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Chapter 1

Information Systems
in Global Business
Today

1.1

Mushfiqul Haque Mukit

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Understanding the effects of information systems
on business and their relationship to
globalization.
• Explain why information systems are so essential
in business today.
• Define an information system and describe its
management, organization, and technology
components.
1.2

Mushfiqul Haque Mukit

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

LEARNING OBJECTIVES (Continued)

• Define complementary assets and explain how
they ensure that information systems provide
genuine value to an organization.
• Describe the different academic disciplines used
to study information systems and explain how
each contributes to our understanding of them.
• Explain what is meant by a sociotechnical
systems perspective.

1.3

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

• How information systems are transforming
business
• Increase in wireless technology use, Web sites
• Shifts in media and advertising
• New federal security and accounting laws

• Globalization opportunities
• Internet has drastically reduced costs of operating on
global scale
• Presents both challenges and opportunities
1.4

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

Information Technology Capital Investment

Information technology investment, defined as hardware, software, and communications
equipment, grew from 32% to 51% between 1980 and 2008.
Source: Based on data in U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income
and Product Accounts, 2008.

Figure 1-1
1.5

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

• In the emerging, fully digital firm
– Significant business relationships are digitally enabled
and mediated
– Core business processes are accomplished through
digital networks
– Key corporate assets are managed digitally

• Digital firms offer greater flexibility in
organization and management
– Time shifting, space shifting
1.6

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

Virtual Meetings: Smart Management
• What are the advantages of using videoconferencing
technologies? What are the disadvantages?
• What is telepresence and what sorts of companies are
best suited to use it as a communications tool?
• What kinds of companies could benefit from using
videoconferencing? Are there any companies that might
not derive any benefits from this technology?

1.7

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

•

Growing interdependence between ability to use
information technology and ability to implement
corporate strategies and achieve corporate goals

•

Business firms invest heavily in information
systems to achieve six strategic business
objectives:
–
–
–
–
–
–

1.8

Operational excellence
New products, services, and business models
Customer and supplier intimacy
Improved decision making
Competitive advantage
Survival

Mushfiqul Haque Mukit

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

• Operational excellence:
– Improvement of efficiency to attain higher profitability
– Information systems, technology an important tool in
achieving greater efficiency and productivity
– Wal-Mart’s RetailLink system links suppliers to stores
for superior replenishment system

1.9

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

• New products, services, and business
models:
– Business model: describes how company produces,
delivers, and sells product or service to create wealth
– Information systems and technology a major enabling
tool for new products, services, business models
• Examples: Apple’s iPod, iTunes, and iPhone, Netflix’s
Internet-based DVD rentals

1.10

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

• Customer and supplier intimacy:
– Serving customers well leads to customers returning,
which raises revenues and profits
• Example: High-end hotels that use computers to track
customer preferences and use to monitor and customize
environment

– Intimacy with suppliers allows them to provide vital
inputs, which lowers costs
• Example: J.C.Penney’s information system which links sales
records to contract manufacturer

1.11

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

• Improved decision making
– Without accurate information:
• Managers must use forecasts, best guesses, luck
• Leads to:
– Overproduction, underproduction of goods and services
– Misallocation of resources
– Poor response times

• Poor outcomes raise costs, lose customers

– Example: Verizon’s Web-based digital dashboard to
provide managers with real-time data on customer
complaints, network performance, line outages, etc.
1.12

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

• Operational excellence:
– Improvement of efficiency to attain higher profitability

• New products, services, and business models:
– Enabled by technology

• Customer and supplier intimacy:
– Serving customers raises revenues and profits
– Better communication with suppliers lowers costs

• Improved decision making
– More accurate data leads to better decisions

1.13

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

• Competitive advantage
– Delivering better performance
– Charging less for superior products
– Responding to customers and suppliers in
real time
– Example: Toyota and TPS (Toyota Production
System) enjoy a considerable advantage over
competitors – information systems are critical
to the implementation of TPS
1.14

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

• Survival
– Information technologies as necessity of
business
– May be:
• Industry-level changes, e.g. Citibank’s introduction
of ATMs
• Governmental regulations requiring record-keeping
– Examples: Toxic Substances Control Act, SarbanesOxley Act

1.15

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

The Interdependence Between Organizations and
Information Technology

In contemporary systems there is a growing interdependence between a firm’s information systems
and its business capabilities. Changes in strategy, rules, and business processes increasingly require changes in hardware,
software, databases, and telecommunications. Often, what the organization would like to do depends on what its
systems will permit it to do.

Figure 1-2
1.16

Mushfiqul Haque Mukit

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

• Information system:
– Set of interrelated components
– Collect, process, store, and distribute information
– Support decision making, coordination, and control

• Information vs. data
– Data are streams of raw facts
– Information is data shaped into meaningful form

1.17

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

Data and Information

Raw data from a supermarket checkout counter can be processed and organized to produce
meaningful information, such as the total unit sales of dish detergent or the total sales
revenue from dish detergent for a specific store or sales territory.

Figure 1-3
1.18

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

• Information system: Three activities
produce information organizations need
– Input: Captures raw data from organization
or external environment
– Processing: Converts raw data into
meaningful form
– Output: Transfers processed information
to people or activities that use it
1.19

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

• Feedback:
– Output returned to appropriate members of
organization to help evaluate or correct input stage

• Computer/Computer program vs.
information system
– Computers and software are technical foundation
and tools, similar to the material and tools used to
build a house

1.20

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

Functions of an Information System

An information system contains information about an organization and its surrounding environment. Three basic activities—input,
processing, and output—produce the information organizations need. Feedback is output returned to appropriate people or activities in the
organization to evaluate and refine the input. Environmental actors, such as customers, suppliers, competitors, stockholders, and regulatory
agencies, interact with the organization and its information systems.

Figure 1-4
1.21

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

Information Systems Are More Than Computers

Using information systems effectively requires an understanding of the organization,
management, and information technology shaping the systems. An information system
creates value for the firm as an organizational and management solution to challenges
posed by the environment.

Figure 1-5
1.22

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

• Organizational dimension of
information systems
– Hierarchy of authority, responsibility
•
•
•
•
•
•

1.23

Senior management
Middle management
Operational management
Knowledge workers
Data workers
Production or service workers

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

Levels in a Firm

Business organizations are hierarchies consisting of three principal levels: senior
management, middle management, and operational management. Information systems serve
each of these levels. Scientists and knowledge workers often work with middle
management.

Figure 1-6
1.24

Mushfiqul Haque Mukit

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

• Organizational dimension of information
systems (cont.)
– Separation of business functions
•
•
•
•

Sales and marketing
Human resources
Finance and accounting
Manufacturing and production

– Unique business processes
– Unique business culture
– Organizational politics
1.25

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

•

Management dimension of
information systems
– Managers set organizational strategy for
responding to business challenges
– In addition, managers must act creatively:
•
•

1.26

Creation of new products and services
Occasionally re-creating the organization

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

• Technology dimension of information
systems
– Computer hardware and software
– Data management technology
– Networking and telecommunications technology
• Networks, the Internet, intranets and extranets, World
Wide Web

– IT infrastructure: provides platform that system is
built on
1.27

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

• Business perspective on information
systems:
– Information system is instrument for
creating value
– Investments in information technology will
result in superior returns:
• Productivity increases
• Revenue increases
• Superior long-term strategic positioning
1.28

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

• Business information value chain
– Raw data acquired and transformed through
stages that add value to that information
– Value of information system determined in part by
extent to which it leads to better decisions, greater
efficiency, and higher profits

• Business perspective: Calls attention to
organizational and managerial nature of
information systems
1.29

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

The Business Information Value Chain

From a business perspective, information systems are part of a series of value-adding
activities for acquiring, transforming, and distributing information that managers can use to
improve decision making, enhance organizational performance, and, ultimately, increase
firm profitability.

Figure 1-7
1.30

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

Variation in Returns on
Information Technology Investment

Although, on average, investments in information technology produce returns far above
those returned by other investments, there is considerable variation across firms.

Figure 1-8
1.31

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

• Investing in information technology does not
guarantee good returns
• Considerable variation in the returns firms
receive from systems investments
• Factors:
– Adopting the right business model
– Investing in complementary assets (organizational
and management capital)

1.32

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

• Complementary assets:
– Assets required to derive value from a
primary investment
– Firms supporting technology investments
with investment in complementary assets
receive superior returns
– E.g.: invest in technology and the people to
make it work properly
1.33

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

• Complementary assets include:
– Organizational investments, e.g.
• Appropriate business model
• Efficient business processes

– Managerial investments, e.g.
• Incentives for management innovation
• Teamwork and collaborative work environments

– Social investments, e.g.
• The Internet and telecommunications infrastructure
• Technology standards
1.34

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Perspectives on Information Systems

Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems

The study of information systems deals with issues and insights contributed from technical
and behavioral disciplines.

Figure 1-9
1.35

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems

• Technical approach
• Emphasizes mathematically based models
• Computer science, management science,
operations research
• Behavioral approach
• Behavioral issues (strategic business
integration, implementation, etc.)
• Psychology, economics, sociology
1.36

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems

• Management Information Systems
• Combines computer science, management science,
operations research and practical orientation with
behavioral issues

• Four main actors
•
•
•
•

1.37

Suppliers of hardware and software
Business firms
Managers and employees
Firm’s environment (legal, social, cultural context)

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems

• Approach of this book: Sociotechnical
view
• Optimal organizational performance
achieved by jointly optimizing both social and
technical systems used in production
• Helps avoid purely technological approach

1.38

© 2010 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems
Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today

Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems

A Sociotechnical Perspective on Information Systems

In a sociotechnical perspective, the performance of a system is optimized when both the
technology and the organization mutually adjust to one another until a satisfactory fit is
obtained.

Figure 1-10
1.39

© 2010 by Prentice Hall

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Mis ch01

  • 1. Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today 1.1 Mushfiqul Haque Mukit © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 2. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Understanding the effects of information systems on business and their relationship to globalization. • Explain why information systems are so essential in business today. • Define an information system and describe its management, organization, and technology components. 1.2 Mushfiqul Haque Mukit © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 3. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today LEARNING OBJECTIVES (Continued) • Define complementary assets and explain how they ensure that information systems provide genuine value to an organization. • Describe the different academic disciplines used to study information systems and explain how each contributes to our understanding of them. • Explain what is meant by a sociotechnical systems perspective. 1.3 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 4. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today • How information systems are transforming business • Increase in wireless technology use, Web sites • Shifts in media and advertising • New federal security and accounting laws • Globalization opportunities • Internet has drastically reduced costs of operating on global scale • Presents both challenges and opportunities 1.4 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 5. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today Information Technology Capital Investment Information technology investment, defined as hardware, software, and communications equipment, grew from 32% to 51% between 1980 and 2008. Source: Based on data in U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts, 2008. Figure 1-1 1.5 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 6. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today • In the emerging, fully digital firm – Significant business relationships are digitally enabled and mediated – Core business processes are accomplished through digital networks – Key corporate assets are managed digitally • Digital firms offer greater flexibility in organization and management – Time shifting, space shifting 1.6 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 7. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today Virtual Meetings: Smart Management • What are the advantages of using videoconferencing technologies? What are the disadvantages? • What is telepresence and what sorts of companies are best suited to use it as a communications tool? • What kinds of companies could benefit from using videoconferencing? Are there any companies that might not derive any benefits from this technology? 1.7 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 8. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today • Growing interdependence between ability to use information technology and ability to implement corporate strategies and achieve corporate goals • Business firms invest heavily in information systems to achieve six strategic business objectives: – – – – – – 1.8 Operational excellence New products, services, and business models Customer and supplier intimacy Improved decision making Competitive advantage Survival Mushfiqul Haque Mukit © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 9. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today • Operational excellence: – Improvement of efficiency to attain higher profitability – Information systems, technology an important tool in achieving greater efficiency and productivity – Wal-Mart’s RetailLink system links suppliers to stores for superior replenishment system 1.9 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 10. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today • New products, services, and business models: – Business model: describes how company produces, delivers, and sells product or service to create wealth – Information systems and technology a major enabling tool for new products, services, business models • Examples: Apple’s iPod, iTunes, and iPhone, Netflix’s Internet-based DVD rentals 1.10 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 11. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today • Customer and supplier intimacy: – Serving customers well leads to customers returning, which raises revenues and profits • Example: High-end hotels that use computers to track customer preferences and use to monitor and customize environment – Intimacy with suppliers allows them to provide vital inputs, which lowers costs • Example: J.C.Penney’s information system which links sales records to contract manufacturer 1.11 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 12. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today • Improved decision making – Without accurate information: • Managers must use forecasts, best guesses, luck • Leads to: – Overproduction, underproduction of goods and services – Misallocation of resources – Poor response times • Poor outcomes raise costs, lose customers – Example: Verizon’s Web-based digital dashboard to provide managers with real-time data on customer complaints, network performance, line outages, etc. 1.12 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 13. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today • Operational excellence: – Improvement of efficiency to attain higher profitability • New products, services, and business models: – Enabled by technology • Customer and supplier intimacy: – Serving customers raises revenues and profits – Better communication with suppliers lowers costs • Improved decision making – More accurate data leads to better decisions 1.13 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 14. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today • Competitive advantage – Delivering better performance – Charging less for superior products – Responding to customers and suppliers in real time – Example: Toyota and TPS (Toyota Production System) enjoy a considerable advantage over competitors – information systems are critical to the implementation of TPS 1.14 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 15. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today • Survival – Information technologies as necessity of business – May be: • Industry-level changes, e.g. Citibank’s introduction of ATMs • Governmental regulations requiring record-keeping – Examples: Toxic Substances Control Act, SarbanesOxley Act 1.15 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 16. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today The Interdependence Between Organizations and Information Technology In contemporary systems there is a growing interdependence between a firm’s information systems and its business capabilities. Changes in strategy, rules, and business processes increasingly require changes in hardware, software, databases, and telecommunications. Often, what the organization would like to do depends on what its systems will permit it to do. Figure 1-2 1.16 Mushfiqul Haque Mukit © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 17. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems • Information system: – Set of interrelated components – Collect, process, store, and distribute information – Support decision making, coordination, and control • Information vs. data – Data are streams of raw facts – Information is data shaped into meaningful form 1.17 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 18. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems Data and Information Raw data from a supermarket checkout counter can be processed and organized to produce meaningful information, such as the total unit sales of dish detergent or the total sales revenue from dish detergent for a specific store or sales territory. Figure 1-3 1.18 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 19. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems • Information system: Three activities produce information organizations need – Input: Captures raw data from organization or external environment – Processing: Converts raw data into meaningful form – Output: Transfers processed information to people or activities that use it 1.19 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 20. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems • Feedback: – Output returned to appropriate members of organization to help evaluate or correct input stage • Computer/Computer program vs. information system – Computers and software are technical foundation and tools, similar to the material and tools used to build a house 1.20 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 21. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems Functions of an Information System An information system contains information about an organization and its surrounding environment. Three basic activities—input, processing, and output—produce the information organizations need. Feedback is output returned to appropriate people or activities in the organization to evaluate and refine the input. Environmental actors, such as customers, suppliers, competitors, stockholders, and regulatory agencies, interact with the organization and its information systems. Figure 1-4 1.21 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 22. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems Information Systems Are More Than Computers Using information systems effectively requires an understanding of the organization, management, and information technology shaping the systems. An information system creates value for the firm as an organizational and management solution to challenges posed by the environment. Figure 1-5 1.22 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 23. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems • Organizational dimension of information systems – Hierarchy of authority, responsibility • • • • • • 1.23 Senior management Middle management Operational management Knowledge workers Data workers Production or service workers © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 24. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems Levels in a Firm Business organizations are hierarchies consisting of three principal levels: senior management, middle management, and operational management. Information systems serve each of these levels. Scientists and knowledge workers often work with middle management. Figure 1-6 1.24 Mushfiqul Haque Mukit © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 25. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems • Organizational dimension of information systems (cont.) – Separation of business functions • • • • Sales and marketing Human resources Finance and accounting Manufacturing and production – Unique business processes – Unique business culture – Organizational politics 1.25 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 26. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems • Management dimension of information systems – Managers set organizational strategy for responding to business challenges – In addition, managers must act creatively: • • 1.26 Creation of new products and services Occasionally re-creating the organization © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 27. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems • Technology dimension of information systems – Computer hardware and software – Data management technology – Networking and telecommunications technology • Networks, the Internet, intranets and extranets, World Wide Web – IT infrastructure: provides platform that system is built on 1.27 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 28. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems • Business perspective on information systems: – Information system is instrument for creating value – Investments in information technology will result in superior returns: • Productivity increases • Revenue increases • Superior long-term strategic positioning 1.28 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 29. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems • Business information value chain – Raw data acquired and transformed through stages that add value to that information – Value of information system determined in part by extent to which it leads to better decisions, greater efficiency, and higher profits • Business perspective: Calls attention to organizational and managerial nature of information systems 1.29 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 30. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems The Business Information Value Chain From a business perspective, information systems are part of a series of value-adding activities for acquiring, transforming, and distributing information that managers can use to improve decision making, enhance organizational performance, and, ultimately, increase firm profitability. Figure 1-7 1.30 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 31. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems Variation in Returns on Information Technology Investment Although, on average, investments in information technology produce returns far above those returned by other investments, there is considerable variation across firms. Figure 1-8 1.31 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 32. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems • Investing in information technology does not guarantee good returns • Considerable variation in the returns firms receive from systems investments • Factors: – Adopting the right business model – Investing in complementary assets (organizational and management capital) 1.32 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 33. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems • Complementary assets: – Assets required to derive value from a primary investment – Firms supporting technology investments with investment in complementary assets receive superior returns – E.g.: invest in technology and the people to make it work properly 1.33 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 34. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems • Complementary assets include: – Organizational investments, e.g. • Appropriate business model • Efficient business processes – Managerial investments, e.g. • Incentives for management innovation • Teamwork and collaborative work environments – Social investments, e.g. • The Internet and telecommunications infrastructure • Technology standards 1.34 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 35. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems The study of information systems deals with issues and insights contributed from technical and behavioral disciplines. Figure 1-9 1.35 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 36. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems • Technical approach • Emphasizes mathematically based models • Computer science, management science, operations research • Behavioral approach • Behavioral issues (strategic business integration, implementation, etc.) • Psychology, economics, sociology 1.36 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 37. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems • Management Information Systems • Combines computer science, management science, operations research and practical orientation with behavioral issues • Four main actors • • • • 1.37 Suppliers of hardware and software Business firms Managers and employees Firm’s environment (legal, social, cultural context) © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 38. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems • Approach of this book: Sociotechnical view • Optimal organizational performance achieved by jointly optimizing both social and technical systems used in production • Helps avoid purely technological approach 1.38 © 2010 by Prentice Hall
  • 39. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems A Sociotechnical Perspective on Information Systems In a sociotechnical perspective, the performance of a system is optimized when both the technology and the organization mutually adjust to one another until a satisfactory fit is obtained. Figure 1-10 1.39 © 2010 by Prentice Hall

Notas do Editor

  1. The sociotechnical systems perspective holds that optimal organizational performance is achieved by jointly optimizing the social and technical systems used in production. This helps to avoid the mistaken idea that information systems consist of computers or technology alone.
  2. New federal security and accounting laws that require companies to store e-mail for 5 years have spurred the growth of digital information, which is increasing at a rate of 5 exabytes annually. Students may be surprised to learn that 5 exabytes of data is equivalent to 37,000 Libraries of Congress.
  3. Wal-Mart is the most efficient retailer in the industry and exemplifies operational excellence. You could ask students to name other businesses that they believe to exhibit a high level of operational excellence. Do customers perceive operational excellence? Does it make a difference for customer purchasing? What Web sites strike students as really excellent in terms of customer service? If you have a podium computer, you might want to visit the Wal-Mart site and the Amazon site to compare them in terms of ease of use.
  4. Emphasize that achieving any of the previous four business objectives represents the achievement of a competitive advantage as well.
  5. Ask students if they can name any examples of companies that failed to survive due to unwillingness or inability to update their information systems. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that public firms keep all data, including e-mail, on record for 5 years. You could ask students if they appreciate why information systems would be useful towards meeting the standards imposed by this legislation.
  6. The basic point of this graphic is that in order to achieve its business objectives, a firm will need a significant investment in IT. Going the other direction (from right to left), having a significant IT platform can lead to changes in business objectives and strategies. Emphasize the two-way nature of this relationship. Businesses rely on information systems to help them achieve their goals; a business without adequate information systems will inevitably fall short. But information systems are also products of the businesses that use them. Businesses shape their information systems and information systems shape businesses.
  7. These are some basic background understandings needed for the course. A system refers to a set of components that work together (hopefully). Can students think of systems other than information systems? The point of an information system is to make sense out all the confusing data in the environment, and put the data into some kind of order. Information is an ordered set of data that you can understand and act on. If the students want to get a sense of raw data, show them a stock ticker on a Web financial site. Ask them to tell you what it means? Then show them the current value of the Dow Jones Industrial Index and the S&P 500, and its daily trend (or for that matter switch to a 1 year view of either of these indexes). Looking at the indexes students can quickly get a grasp of whether the market is up or down, and they could act on that information.
  8. Emphasize the distinction between information and data. You could, for example, ask several students to list their ages and write the numbers on one side of the board – then you could calculate the average age of those students on the other side, oldest student, youngest student, and so forth, to illustrate the difference between raw data and meaningful information.
  9. Use an example similar to the one given in the previous slide to illustrate the three activities involved in the function of an information system. Continuing with that example, the process of asking students their age would represent input, calculating the average age and determining the oldest and youngest age would represent processing, and writing that information on the board would represent output.
  10. Explain to students that the ‘house’ analogy runs as follows: assuming that a successful information system is like a completed ‘house’, computers and software only represent the tools and materials used to build the house. Tools and materials don’t just suddenly become a completed house – outside (human) input is required. Systems need to be designed to fit the firms and the humans who work with the systems.
  11. The point of this diagram is first of all to highlight the three basic activities of information systems, so that students can understand what an information system is doing at its most fundamental level. But the diagram also puts information systems into the context of organizations (firms), and then puts the firm into its respective environment composed of shareholders, higher level authorities (government), competitors, suppliers and customers. Suddenly students should see that information systems play a central role mediating and interacting with all these players. Hence, systems play a key role in the operations and survival of the firm. You could also explain this diagram by relating it back to the opening case, as the book does. The two types of input into the Synergy system are manually entered data as well as video. The system processes that data and creates the output, video and statistics about specific types of players and plays.
  12. These three themes (management, organizations, and technology) will reappear throughout the book. Understanding the interaction between these factors and information systems is known as information system literacy. Knowing how to optimize the relationship between technology, organizations, and management is the purpose of this book and course.
  13. Page 19 in the text provides more specific details on each level of this hierarchy. You can ask students to talk about an organization where they currently work, or have worked in the past. What was their contact with senior management, middle management, and operational (supervisory) management? Many younger students will have had little or no contact with senior and middle management. Older students most likely will have experience. You might need to provide more description about exactly what senior managers do for the firm (and middle managers).
  14. Ask students to think about how information systems would factor into the day-to-day jobs of each of the three types of workers in the pyramid.
  15. The point of this slide is to let students know there are many organizational factors that will shape information systems. A common observation is that “Every business is different.” Does this mean every business will have different information systems? Every business has its unique culture, and politics. Systems reflect these business cultures. For an example of how information systems shed light on a firm’s unique business processes and culture, you might describe the UPS Interactive Session later in the chapter. The company’s package tracking systems exemplify their commitment to customer service and putting the customer first.
  16. How might information systems assist managers in the development of new products and services? What is meant by re-creating the organization? Why do organizations need to be continually re-created? The answer is that they quickly become obsolete unless they continue to change. Ask students to help you list some organizations that have recently failed, or are about to fail.
  17. Information technology is at the heart of information systems. While organization and management are important too, it’s the technology that enables the systems and the organizations and managers who use the technology. The distinction between the Internet and intranets & extranets has to do with their scope. Intranets are private networks used by corporations and extranets are similar except that they are directed at external users (like customers and suppliers). In contrast, the Internet connects millions of different networks across the globe. Students may not immediately understand this distinction.
  18. You could ask students to consider how this view of information systems might contrast with the sociotechnical view or other views. You could also ask them to consider the circumstances under which information systems might not result in increased productivity and revenue.
  19. During this and the next slide, emphasize that the end result of the business information value chain will always be profitability. Questions for students: What aspects of the business perspective might be lacking? Are there other perspectives that might provide a different picture? (sociotechnical)
  20. Again, emphasize that the end result of the business information value chain is (almost) always firm profitability. You could also ask students if they could imagine any reason to create an information system besides profitability (it’s not likely that they will think of one, which will prove the point). One reason to create a system that is not primarily profit oriented is to meet the information reporting requirements of government and other authorities.
  21. Emphasize that each quadrant of the graph represents a different type of firm. Quadrant 1 represents firms that invest much less in IT but still receive strong returns. Quadrant 2 represents firms that invest a great deal in IT and receive a great deal in returns. Quadrant 3 represents firms that invest much less in IT and receive poor returns. Quadrant 4 represents firms that invest a great deal in IT but receive poor returns.
  22. Connect this slide to the previous slide. Many firms make significant investments in IT for very little benefit to the bottom line. Discuss why companies experience a wide variety of outcomes in their efforts to invest in IT. Consider the factors we use in this book: organizational and management factors.
  23. The example used in the book for complementary assets is for automobile companies: these companies rely on investments in highways, other roads, gas stations, repair facilities, and so on to maximize the value of their primary investment. Ask students to provide a different example of another company’s or industries complementary assets.
  24. Emphasize that firms that make significant investment in complementary assets tend to derive greater benefit from information technology investment than those that do not. Consideration of complementary assets should be a part of any firm’s broader view of how to create and implement their information systems. Stress to students that managers must consider dimensions like complementary assets in order to derive benefit from information systems and be successful.
  25. Ask students which of the two major types of approaches, behavioral and technical, they find to be most appropriate or accurate. Why do they feel this way? Emphasize that the technical approach does not ignore behavior and the behavioral approach does not ignore technology, but that they are indeed two distinct approaches.
  26. You might ask the students whether they think it’s possible to adopt only one of the two approaches to information systems and be successful. Then emphasize that the most accurate position is that there is no single approach that can truly capture the full scope and importance of information systems by itself.
  27. Ask students to describe some of the relationships between the four main actors. For example, business firms look to acquire the components of their information systems from suppliers of hardware and software. The firm’s environment may dictate the type of software a company uses as well as the kind of employees that work there.
  28. The sociotechnical systems perspective was also discussed briefly in slide 3, which you could revisit to give students a refresher. The critical aspect of this view is the balance between technological and social/behavioral concerns. Sometimes a lesser form of technology may be the best option because it is more suited to the personal needs of the individual, for example.
  29. This graphic illustrates the interplay between technology and the organization. The two continue to grow closer together until an approach satisfying both perspectives is reached. Ensure that students understand that the two sides do not always need to form an equal compromise. Sometimes highly advanced technology may be more acceptable than at other times. As they will see with packaged software solutions, and enterprise systems, firms are often required to change greatly in order to make the software applications work.