This document provides a brief history of medicine from ancient practices like shamanism to modern developments. It covers major historical figures and their contributions, including Hippocrates establishing medical ethics, Galen's anatomical research, Ibn Sina's Canon of Medicine, discoveries like antibiotics, vaccines, X-rays, and advances in fields like immunology, neuroscience, and genetics. It discusses the future of medicine including 3D organ printing, stem cells, nanomedicine, and potential developments like male pregnancy and synthetic organs. The document emphasizes the importance of scientific research and understanding in medicine.

1. Soul To Gene
A brief history Of Time
Dr Murtaza Rashid M.D
Department Of Emergency Medicine
Royal Commission Hospital
Jubail

2. Shamanism
• Practitioner reaches altered states of consciousness,
trance and has influence over benevolent and malevolent
sprits.
• Since Paleolithic time until now.
• From Alaska, South America, Europe, Africa, Antarctica,
Middle East, India, China Russia, Mongolia to Japan.
• Usually get messages through dreams and visions.
• Use of music, dance, specific amulet coding, bones or
horns and gongs.
• Entheogens like Amanita muscaria, peyote, psilocybin
mushrooms, Cannabis etc.

3. Siberian Shaman 1692

4. Exorcism of young sick child in Eskimos

5. Trepanning to give way out to bad souls and treat headache,
epilepsy and head traumas. France 6500 B.C, 40 out of 120
had burr holes.

6. Clay and Plants
• Geophagy widespread among animals. Humans used
clay both internally and externally to heal wounds.
• Fractured extremity was covered in wet clay and
eventually let to dry.
• Archeological evidence of drilling teeth found 9000
old in Indus valley civilization.
• Pincers of some ant species used to suture wound.
• Hip dislocation and the Donkey.

7. Ants as Natural sutures

8. The First Physician in History by name
• Imhotep 2667 B.C. deity of medicine and healing.
• Devoid of magical thinking.
• Extracted medicines form plants.
• Described 48 clinical cases written on papyrus.
• Kahun Gynecological Papyrus 1800 BCE is the oldest
medical text of any kind. Divided into parts dealing
with gynecological diseases, fertility, pregnancy and
contraception.

9. Hippocrates 460 BC, The Father of Western Medicine

10. Hippocratic Theory
• Separated Field of Medicine from religion.
• Argued that disease was not punishment
inflicted by God, rather caused by
environmental, eating and lifestyle factors.
• Focus on patient care and prognosis, not
diagnosis. Dissection was taboo and little was
known about anatomy.
• Crisis, a point in progression of disease. Either
illness would triumph or patient will recover.
• Believed in natural and passive healing rather
intervention like ingesting drugs.

11. Hippocratic Practice
• Noted for strict professionalism, discipline and
rigorous practice.
• Physician be well groomed, honest, calm and serious.
• A keen observer, used to check pulse while history
taking if patient was lying.
• Categorization of disease into acute, chronic,
exacerbation, relapse, convalescence, epidemic and
paroxysmal.
• To eat when you are sick, is to feed your sickness.
Advocated Rest and immobilization.
• First one to describe clubbing fingers.

12. Hippocratic Fingers or Clubbing

13. Hippocratic Practice
• Lead pipes to drain empyema.
• Cauterization, excision and ligation for hemorrhoids are
described in his book Hippocratic corpus.
• Hippocratic bench used to provide traction.

14. Sushruta 600B.C, father Of Plastic Surgery. Introduced grafts and flaps,
nasal reconstruction.

15. Humorism
• Adopted by Greek, Roman, Indian, Persian and
European physicians until advent of modern medical
research in 19th century.
• Four humors balance inside body:
Blood sanguine from heart
Yellow bile choleric from liver
Black bile melancholic from spleen
Phlegm phlegmatic from brain
• Disruption in case of excess or deficit of one of these
causes the sickness.

16. Humorism

17. Modern concept of Humorism

18. Galen or Jalinos 129 AD
• One of the greatest medical researcher ever in field of
Anatomy, pathology, physiology and neurology.
• First to describe gynecomastia.
• Believed two kinds of blood, arterial (heart) and venous
(liver).
• Ligated nerves to prove nervous system controls muscles
and explained agonist and antagonist.
• Performed cataract surgeries.
• Hunayn ibn Ishaq translated Galen's work into Arabic,
‘Kitab ila Aglooqan fi Shifa al Amraz’, a masterpiece.

19. Hunayn ibn Ishaq 809 A.D, perhaps wrote first book on
Ophthalmology, in which he described treatment of corneal
ulcers, cataracts, cysts and tumors and elaborated eye
anatomy.

20. Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā Al Razi (Rhazes)854 A.D described small
pox and measles in his book al judari wa al hasbah. Besides he discovered
alcohol and kerosene. His nine volume encyclopedia kitab al Hawai fi tibb is
one among dozens of masterpieces written by him.

21. Ibn Sina or Avicenna 1037 A.D
• The Canon Of Medicine (Al Qanun fi al Tibb),
comprising of five volumes.
• Book 1: Definition and scope of Medicine, anatomy and physiology.
• Book 2: Materia Medica.
• Book 3: Special Pathology.
• Book 4: Special Diseases involving more than one member.
• Book 5: Formulary.
• Used as a Medical Text until 18th century in Europe
Sir William Osler described Canon ‘The most famous medical text ever written’

22. Ibn al Nafis 1213 A.D
• Introduced concept of Pulmonary circulation,
rejecting all old ones.
• Described bronchi and ‘loose flesh’.
• Al-Nafis also postulated that nutrients for heart are
extracted from the coronary arteries.
• Conceptualized circulation into arterial and venous
system, which was later explained by William Harvey.

23. Leonardo da Vinci 1452

24. Fetus in Utero and Upper Arm

25. Sir William Osler 1849, ‘Father of Modern Medicine’
• Introduced Bedside teaching
• Introduced Medical residency
• One of the four founders of
Johns Hopkins.
• Became known as America’s
best diagnostician.
• Wrote many textbooks and
formed journal club.

26. Age Of Vaccination
• Edward Jenner 1798, Small Pox.
• Louis Pasteur 1880, anthrax and
rabies
• Jonas Salk 1955, Polio.
• Diphtheria, measles. Mumps.
Rubella, T.B, Hepatitis
• An Estimate, one million deaths
prevented annually by measles
vaccine alone !
Research over HIV, Malaria, HCV, Ebola.

27. Rene Laennec and his Stethoscope 1816
• Felt Uncomfortable examining
Young Fat woman suspected of
Heart ailment.
• Cylindrical paper.
• Introduced the terms ; Rales,
ronchi, ego phony, crepitance.
• Mediate auscultation (indirect)
Stethos (chest), skopos (examination)

28. Ether, The First Anesthetic 1842
Ether Dome at Massachusetts General Hospital, where everything was beautiful and
nothing hurt. Removing of Neck Tumor.

29. Discovery Of X-rays, 1895
Ist X-ray, wife of Wilhelm Roentgen

30. Electrocardiogram by Willem Einthoven
Weighted 270 Kg and needed five persons to function

31. Age Of Antibiotic, Serendipity & Discovery Of
Penicillin 1928, the miracle drug
Fleming and his dirty staphylococcus moulds

32. Discovery Of DNA 1953 and the age Of Genetics

33. Age of Modern Neuroscience
• Encompasses neurology, neurosurgery, cognitive
neuroscience, psychosurgery, computational
neuroscience, Molecular biology, Neuroradiology,
Neuroendocrinology, Psychoneuroimmunology etc.
• Highly complex organ system. Brain alone has one
hundred billion neurons and one hundred trillion
synapses.
• Corner stone of memory and functional skills.
• Functional imaging is changing concept of diseases viz PET

34. Age of Modern Immunology
Our Norton Anti Virus
MRSA engulfed by neutrophil

35. Age of Immunology
• Better understanding of fighting
diseases.
• New drugs as
immunomodulators
• Discovery of MHC made
Transplantations possible
• Cancer immunology
• Targeted drug therapy.
• In combination with
nanomedicine, created
nanorobots.

36. Heroes Of the Modern Medicine
Thomas Starzl Oliver Sacks Benjamin Carson Gazi Yasargil
Eugene Braunwald Christian Barnard Arthur Guyton Tinsley Harrison

37. Future Of the Medicine
• Sky is the limit
• Natural orifice surgery.
• Printing a Human Kidney, 3D organ printing.
• Ultrasound Surgery.
• Kill with a cell, not by pill.
• Laser guided HIV treatment.
• Needle free blood sampling and vaccination.
• Color coded surgery.
• Synthetic voice
• Stem cell and Nanomedicine

38. Male Pregnancy
Alone in Australia, in year 2013, 54 Men delivered. Peritoneal implantation or
uterine transplant. Also now men have been reported being counseled for abortion !

39. Dogma
• It is in the basic instinct of a human being to get closer to the truth. We
want to understand the basics of mother nature. We try and we proceed.
We get closer day by day.
Scientific truth is unassailable.
HOW
RESEARCH

40. A Noble Profession
No greater opportunity or obligation can fall the
lot of a human being than to be a physician. In
the care of suffering he needs technical skill,
scientific knowledge and human understanding.
He who uses these with courage, humility and
wisdom will provide a unique service to his fellow
man and will build an enduring edifice of
character within himself. The physician should ask
of his destiny no more than this and he should be
content with no less.