self-defeating ones
that elicit anxiety or reduce self-esteem

13.
Work of therapist
– builds expectations of being effective
– Through setting attainable goals,
– developing realistic strategies for attaining them,
– evaluating feedback realistically,
– develop a sense of mastery
– Sense of self-efficacy

14.
Influences
– PERCEPTIONS,
– MOTIVATION,
– PERFORMANCE.

15.
Proof
– Cognitive behavioral approaches to therapy can bring RELIEF.
– Also proven to treat ANXIETY and DEPRESSION

16.
HUMANISTIC THERAPY
– It emerged in the 1950s as an alternative to the psychodynamic and the
behaviorist models, from the work of CARL ROGERS and ABRAHAM
MASLOW
Carl Rogers
(1902-1987)
Abraham Maslow
(1908-1970)

17.
Definition
– A psychological model that emphasizes an individual’s
phenomenal world and inherent capacity for making
rational choices and developing to maximum potential.

18.
Specifications of humanistic
therapy
1. Free Will
2. Self-Actualisation
3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
4. Focus on the self
5. Congruence
6. The role of Conditions of worth

19.
1. Free Will
– It claims that all humans are basically self-determining.
– We are ‘active agents’ in determining our own
development.
– We choose who we become.

20.
2. Self-Actualisation
– It is the main goal of human existence.
– Every person has an innate tendency to fulfil their
own potential.
– Given the right environment we will become the bes
we possibly can be.

21.
3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Growth depends on
fulfillment of needs at every
level.

22.
– A need does not have to be satisfied fully before the next need in the hierarchy
becomes important.
– Maslow proposed a declining percentage of satisfaction for each need.
– Offering a hypothetical example, he described a person who satisfied, in turn,
85 percent of the physiological needs, 70 percent of the safetyneeds, 50
percent of the belongingness and love needs,40 percent of the esteem
needs,and 10 percent of the self-actualization.

23.
–Maslow developed his Hierarchy of needs to describe the pattern
that human motivations generally move through.
–He thought that a number of ‘deficiency needs’ have to be met at
each level before one could be motivated by the next level.
–Maslow studied what he called exemplary people such as Albert
Einstein, to build his theory, rather than mentally
ill or neurotic people. In his view "the study of crippled, stunted,
immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple
psychology and a cripple philosophy.“
–Maslow chose to study only the healthiest 1% of the college
student population.

24.
4. Focus on the self
– Carl Rogers argued that for personal growth to be achieved
an individual’s concept of SELF (the way they see
themselves) must be congruent (match) with their IDEAL
SELF.

25.
5. Congruence
– If there is too big a gap between the two selves, an
individual will experience ‘incongruence’
(discord/mismatch).
– This will give negative feelings of self-worth that will
block self-actualisation.

26.
The role of Conditions of Worth
– This is the notion that you are only acceptable if you
meet certain conditions/behave in a certain way.
– E.g. ‘You have to be hard working to be loved’.
– This means there is no ‘unconditional positive
regard’ where you are safe to be yourself.

27.
Types of humanistic therapy
1. Gestalt therapy – it emphasize organismic holism ( person as whole ). Self-awareness is
key to personal growth and developing full potential. It combines relational theory with
present state - focusing strongly on self-awareness and the 'here and now' .
2. Existential therapy - focuses on free will, self- determination and the search for meaning.
3. Client-centered therapy - Created in the 1950s by American psychologist, Carl Rogers.
Rogers set out 3 conditions for creating a therapeutic environment that would best
support a client's growth.
a) unconditional positive regard
b) Empathic understanding
c) congruence

28.
GOALS OF THERAPY
– To Help client grow
– Focus on person, not problem
– People become more actualized
1. open to experiences
2. Trust themselves
3. Self-evaluation
4. Continue growing

29.
Similarities
– focus on awareness of the self
– There may be some similarities in conceptions of dysfunctional behavior and
healthy living

30.
COGNITIVE THERAPY HUMINISTIC THERAPY
FOCUS OF STUDY Mental processes
Language
Human experience & potentials
PRIMARY RESEARCH TOPICS Inferred mental processes through
behavioral indicators
Life patterns
Values
Goals

31.
COGNITIVE THERAPY HUMINISTIC THERAPY
does not require mandatory personal self-
development.
does require commitment to undertake Personal Self-Development
More directive
Mainly concerned with coercion with the medical
model.
Non-directive
Humanistic Therapies are NOT coercive.
neither focus on the dialogue for therapeutic
recovery nor do they have the fundamental
belief that patients are the expert in knowing
what ‘hurts’.
focus on the relationship as the medium for recovery and have the
fundamental belief patients are the experts in knowing what ‘hurts’.
Psychologists are the ‘expert’ on the patient
problem,
because the therapist does not portray as the ‘expert’.
thwarts patient self-direction and self-
empowerment essential for personality growth
development and authentic recovery
foster patient self-direction and self-empowerment which is essential for
personality growth development

32.
GROUP THERAPY

33.
DEFINITION
Group therapy is a form of psychosocial treatment where a small group
of patients meet regularly to talk, interact, and
discuss problems with each other in the presence of one or two
therapist .

34.
The major kinds of group are
1. Group therapy
2. Therapeutic groups
3. Adjunctive groups

35.
1. GROUP THERAPY
The members gain a personal insight to improve their
interpersonal relationship .
Change destructive behavior
Make a necessary alteration in their behavior .

36.
2. THERAPEUTIC GROUPS
It is a group of patients who meet under the leadership of a
therapist to work together to improve mental and emotional
health .
Eg: Groups of expectant mothers people who have just lost their
husband or wife
Group of people with chronic illness

37.
3. ADJUNCTIVE GROUPS
Deals with selected needs of a group .
Eg:
For sensory stimulation allow them to have music therapy
For self expression art therapy
For expression of feelings and emotions through dance therapy .

38.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
* Patients who are suicidal
* Homicidal
* Psychotic
* In the midst of a major acute crisis

39.
GROUP SIZE…
Optimal size for group therapy is 8 to 10 members.
Frequency and length of sessions
Once a week m/c.
Each session may last for 45min to 1hr.

40.
THERAPEUTIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN A GROUP
THERAPY
1. Sharing experience
2. Support to and from group members
3. Socialization
4. Imitation
5. Interpersonal learning

41.
1. SHARING EXPERIENCE
This helps the patients to realize that they are not isolated and
that others also have similar experience and problems .
Hearing from other patients that they have shared experiences
is often more convincing and helpful than reassurance from
the therapist.

42.
STEPS OF GROUP THERAPY
1. Selecting group members
2. Developing contact
3. Selection of group leaders

43.
SOME TECHNIQUES USED IN GROUP THERAPY
*Reflecting or rewarding comments of group members
*Asking for group reaction to one member's statement
*Asking for individual reaction to one member's statement
*Pointing out any shared feelings within the group
*Summarizing various points at the end of session

44.
THANK YOU