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Acrylic man-made fiber
 NAME:MUHAMMAD MOHIB TAHIR
 CLASS:TS-01 A
 SUBJECT:TEXTILE-176
 SUBMITTED TO:SIR IMRAN RAZA MALIK
Acrylic Fiber:
Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer (polyacrylonitrile) with an average molecular
weight of ~100,000, about 1900 monomer units. To be called acrylic in the U.S, the polymer must
contain at least 85% acrylonitrile monomer. Typical comonomers are vinyl acetate or methyl
acrylate. The Dupont Corporation created the first acrylic fibers in 1941 and trademarked them
under the name "Orlon".
Properties of Acrylic Fiber:
 Acrylic has a warm and dry hand like wool. Its density is 1.17 g/cc as compared to 1.32 g/cc of wool. It is
about 30% bulkier than wool. It has about 20% greater insulating power than wool.
 Acrylic has a moisture regain of 1.5-2% at 65% RH and 70 deg F.
 It has a tenacity of 5 gpd in dry state and 4-8 gpd in wet state.
 Breaking elongation is 15% ( both states)
 It has a elastic recovery of 85% after 4% extension when the load is released immediately.
 It has a good thermal stability. When exposed to temperatures above 175 deg C for prolonged periods some
discolouration takes place.
 Acrylic shrinks by about 1.5% when treated with boiling water for 30 min.
 It has a good resistance to mineral acids. The resistance to weak alkalies is fairly good, while hot strong
alkalies rapidly attack acrylic.
 Moths, Mildew and insects do not attack Acrylic.
 It has an outstanding stability towards commonly bleaching agents
 Lightweight and fairly strong
 Drapes well and accepts dye easily
 Little affected by sunlight.
 Easy to wash and wear
 Attracts static electricity which also attracts dirt and lint
Properties of Acrylic Fiber:
 resist soiling, but once an oil based stain soaks in, it can be difficult to clean.
 Although they do NOT absorb water, they DO absorb oil and grease. This means
synthetics
 Does not absorb water (can be uncomfortable when worn next to the skin in warm
weather unless loosely woven)
Uses of acrylic fiber:
 [FOR CLOTHING]
Sweaters, Women's and Children's Wear, Sports Wear, Socks, Knitted Underwear,
Pajamas, Gloves, etc
 [FOR HOME FURNISHINGS AND BEDDING]
Carpets, A Variety of Rugs, Upholstery, Cushions, Blankets, Pile Sheets, etc.
 [FOR INDUSTRIAL USES]
Felts for Paper Making, Filter Cloth, Alternative Asbestos, Tents, Sheet, etc.
 [FOR OTHER USES]
Rag Doll, Toys, Auxiliary Tapes for Bags, Braids, Cloth for Bags, Wigs, etc.
 Outdoor end uses: Car tops, boat covers, awnings, outdoor furniture
Coir or coconut fibre belongs to the group of hard structural fibres. It is an important commercial product
obtained from the husk of the coconut. Industries based on coir have developed in many coconut producing
countries especially India, Tanzania, Kenya, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Ghana etc. In
India, coir manufacture is a traditional industry, which has taken deep roots in the economic structure of the
rural areas in the coastal states. The industry sustains over half a million people and contributes substantial
foreign exchange to the national exchequer. India was ranked first among the coconut producing countries of
the world until 1921, since then, the position has changed. Indonesia and Philippines have increased their
production and India now occupies a third place. These three countries together account nearly 65 percent of
the world production (4.5 m mt) out of which India’s share is about 25 percent.
PROPERTIES OF COIR FIBER:
 Individual fibres are 0.3-1.0 mm long and 0.01-0.0.2 mm in diameter; the ratio of length to diameter being 35.
The lumen is medium to large, polygonal-rounded, or elliptic. The vascular bundle is collateral and is
surrounded by thick sclerenchymatous sheath. Lignin and hemicelluloses, which form the cementing
materials of fibre cells, increase with the age of the fibre and the pectin decreases. As the lignin content
increases, the fibre becomes stiffer and tougher.
 Length of the fibre determines its spinnability and commercial utility. Spinnability may be defined as the ease
with which textile fibres may be twisted into continuous, uniform yarns, having commercially acceptable
properties.
 Fineness of a fibre is usually expressed by its diameter in microns or by the weight of the fibre per unit
length- dinier. The compactness and strength of a yarn or cord depends on the cohesion between individual
fibres.
 Strength or tensile strength of a fibre is determined by its ability to resist strain or rupture induced by tension
, and is a determining factor in the selection of a fibre.
 Elongation at rupture is a criterion of practical value and is an index of the work that could be performed by
the fibre within the limits of its breaking load.
 Torsional rigidity. Stresses in the fibre due to twisting and bending or important factors which affect the
diameter of the yarn, its ability to snarl, its pliability and elastic recovery from small strains and internal
pressures
 Density is 1.33kg/m³
 Elongation is 17.3%
 Thermal conductivity is 0.05 W/m.K
 Long fibres (15 cms. And above)
 Medium ( 12-15 cms.)
 Short ( 6-8 cms.)
 Very short (4 cms.)
 Total water solubles-26.00
PROPERTIES OF COIR FIBER:
 Hemi-celluloses-8.50
 Lignin-29.23
 Cellulose-23.81
Uses of Coir FIBER:
 Besides its main use as floor covering and in rope making, coir fibre finds extensive use as packaging
material to protect goods against shock in transport.
 Coir fibre finds its use in the production of activated carbon, artificial horse hair, paper pulp, roofing tiles,
writing boards, thermal insulations, high stretch paper, manufacture of olive oil filters etc.
 In Germany, coir is rubberized for making cushion seating for automobiles and railways. The rubberization is
brought about by Splashing layers of coir fibre and rubber with the help of a specialized machine.
 Coir yarn has been found to be ideal lead for hop wines which is used in brewery in U.S.A Coir bags are
used in tea estates for collecting tea leaves and for transportation: and also for lifting coal from mines.
 Coir yarn is used for making fenders which are attached to ships and boats for preventing collision and
shock.
 Coir mats are used for commercial packaging purposes and circular brush mats are used for packing.
 Coir mattings after bituminisation offer possibilities of being used as floor covering in godowns to withstand
moisture adsorption by stored goods.
 Rubber backed coir mats are sol-proof, sound absorbent and do not scratch polished floor. Heavy matting
made out of thick coir rope is being used for transporting gas cylinder. It is used as a strainer in tube wells in
place of wire mesh.
 Hardboards made of coconut husk shorts and coir dusts are durable, smooth, insect proof, fire retarding and
water-repellent. They may be sawed, nailed, glued and finished into particular requirement.
 Coir waste has been recently used in the manufacture of Coirolite by incorporating with resins and other
ingredients by the usual techniques of plastics manufacture. The powder so obtained is hotpressed to obtain
articles of any shape using appropriate moulds. It is a tough and hard material and possesses good strength
and electrical resistance.
Cotton fiber:
Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton
plant, a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas,
India and Africa. The fiber most often is spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft,
breathable textile, which is the most widely used natural-fiber cloth in clothing today.
Properties of Cotton Fiber:
 It has 8% moisture regain
 The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength, durability, and absorbency
 It is fresh, crisp, comfortable, absorbent, flexible, has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
 It has poor wrinkle resistance, shrinkage, poor acid resistance, less abrasion resistance, susceptible to
damage by moths and mildew, needs lots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
 Its fibre length ranges from ½ inches to 2inches
 It has 10%increase in strength when wet.
 It has a flat twisted tube shape
 About 20% stronger when wet than dry
 Can be damaged by prolonged exposure to sunlight
 Comfortable to wear
 Natural, cellulosic fiber
 Made from cotton boll
 Absorbs water and "breathes"
 Slow to dry
 Resists static electricity build-up
 Wrinkles easily
 High shrinkage
 Poor drapability
Properties of Cotton Fiber:
 On the effect of light its turn yellow and loss its strength
 Prints well
 Machine washable
 Comfortable Soft hand
 Color retention
 Can withstand heat, detergents, and bleach
 The cotton fibre is because of absorbent, owing to the countless polar OH groups. In its polymers, these
attract water molecules which are also polar. The hydroscopic nature ordinarily prohibits cotton textile
materials from developing static electricity. The polarity of the water molecules attracted to the hydroxyl
groups on the polymers distribute any static change which might develop.
 Cotton is not thermoplastic and hence excessive application of heat energy reasons the cotton fibre to char
and bum, without prior melting.
 Lintreated cotton has no pronounced luster. Therefore in order to make it lustrous they need to be
mercerized.
 The strength of cotton fibre is attributed to the good alignment of its long polymers i.e. its polymer system is
about 70% crystalline, due to the countless continuous hydrogen bond formations between adjacent
polymers, and the spiraling fibrils in the primary and secondary cell walls. It is one of the few fibres which
gains strength when wet. This occurs due to the improved alignment of polymers and increase in hydrogen
bond numbers.
 These fibres are resistant to alkalis and are comparatively unaffected by normal laundering. The resistance
is because of the lack of attraction between the cotton polymers and alkalis.
 Cotton fibres are weakened and destroyed by acids. Acids hydrolyze the cotton polymer at the glycosidic
oxygen atom which connects the two glucose units to form the cellobiose unit. Mineral acids being stronger
than organic acids will hydrolyse the cotton polymer more quickly.
 The most common bleaches used on cotton textile materials are sodium hypochlorite and sodium perborate.
They are: oxidizing bleaches and bleach because of the oxygen liberated from them.
Properties of Cotton Fiber:
 The ultra-violet rays of sunlight provide photo chemical energy whilst the infra-red rays provide heat
energy essential to degrade the cotton polymers in the pressure of atmospheric oxygen, moisture and
air pollutants. The breakdown of polymers takes place through diverse hydrolysis reactions. The
beginning degradation is noticed as a slight fibre discoloration. Fading of colored cotton textile is
partially because the breakdown of the dye molecules in the fibre’s polymer system
 Cotton is easy to dye and print. The classes of dye which may be used to color cotton
are azoic, direct, reactive, sulphur and vat dyes. The polar polymer system easily attracts any polar
dye molecules into the polar system. Therefore, dye molecules which can be dispersed in water will
be absorbed by the polymer system of cotton.However, the dye molecules can enter solely the
amorphous regions of the polymer system of cotton. The small inter polymer spaces in the crystalline
regions of the polymer system prohibit the entry of the crystalline molecules.
 Cotton is damaged by fungi. Heat and dampness support the growth of mildew. The fungi produce a
chemical compound which has the power of changing cellulose to glucose.
 Moths and beetles do not change cotton. Silver fish will eat cotton cellulose especially if heavily
starched.
Uses of Cotton fiber:
 Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for highly absorbent
bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric, popularly used in the manufacture of blue
work shirts (from which we get the term "blue-collar"); and corduroy, seersucker, and
cotton twill. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are
made from cotton. Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting. Fabric also can
be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the
spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some
materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester. It
can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a
stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans.
 In addition to the textile industry, cotton is used in fishing nets, coffee filters, tents, explosives
manufacture (see nitrocellulose), cotton paper, and in bookbinding. The first Chinese paper was
made of cotton fiber.[citation needed] Fire hoses were once made of cotton.
WOOL FIBER:
Wool, common name applied to the soft, curly fibers obtained chiefly from the
fleece of domesticated sheep, and used extensively in textile manufacturing. Wool
may be differentiated from hair mainly by the nature of the scales that cover the
outer surface of each fiber. Wool scales are numerous, minute, and pointed and are
attached only at their bases; thus the fibers interlock under pressure (see Felt). The
number of scales varies with the fineness and curliness of the fiber. Because of its
crimp, or curl, wool has considerable resilience. This quality, together with its high
tensile strength and elasticity, gives fine woolen fabrics the ability to retain shape
better than cloth made from other natural fibers. Other characteristics of wool,
which make it especially desirable for clothing, are its lightness, its ability to absorb
moisture, and its insulating properties.
PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER:
 1. Wool Insulates Against Heat and Cold
Because it absorbs moisture vapour, wool clothing provides superior comfort in both hot and cold
weather. In cold weather even a little moisture on the skin becomes cold, quickly reducing body
temperature. However, by absorbing body moisture a dry layer of air is left next the skin and this
helps to hold in body heat. In addition the crimp in the wool fibres makes them stand apart from each
other. As a result, little pockets of still air are trapped between the fibres. This lining of air trapped
inside the fabric acts as an insulator. Still air is one of the best insulators found in nature.
The absorption/evaporation process works in hot weather to help keep the body cooler. Evaporation
of perspiration is the body's natural cooling device. Wool helps this process along. Its thirsty cells
absorb body vapours and help reduce skin temperature. Also, much of the outdoor heat is blocked
out because of wool's insulating barrier of air pockets. This means that the body is kept at an even
temperature.
 2. Wool is Healthy
Because wool has the ability to insulate against heat and cold, it protects against sudden changes of
temperature, and it lets your body breathe. Wool can absorb up to 30 percent of its own weight in
moisture before it becomes really damp. As moisture is absorbed heat is generated so that the wool
remains warm rather than cold and clammy. After doing strenuous work or playing sport it is a good
idea to pull on a wool jumper as it allows the body to cool down slowly and chills are prevented.
 3. Wool is Water Repellent
While wool can absorb moisture, it repels liquids. The scales on the outside of the fibre cause liquid
to roll off the surface of the wool fabric. For instance, if you accidentally spill water on the floor, it is
no use trying to mop it up with an old wool jumper because the wool will not absorb the liquid.
Similarly, if you are caught in a shower or rain, it will take quite some time before the rain penetrates
your wool clothing, and so wool keeps you dry. Even if wool does eventually get wet it generates
heat and keeps you warm, not cold and clammy.
PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER:
 4. Wool is Fire Resistant
Wool is naturally safe. It does not have to be specially treated to become non-flammable. While it can
catch alight, it will not flare up nor support a flame. Instead of burning freely, once the flame is
removed a cold ash is left which can be brushed away immediately. Wool does not melt when
burned, and so cannot stick to the skin and cause serious burns. Because of its fire-resistant
qualities, wool blankets, furnishings and carpets in your home are necessary insurance, and wool for
clothing (particularly children) will protect from accidents associated with fire. Firemen wear wool
uniforms, and fire-fighters in rural areas should always ensure they dress themselves in wool before
rushing to fight a fire. wool fibre has a higher ignition threshold than many other fibres and is flame
retardant up to 600º C. It also produces less toxic fumes in a fire.
 5. Wool is Elastic
Wool's natural elasticity, greater than that of any other fibre, makes it comfortable to wear because it
fits the shape of the body. Wool can be twisted, turned and stretched, and yet it returns to its natural
shape. This is why wrinkles disappear from wool garments when they are rested, and why wool
carpets retain their springy pile for many years. A wool fibre when dry can be extended by about 30
percent. When wet it will stretch by between 60 and 70 percent. This means that a wool garment
gives freedom of movement, especially important for children's clothes and sportswear, when ease
of movement is all important. wool fibre can be bent 20,000 times without breaking and still have the
power to recover and return to its natural shape. Quality wool garments look good for longer.
PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER:
 6. Wool Wears Longer
Wool not only wears longer, it also keeps its good appearance and stays new-looking longer. It
doesn't get shabby in a short space of time. Each wool fibre is made up of millions of "coiled
springs" that stretch and give rather than break, and so wool is extremely durable. Wool stands up to
the stresses and strains of normal wear because it gives rather than resists friction. The durability
and strength of the coarser wool gives us furnishings materials and carpets which retain their good
appearance for a long time. One of the reasons why so many people hang on to a favourite old wool
garment for so many years is because it retains its 7.
 7. Wool is Versatile
Wool fabric, knitwear and carpets are made from a wide range of wool types varying from extra-fine
for suits and knitwear through to broad fibres which give carpets their strength and character. This
means that wool gives designers endless potential for their creations - from delicate fabrics to
rugged outdoor wear. Wool technologists have developed an endless number of combinations of
weave, knits and textures, from sheer lacy knits and light airy worsteds to bulky tweeds and heavy
overcoating. Different sheep breeds, each with their own unique fibre characteristics provide
manufacturers with different wools for an even wider range of products. Blending various wool types
in different ways adds further to wool's versatility. It is small wonder then that wool is found in
products as diverse as paint-rollers and mattresses, carpets and coats, furnishing fabrics and high-
fashion suits, blankets and underwear, curtains and skiwear, wall paper and tennis ball coverings.
original appearance longer than most other fabrics.
PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER:
 8. Wool Resists Static
Because wool naturally absorbs moisture from the air, the tendency to collect static electricity is
reduced. Walking across a wool carpet, you are less likely to receive a shock when you touch a
grounded object. Wool garments are much less likely to "spark" or cling to the body.
 9. Wool Insulates Against Noise
As mentioned above wool is a wonderful insulator against noise. It absorbs sound and reduces noise
level considerably. For this reason wool wallpaper is often used in offices, restaurants, airport
terminals, etc. Wool is also an ideal material used in such places as concert halls to attain the best
acoustics possible.
 10. Wool Resists Dirt
Wool resists dirt, retains its appearance, and stays cleaner longer. Its ability to absorb moisture
prevents a build-up of static electricity and therefore wool does not attract lint and dust from the air.
Furthermore the crimp in the wool fibre and the scales on the outside of the fibre assist in keeping
dirt from penetrating the surface. The same qualities also make it easier to clean.
 11. Wool is Easy to Sew
For the home dressmaker, wool cuts cleanly, doesn't fray, drapes naturally, doesn't crush with
handling and pins don't mark it. It responds instantly to shaping by iron and steaming and then holds
shape.
 12. Wool is Fashionable
 Leading designers throughout the world prefer to use wool - it comes in a wide choice of textures,
weaves and weights, and is suitable for any style required. No fabric drapes like wool fabric. It is
alive, flexible and tailors easily. The soft and easy "give and take" of the wool fibre keeps garments in
shape, prevents stretching and sagging, and resists wrinkling.
PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER:
 13. Wool Dyes Beautifully
Wool dyes so easily and the range of colours is limitless. The scales on the surface of the
wool fibre tend to diffuse light giving less reflection and a softer colour. Because proteins in
the core of the fibre are reactive, they can absorb and combine with a wide variety of dyes.
This means that the wool holds its colour well as the dye becomes part of the fibre.
 14. Wool is Comfortable
Wool is so comfortable to wear because its elasticity means garments fit so well and yield to body
movement it absorbs moisture, allows your body to breathe, yet never feels damp and clammy. No
other fabric serves so well under such a variety of conditions, nor combines so many natural
properties.
 15. Multi-Climatic – wool acclimatizes to its surroundings.
 16.Non allergenic – wool is not known to cause allergy and does not promote the growth of bacteria.
With microscopic scales, wool fibres can trap dust in the top layers until vacuumed away.
 17.Naturally insulating – wool can insulate the home providing and retaining warmth, and reducing
energy costs.
 18.Biodegradable – when disposed of, natural wool fibre takes only a few years to decompose, and
with a high nitrogen content, wool can even act as a fertilizer.
 19.Sunsafe – wool has naturally high UV protection.
 20.Natural and renewable – wool is grown not made; every year sheep grow a new fleece. Wool
products also use less energy than man-made fibres during manufacture.
PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER:
 21.Tensile property - The tensile properties of wool are quite vari- able but, typically, at 65% RH and
208C individual fibers have a tenacity of 110–140 N/ktex (140–180 MPa), breaking elongation of 30–
40% and an initial modulus of 2100–3000 N/ktex (2.7–3.9 GPa).
 22.Fiber size and shape - Wool is usually harvested from sheep by annual shearing. The fiber length
is, therefore, determined largely by the rate of growth, which in turn depends on both genetic and
environmental factors. Typical merino fibers are 50–125 mm long. They have irregular crimp
(curvature), with the finer fiber generally showing lower growth rates and higher crimp. The fiber
surface is rough as a consequence of the outer layer of overlapping cuticle cells. By far the most
important dimension is the fiber diameter. Wool fibers exhibit a range of diameters, which like fiber
length is dependent on both genetics and environment. Coarse wool fibers (25–70 micrometers) are
used in carpets, while fine merino fibers (10–25 micrometers) are used in apparel because of their
soft handle.
 23.Carbonizing - Carbonizing is a process used to remove excessive amounts of cellulosic
impurities, eg, burrs and vegetable matter, from wool. It is carried out on loose wool, rags and fabric.
With loose wool and fabric, the wool is treated with aqueous sulfuric acid and then baked. After acid
treatment, the carbonized vegetable matter is crushed to facilitate its removal. The wool is then
normally neutralized in alkali, although some mills omit this stage to facilitate subsequent dyeing
under acid conditions.
 24.They are composed of amino acid.
USES OF WOOL FIBER:
 Wool is a multifunctional fibre with a range of diameters that make it suitable for clothing,
household fabrics and technical textiles.
 Its ability to absorb and release moisture makes woollen garments comfortable as well as warm.
Two thirds of wool is used in the manufacture of garments, including sweaters, dresses, coats,
suits and "active sportswear". Blended with other natural or synthetic fibres, wool adds drape and
crease resistance.
 Slightly less than a third of wool goes into the manufacture of blankets anti-static and noise-
absorbing carpets, and durable upholstery (wool's inherent resistance to flame and heat makes it
one of the safest of all household textiles).
 Industrial uses of wool include sheets of bonded coarse wool used for thermal and acoustic
insulation in home construction, as well pads for soaking up oil spills.
Silk fibers are produced from various types of ectodermal glands in the mites, spiders, and several groups of
insects. Commercial silk is obtained from the cocoons spun by certain caterpillars (larvae of moths and
butterflies) before pupation.
PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER :
 Color:
Color is a characteristic particular to the species. It is the presence of pigments in the sericin layers,
which cause the colour. This colour is not permanent and washes away with the sericin during the
degumming process . There are diverse hues of colour including but limited to white, yellow,
yellowish green and golden yellow.
 Shape:
Cocoon shape, as colour, is peculiar to the given species. Generally, the Japanese species is peanut-
shaped, the Chinese elliptical, European a longer elliptical and the polyvoltine species spindle-like in
appearance. Hybrid cocoons assume a shape midway between the parents.
 Wrinkle:
The deflossed cocoon has many wrinkles on its surface. Wrinkles are coarser on the outer layer than
within the interior layer. It is recognized that coarse wrinkled cocoons reel poorly.
 Cocoon Weight:
The most significant commercial feature of cocoons is weight. Cocoons are sold in the marketplace
based on weight as this index signals the approximate quantity of raw silk that can be reeled. Pure
breeds range from 2.2 to 1.5 g, while hybrid breeds weight from 1.8 to 2.5 g.
 Thickness/Weight of Cocoon Shell:
The thickness of the cocoon shell is not constant and changes according to its three sections. The
central constricted part of the cocoon is the thickest segment, while the dimensions of the expanded
portions of the head are 80 to 90 percent of the central constricted . The weight of the silk shell is the
most consequential factor as this measure forecasts raw silk yield.
PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER :
 Thickness/Weight of Cocoon Shell:
The thickness of the cocoon shell is not constant and changes according to its three sections. The central
constricted part of the cocoon is the thickest segment, while the dimensions of the expanded portions of
the head are 80 to 90 percent of the central constricted . The weight of the silk shell is the most
consequential factor as this measure forecasts raw silk yield.
 Hardness or Compactness:
Cocoon hardness correlates to shell texture and is affected by cocoon spinning conditions. The degree of
hardness also influences air and water permeability of cocoons during boiling. A hard shell typically
reduces reelability (during the cocoon reeling process), while a soft-shell may multiply raw silk defects. In
short, moderate humidity is preferred for good quality cocoons.
 Shell Percentage:
It is essential to quantify the ratio of the weight of the silk shell versus the weight of the cocoon. This value
gives a satisfactory indication of the amount of raw silk that can be reeled from a given quantity of fresh
cocoons under transaction. In newly evolved hybrids, recorded percentages are 19 to 25 percent, where
male cocoons are higher than female cocoons.
 Raw Silk Percentage:
The normal range is 65 to 84 percent for the weight of the cocoon shell and 12 to 20 percent for the weight
of the whole fresh cocoon.
 Filament Length:
Filament Length determines the workload, rate of production, evenness of the silk thread and the
dynamometric properties of the output. Range of total length is from 600 to 1 500 m of which 80 percent is
reelable while the remainder is removed as waste.
PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER :
 Reelability:
Reelability is defined as the fitness of cocoons for economically feasible reeling.
Reelability is greatly affected by careful action during cocoon spinning, drying,
storage, pre-processing, reeling machine efficiency and operator skill. The measured
range is from 40 to 80 percent with serious deviations depending on the type of
cocoon.
 Size of Cocoon Filament :
The measure denier expresses the size of silk thread. A denier is the weight of 450 m
length of silk thread divided into 0.05 g units. At the coarsest section of cocoon filament
from 200 to 300 meters, the denier increases. Once more these dimensions become
finer and finer as the process approaches the inside layer . The average diameter of
cocoon filament is 15 to 20 microns for the univoltine and bivoltine species.
 Defects:
A series of minor defects may be found in cocoon filament such as loops, split-ends,
fuzziness, nibs and hairiness . While these defects are observed among silkworm
varieties, mounting conditions seem to contribute to their incidence. These filament
defects directly affect raw silk quality.
 Lousiness:
Hair-like projections in the silk fibre are called Lousiness. Another factor promoting
lousiness is mounting of over-mature larvae. When fabrics woven with these defects
are dyed, it looks as if the fabric is covered with dust or is a paler shade than the rest.
In fact, the protruding fibril is more transparent and has a lesser capacity to absorb
dyes.
PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER :
 Tenacity:
Tenacity indicates the quantity of weight a given fibre can support before breaking.
the typical tenacity of a bave is 3.6 to 4.8 g per denier.
 Gravity:
The bave specific gravity on average of sericin and fibroin measures from 1.32 to
1.40. Generally, the specific gravity of sericin is slightly higher than that of fibroin.
 Elongation:
Elongation defines the length to which a fibre may be stretched before breaking.
Raw silk has an elongation of 18 to 23 percent of its original length.
 Effect of Light:
Continuous exposure to light weakens silk faster than cotton or wool. Raw silk is
more resistant to light than degummed silk.
 Electrical Property:
Silk is a poor conductor of electricity and accumulates a static charge from friction.
This trait can render it difficult to handle in the manufacturing process. This static
charge can be dissipated by high humidity or by maintaining a R.H. of 65 percent
at 25ºC.
 Hygroscopic Nature:
11 percent is the accepted moisture regain coefficient for silk; the mercantile
weight of silk is derived based on this factor.
PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER :
 Action of Water:
Silk is a highly absorbent fibre, which readily becomes impregnated with water. Water,
however, does not permanently affect silk fibre. Silk strength decreases about 20
percent when wet and regains its original strength after drying. The fibre expands but
does not dissolve when steeped in warm water. Note that the fibre will also absorb
dissolved substances present in water.
 Effect of Heat:
If white silk is heated in an oven at 110ºC for 15 minutes, it begins to turn yellow. At
170ºC, silk disintegrates and at its burning points releases an empyreumatic odour.
 Degration by acids,alkali:
Treatment of silk fibres with acid or alkaline substances causes hydrolysis of the peptide
linkages. The degree of hydrolysis is based on the pH factor, which is at minimum
between 4 and 8. Degradation of the fibre is exhibited by loss of tensile strength or
change in the viscosity of the solution.
 Proteolytic Enzymes:
Proteolytic enzymes do not readily attack fibroin in fibrous form apparently because the
protein chains in silk are densely packed without bulky side chains. Serious
degradation may be caused by water or steam at 100ºC.
PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER :
 Oxidation:
Oxidizing agents may attack proteins in three possible points. Hydrogen peroxide is
absorbed by silk and is thought to form complexes with amino acid groups and peptide
bonds.
At the side chains
At the N-terminal residues
At the peptide bonds of adjacent amino groups
 Other Agents:
Chlorine attacks fibroin more vigorously than does sodium hypochlorite. The oxidation is
mainly at the tyrosine residues.
USES OF SILK FIBER:
 Silk is particularly renowned for its use in making luxury fabrics. Silk's absorbency
makes it comfortable to wear in warm weather and when one is active. Its low
conductivity keeps warm air close to the skin during cold weather. It is often used for
clothing such as shirts, ties, blouses, formal dresses, high fashion clothes, lingerie,
pyjamas, robes, dress suits, sun dresses and kimonos.
 Silk's attractive luster and drape makes it suitable for many furnishing applications. It is
used for upholstery, wall coverings, window treatments (if blended with another
fiber), rugs, bedding and wall hangings. In particular, leftover silk produced in the
process of making silk thread (yarn) may be spun to produce a somewhat inferior silk
used for some fabrics and waste silk may used for things like upholstery and draperies.
 While on the decline now, due to artificial fibers, silk has had many industrial and
commercial uses; parachutes, bicycle tires, comforter filling
and artillery gunpowder bags.
 A special manufacturing process removes the outer irritant sericin coating of the silk,
which makes it suitable as non-absorbable surgical sutures. This process has also
recently led to the introduction of specialist silk underclothing for children and adults
with eczema where it can significantly reduce itch.
FLAX/LINEN FIBER:
Flax is also called Linen.This fiber obtained from the stalk of the plant which is from 80 to 120 cm high,with
few branches and small flowers, of a color which is varies from white to intense blue,which flowers only for
one day.Common flax was one of the first crops domesticated by man.
PROPERTIES OF FLAX FIBER:
 Strength: An important property of linen is its strength. Linen is a durable fiber, as is two-three times as
strong as cotton. It is second in strength to silk. It gives the same comfort like Cotton fiber.
 Elasticity: Elasticity is the extent to which a fiber can be elongated or stretched and then returned to its
normal condition and size. Linen is the least elastic natural fabric.
 Resilience: Resilience refers to the extent to which a fabric can be deformed by crushing or compressing it,
and finally returning it to its original condition. Linen is quite stiff and wrinkles easily.
 Absorbency: Absorbency refers to the extent to which moisture can penetrate into a fiber. Another linen
property is that the fiber absorbs moisture and dries more quickly. It is excellent for manufacturing towels and
handkerchiefs.
 Heat Conductivity: Heat conductivity refers to the extent to which heat can be conveyed through a fiber.
Heat conductivity of linen is five times as high as that of wool and 19 times as that of silk. It is most suitable
for use in summers, as the fiber allows the heat to escape, leaving a cool effect.Studies have shown that
with linen clothes perspiration is 1.5 times less than when dressed in cotton clothes. It is twice less than
when dressed in viscose clothes. Meanwhile in cold seasons linen is an ideal warmth-keeper.
 Comfortable: Linen is a comfortable fabric. Being a natural vegetable fibers it has huge amount of Air
Porosity hole, which make the linen clothes very comfortable to wear.
 Crisp: The linen fabric has a crisp feel with a distinctive outlook and feel. Linen possesses a natural
crispness when ironed damp. Hence it does not require starching, and has a natural lustre.
 Lightweight/Heavyweight: You will find any kind of linen fabric or linen fibers in any weight in the market.
 Good Abrasion Resistant: As the linen fiber is good in strength, it also has good abrasion resistance.
PROPERTIES OF FLAX FIBER:
 Resistant to Allergy: No kind of allergic reactions are caused using linen and hence it is helpful in treating a
number of allergic disorders.
 Anti inflammatory property: Linen is helpful in dealing with inflammatory conditions, reducing fever,
regulating air ventilation, in some neurological ailments.
 No static electricity: Another property of linen is that it does not accumulate static electricity. Since line is
made of flax, even a small addition of flax fibers to a cloth is sufficient to reduce or eliminate the static
electricity effect.
 Breathable: Linen is very breathable due to its loose weave, therefore is an excellent choice of fabric for
summer as it allows air to penetrate and so retains its cool feel. The material is usually an off-white colour,
but the fibres take dye well and so linen can be dyed a wide range of colours. It is also very strong,
lightweight and durable, and doesn’t stretch
over time.
 Luster: linen has a smooth surface and mat luster and feels pleasant to the touch.
 the more linen is washed the softer and smoother it becomes.
 linen and linen-containing articles are easily laundered in hot water, may be boiled and dried in the sun,
besides they may be hot-ironed thereby ensuring maximum sterilization
 linen rejects dirt and does not get teaseled
 silica present in the flax fiber protects linen against rotting - the mummies of Egyptian Pharaohs preserved to
the present day are wrapped in the finest linen cloth;
 flax fabric is an excellent filter protecting against a chemically aggressive medium, noise and dust;
FLAX USES FIBER:
 Flax, in all its forms, is used in food production, personal care products, animal feeds, fiber and a number of
other industrial uses. Read on to find out more about all the various uses of flax seed, fiber and oil. The
Canadian commercial flax crop satisfies the diverse needs of a wide group of end users
 Industrial Uses:
The natural qualities of flax make it a desirable oil and fibre commodity for manufacturers seeking alternative
solutions to chemical- and plastic-based products. Thus, flax is exported primarily as raw seed for crushing
into linseed oil. From the oil, manufacturers create environmentally friendly products such as linoleum
flooring, oilcloth, resins, inks, biofuels and also some paints and stains. Flax oil flaxseed, also, has been
employed since ancient times in a variety of means to enhance personal care. It has been used as an
emollient (softening or soothing to the skin), demulcent (soothing to irritated or inflamed skin or mucus
membranes) and useful in formulations for balms, salves and unguents (healing ointments). Similarly, flax
straw, in a partially or completely processed form, is used in the manufacture of fine papers and, more
recently, for industrial fiber products such as the interior panelling of some cars.
 Food Uses:
In addition to these industrial uses, new feed and food markets underpin market stability and fuel growth.
Seen as a health-promoting ingredient, premium quality flax is rapidly being absorbed into the expanding
functional food markets. Functional foods are those food products which have been fortified with a healthful
ingredient, or which are promoted because of a healthy ingredient. Flax, with its high alpha-linolenic fatty
acid content, ample fibre, and cancer-fighting lignans is a unique functional food. To serve these markets,
“super-clean” (judged 99.9% pure) whole seed and packaged milled seed is sold to food manufacturers. The
consumer market for whole and milled flax seed, and cold-pressed flax oil is also expanding.
 Feed Uses:
Flax in animal feeds could be an important contributor to animal performance and health. In the pork and
beef industries, flax use in hog rations and cattle feed is being investigated for improved production.
Meanwhile, flax processors have seen growth in the use of flax by pet food manufacturers. Flax in pet food
formulations has been promoted as solving digestive and skin problems in dogs and cats
FLAX FIBER USES:
 The fibers are woven into fabric, then finished by bleaching, dying, or printing.
 Linen shares many of the advantages of cotton. It is strong yet comfortable to wear in warm weather. It is so
often used for bed coverings that we call them simply - linens. It’s also used in handkerchiefs, and fine
fashions – everything from dresses to suits. Linen is especially popular for suits worn in tropical climates. It is
also found in wall coverings, drapery and upholstery fabric. Linen is more expensive than cotton and high
quality linen is considered a luxury fabric.
 Apparel:
 dresses,
 suits,
 separates,
 skirts,
 jackets,
 pants,
 blouses,
 shirts,
 children's wear etc.
 Home Fashion :curtains,
 draperies,
 upholstery,
 bedspreads,
 table linens,
 sheets,
 dish towels etc.
JUTE FIBER:
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres. Jute fibres are composed primarily of cellulose (major component
of plant fibre) and lignin (major component wood fibre). It is thus a ligno-cellulosic fibre that is partially a
textile fibre and partially wood. It falls into the bast fibre category (fibre collected from bast or skin of the
plant) along with kenaf, industrial hemp, flax (linen), ramie, etc. The industrial term for jute fibre is raw jute.
The fibres are off-white to brown, and 1–4 meters (3–12 feet) long. Jute is the common name given to the
fiber extracted from the stems of plants belonging to the genus Corchorus, family Tiliaceae.
PROPERTIES OF JUTE FIBER:
 Jute fiber is 100% bio-degradable and recyclable and thus environmentally friendly.
 Jute has low pesticide and fertilizer needs.
 It is a natural fiber with golden and silky shine and hence called The Golden Fiber.
 It is the cheapest vegetable fiber procured from the bast or skin of the plant's stem.
 It is the second most important vegetable fiber after cotton, in terms of usage, global consumption,
production, and availability.
 It has high tensile strength, low extensibility, and ensures better breathability of fabrics. Therefore, jute is
very suitable in agricultural commodity bulk packaging.
 It helps to make best quality industrial yarn, fabric, net, and sacks. It is one of the most versatile natural
fibers that has been used in raw materials for packaging, textiles, non-textile, construction, and agricultural
sectors. Bulking of yarn results in a reduced breaking tenacity and an increased breaking extensibility when
blended as a ternary blend.
 The best source of jute in the world is the Bengal Delta Plain in the Ganges Delta, most of which is occupied
by Bangladesh.
 Advantages of jute include good insulating and antistatic properties, as well as having low thermal
conductivity and a moderate moisture regain. Other advantages of jute include acoustic insulating properties
and manufacture with no skin irritations.
 Jute has the ability to be blended with other fibers, both synthetic and natural, and accepts
cellulosic dye classes such as natural, basic,vat, sulfur, reactive, and pigment dyes
PROPERTIES OF JUTE FIBER:
 Cellulose -65.2%
 Hemi Cellulose -22.2%
 Lignin – 12.5%
 Water Soluble matter – 1.5%
 Fat and Wax – 0.6%
 Effect of acids and alkalis: Easily damaged by hot and cold concentrated acids but resistant to alkali.
 Effect of bleaching agent: Not effected by oxidizing and reducing agent.
 Effect of organic solvent: Resistance to organic solvent.
 Dye ability: Jute fiber has good affinity to basic dye.
 Effect of sun light: Due to presence of lignin in jute fiber it may be damaged by sun light.
 Flammability: its flammability may be reduced by treating with boras and boric acid mixture.
 Effect of microorganism: Jute has more resistance to microbiological attack than either grey cotton or flax
USES OF JUTE FIBER:
 The vesatility of Jute - combined with a low cost base - makes it ideally suited to a variety of uses, ranging
from;
 Packaging - bags, sacks, wrapping material ie cotton packs and wool packs.
 Geotextiles - landfill covering, embankment reinforcement.
 Protection of rooting plants.
 Hessian cloths of various types.
 Braids and webbing.
 Fine and coarse yarns.
 Cable filler.
 Industrial and domestic twine.
 Specialist pulp and paper.
 Recently being used as a filler with Abaca and Sisal.
 Making twine, rope, and making matting are among its uses.
 Together with the sugar can be used to build aeroplane panels. [13]
 Jute is in great demand due to its cheapness, softness, length, lustre and uniformity of its fibre. It is also
called the 'golden fibre' due to its versatile nature.It is called the 'brown paper bag' as it is also used to store
rice, wheat, grains, etc.
PolyesterFiber:
Polyester is a category of polymer whose monomer contains the ester functional group.The
most common polyester for fiber purposes is poly (ethylene terephthalate), or simply PET. This is
also the polymer used for many soft drink bottles and it is becoming increasingly common to
recycle them after use by remelting the PET and extruding it as fiber. This saves valuable
petroleum raw materials, reduces energy consumption, and eliminates solid waste sent to landfills .
Properties Of Polyester Fiber:
 Resists abrasion (but can "pill")
 Very resilient (springs back into shape)
 Resist wrinkling
 Very high heat can "melt" the fabric
 The right amount of heat can be used to permanently "heat set" a crease or pleat
 Easy to wash and wear
 Does not absorb water (can be uncomfortable when worn next to the skin in warm weather unless
loosely woven)
 Dries quickly
 Attracts static electricity which also attracts dirt and lint
 Although they do NOT absorb water, they DO absorb oil and grease. This means synthetics
 resist soiling, but once an oil based stain soaks in, it can be difficult to clean.
 Strong fiber (but nylon is stronger)
 Often blended with cotton or even wool to add crease resistance
 Polyester does not absorb water, but it can be produced in such a way (as in polypropylene and
microfibers) as to "wick" water away from the skin
 Moisture Regain:At 65% RH and 70 deg F--> 0.4%
 When burned, polyester gives off a strong odour.
Properties Of Polyester Fiber:
 Specific Gravity: 1.36 - 1.41%
 Glass Transition Temp: 80 degree C
 Softening temp : 230 - 240 degree C
 Melting point : 260 - 270 degree C
 Alkali Resistence: damaged by CON alkali
 Acid Resistence: excellent
 Organic Chemical Resistence: good
 Denier: 0.5 – 15
 Effect of Sunlight : turns yellow, retains 70 - 80% tenacity at long exposure
 The weight of polyester is 1.22-1.38 g/cm3
 Colorless
 Transparent ( reason for most water bottles are colorless and transparent being made form
polyester.)
 Polyester fibres are most thermally stable of all synthetic fibres. As with all
thermoplastic fibres, its tenacity decreases and elongation increases with rise in
temperature. When ignited, polyester fibre burns with difficulty.
 The fibre swells in 2% solution of benzoic acid, salycylic acid and phenol
USES OF POLYESTER FIBER:
 Polyester is the most used synthetic fiber.
 Polyester is a tough fabric used in clothing
 Polyester is used in the manufacturing of all kinds of clothes and home furnishings like
bedspreads, sheets, pillows, furniture, carpets and even curtains.
 Woven and Knitted Fabrics, especially blends.
 Conveyor belts, tyre cords, tarpaulines etc.
 For paper making machine
 Insulating tapes
 Hose pipe with rubber or PVC
 Ropes, fish netting and sail cloth.

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Uses and properties of fibers

  • 1. Acrylic man-made fiber  NAME:MUHAMMAD MOHIB TAHIR  CLASS:TS-01 A  SUBJECT:TEXTILE-176  SUBMITTED TO:SIR IMRAN RAZA MALIK
  • 2. Acrylic Fiber: Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer (polyacrylonitrile) with an average molecular weight of ~100,000, about 1900 monomer units. To be called acrylic in the U.S, the polymer must contain at least 85% acrylonitrile monomer. Typical comonomers are vinyl acetate or methyl acrylate. The Dupont Corporation created the first acrylic fibers in 1941 and trademarked them under the name "Orlon".
  • 3. Properties of Acrylic Fiber:  Acrylic has a warm and dry hand like wool. Its density is 1.17 g/cc as compared to 1.32 g/cc of wool. It is about 30% bulkier than wool. It has about 20% greater insulating power than wool.  Acrylic has a moisture regain of 1.5-2% at 65% RH and 70 deg F.  It has a tenacity of 5 gpd in dry state and 4-8 gpd in wet state.  Breaking elongation is 15% ( both states)  It has a elastic recovery of 85% after 4% extension when the load is released immediately.  It has a good thermal stability. When exposed to temperatures above 175 deg C for prolonged periods some discolouration takes place.  Acrylic shrinks by about 1.5% when treated with boiling water for 30 min.  It has a good resistance to mineral acids. The resistance to weak alkalies is fairly good, while hot strong alkalies rapidly attack acrylic.  Moths, Mildew and insects do not attack Acrylic.  It has an outstanding stability towards commonly bleaching agents  Lightweight and fairly strong  Drapes well and accepts dye easily  Little affected by sunlight.  Easy to wash and wear  Attracts static electricity which also attracts dirt and lint
  • 4. Properties of Acrylic Fiber:  resist soiling, but once an oil based stain soaks in, it can be difficult to clean.  Although they do NOT absorb water, they DO absorb oil and grease. This means synthetics  Does not absorb water (can be uncomfortable when worn next to the skin in warm weather unless loosely woven)
  • 5. Uses of acrylic fiber:  [FOR CLOTHING] Sweaters, Women's and Children's Wear, Sports Wear, Socks, Knitted Underwear, Pajamas, Gloves, etc  [FOR HOME FURNISHINGS AND BEDDING] Carpets, A Variety of Rugs, Upholstery, Cushions, Blankets, Pile Sheets, etc.  [FOR INDUSTRIAL USES] Felts for Paper Making, Filter Cloth, Alternative Asbestos, Tents, Sheet, etc.  [FOR OTHER USES] Rag Doll, Toys, Auxiliary Tapes for Bags, Braids, Cloth for Bags, Wigs, etc.  Outdoor end uses: Car tops, boat covers, awnings, outdoor furniture
  • 6. Coir or coconut fibre belongs to the group of hard structural fibres. It is an important commercial product obtained from the husk of the coconut. Industries based on coir have developed in many coconut producing countries especially India, Tanzania, Kenya, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Ghana etc. In India, coir manufacture is a traditional industry, which has taken deep roots in the economic structure of the rural areas in the coastal states. The industry sustains over half a million people and contributes substantial foreign exchange to the national exchequer. India was ranked first among the coconut producing countries of the world until 1921, since then, the position has changed. Indonesia and Philippines have increased their production and India now occupies a third place. These three countries together account nearly 65 percent of the world production (4.5 m mt) out of which India’s share is about 25 percent.
  • 7. PROPERTIES OF COIR FIBER:  Individual fibres are 0.3-1.0 mm long and 0.01-0.0.2 mm in diameter; the ratio of length to diameter being 35. The lumen is medium to large, polygonal-rounded, or elliptic. The vascular bundle is collateral and is surrounded by thick sclerenchymatous sheath. Lignin and hemicelluloses, which form the cementing materials of fibre cells, increase with the age of the fibre and the pectin decreases. As the lignin content increases, the fibre becomes stiffer and tougher.  Length of the fibre determines its spinnability and commercial utility. Spinnability may be defined as the ease with which textile fibres may be twisted into continuous, uniform yarns, having commercially acceptable properties.  Fineness of a fibre is usually expressed by its diameter in microns or by the weight of the fibre per unit length- dinier. The compactness and strength of a yarn or cord depends on the cohesion between individual fibres.  Strength or tensile strength of a fibre is determined by its ability to resist strain or rupture induced by tension , and is a determining factor in the selection of a fibre.  Elongation at rupture is a criterion of practical value and is an index of the work that could be performed by the fibre within the limits of its breaking load.  Torsional rigidity. Stresses in the fibre due to twisting and bending or important factors which affect the diameter of the yarn, its ability to snarl, its pliability and elastic recovery from small strains and internal pressures  Density is 1.33kg/m³  Elongation is 17.3%  Thermal conductivity is 0.05 W/m.K  Long fibres (15 cms. And above)  Medium ( 12-15 cms.)  Short ( 6-8 cms.)  Very short (4 cms.)  Total water solubles-26.00
  • 8. PROPERTIES OF COIR FIBER:  Hemi-celluloses-8.50  Lignin-29.23  Cellulose-23.81
  • 9. Uses of Coir FIBER:  Besides its main use as floor covering and in rope making, coir fibre finds extensive use as packaging material to protect goods against shock in transport.  Coir fibre finds its use in the production of activated carbon, artificial horse hair, paper pulp, roofing tiles, writing boards, thermal insulations, high stretch paper, manufacture of olive oil filters etc.  In Germany, coir is rubberized for making cushion seating for automobiles and railways. The rubberization is brought about by Splashing layers of coir fibre and rubber with the help of a specialized machine.  Coir yarn has been found to be ideal lead for hop wines which is used in brewery in U.S.A Coir bags are used in tea estates for collecting tea leaves and for transportation: and also for lifting coal from mines.  Coir yarn is used for making fenders which are attached to ships and boats for preventing collision and shock.  Coir mats are used for commercial packaging purposes and circular brush mats are used for packing.  Coir mattings after bituminisation offer possibilities of being used as floor covering in godowns to withstand moisture adsorption by stored goods.  Rubber backed coir mats are sol-proof, sound absorbent and do not scratch polished floor. Heavy matting made out of thick coir rope is being used for transporting gas cylinder. It is used as a strainer in tube wells in place of wire mesh.  Hardboards made of coconut husk shorts and coir dusts are durable, smooth, insect proof, fire retarding and water-repellent. They may be sawed, nailed, glued and finished into particular requirement.  Coir waste has been recently used in the manufacture of Coirolite by incorporating with resins and other ingredients by the usual techniques of plastics manufacture. The powder so obtained is hotpressed to obtain articles of any shape using appropriate moulds. It is a tough and hard material and possesses good strength and electrical resistance.
  • 10. Cotton fiber: Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant, a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa. The fiber most often is spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile, which is the most widely used natural-fiber cloth in clothing today.
  • 11. Properties of Cotton Fiber:  It has 8% moisture regain  The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength, durability, and absorbency  It is fresh, crisp, comfortable, absorbent, flexible, has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis  It has poor wrinkle resistance, shrinkage, poor acid resistance, less abrasion resistance, susceptible to damage by moths and mildew, needs lots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove  Its fibre length ranges from ½ inches to 2inches  It has 10%increase in strength when wet.  It has a flat twisted tube shape  About 20% stronger when wet than dry  Can be damaged by prolonged exposure to sunlight  Comfortable to wear  Natural, cellulosic fiber  Made from cotton boll  Absorbs water and "breathes"  Slow to dry  Resists static electricity build-up  Wrinkles easily  High shrinkage  Poor drapability
  • 12. Properties of Cotton Fiber:  On the effect of light its turn yellow and loss its strength  Prints well  Machine washable  Comfortable Soft hand  Color retention  Can withstand heat, detergents, and bleach  The cotton fibre is because of absorbent, owing to the countless polar OH groups. In its polymers, these attract water molecules which are also polar. The hydroscopic nature ordinarily prohibits cotton textile materials from developing static electricity. The polarity of the water molecules attracted to the hydroxyl groups on the polymers distribute any static change which might develop.  Cotton is not thermoplastic and hence excessive application of heat energy reasons the cotton fibre to char and bum, without prior melting.  Lintreated cotton has no pronounced luster. Therefore in order to make it lustrous they need to be mercerized.  The strength of cotton fibre is attributed to the good alignment of its long polymers i.e. its polymer system is about 70% crystalline, due to the countless continuous hydrogen bond formations between adjacent polymers, and the spiraling fibrils in the primary and secondary cell walls. It is one of the few fibres which gains strength when wet. This occurs due to the improved alignment of polymers and increase in hydrogen bond numbers.  These fibres are resistant to alkalis and are comparatively unaffected by normal laundering. The resistance is because of the lack of attraction between the cotton polymers and alkalis.  Cotton fibres are weakened and destroyed by acids. Acids hydrolyze the cotton polymer at the glycosidic oxygen atom which connects the two glucose units to form the cellobiose unit. Mineral acids being stronger than organic acids will hydrolyse the cotton polymer more quickly.  The most common bleaches used on cotton textile materials are sodium hypochlorite and sodium perborate. They are: oxidizing bleaches and bleach because of the oxygen liberated from them.
  • 13. Properties of Cotton Fiber:  The ultra-violet rays of sunlight provide photo chemical energy whilst the infra-red rays provide heat energy essential to degrade the cotton polymers in the pressure of atmospheric oxygen, moisture and air pollutants. The breakdown of polymers takes place through diverse hydrolysis reactions. The beginning degradation is noticed as a slight fibre discoloration. Fading of colored cotton textile is partially because the breakdown of the dye molecules in the fibre’s polymer system  Cotton is easy to dye and print. The classes of dye which may be used to color cotton are azoic, direct, reactive, sulphur and vat dyes. The polar polymer system easily attracts any polar dye molecules into the polar system. Therefore, dye molecules which can be dispersed in water will be absorbed by the polymer system of cotton.However, the dye molecules can enter solely the amorphous regions of the polymer system of cotton. The small inter polymer spaces in the crystalline regions of the polymer system prohibit the entry of the crystalline molecules.  Cotton is damaged by fungi. Heat and dampness support the growth of mildew. The fungi produce a chemical compound which has the power of changing cellulose to glucose.  Moths and beetles do not change cotton. Silver fish will eat cotton cellulose especially if heavily starched.
  • 14. Uses of Cotton fiber:  Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for highly absorbent bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term "blue-collar"); and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester. It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans.  In addition to the textile industry, cotton is used in fishing nets, coffee filters, tents, explosives manufacture (see nitrocellulose), cotton paper, and in bookbinding. The first Chinese paper was made of cotton fiber.[citation needed] Fire hoses were once made of cotton.
  • 15. WOOL FIBER: Wool, common name applied to the soft, curly fibers obtained chiefly from the fleece of domesticated sheep, and used extensively in textile manufacturing. Wool may be differentiated from hair mainly by the nature of the scales that cover the outer surface of each fiber. Wool scales are numerous, minute, and pointed and are attached only at their bases; thus the fibers interlock under pressure (see Felt). The number of scales varies with the fineness and curliness of the fiber. Because of its crimp, or curl, wool has considerable resilience. This quality, together with its high tensile strength and elasticity, gives fine woolen fabrics the ability to retain shape better than cloth made from other natural fibers. Other characteristics of wool, which make it especially desirable for clothing, are its lightness, its ability to absorb moisture, and its insulating properties.
  • 16. PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER:  1. Wool Insulates Against Heat and Cold Because it absorbs moisture vapour, wool clothing provides superior comfort in both hot and cold weather. In cold weather even a little moisture on the skin becomes cold, quickly reducing body temperature. However, by absorbing body moisture a dry layer of air is left next the skin and this helps to hold in body heat. In addition the crimp in the wool fibres makes them stand apart from each other. As a result, little pockets of still air are trapped between the fibres. This lining of air trapped inside the fabric acts as an insulator. Still air is one of the best insulators found in nature. The absorption/evaporation process works in hot weather to help keep the body cooler. Evaporation of perspiration is the body's natural cooling device. Wool helps this process along. Its thirsty cells absorb body vapours and help reduce skin temperature. Also, much of the outdoor heat is blocked out because of wool's insulating barrier of air pockets. This means that the body is kept at an even temperature.  2. Wool is Healthy Because wool has the ability to insulate against heat and cold, it protects against sudden changes of temperature, and it lets your body breathe. Wool can absorb up to 30 percent of its own weight in moisture before it becomes really damp. As moisture is absorbed heat is generated so that the wool remains warm rather than cold and clammy. After doing strenuous work or playing sport it is a good idea to pull on a wool jumper as it allows the body to cool down slowly and chills are prevented.  3. Wool is Water Repellent While wool can absorb moisture, it repels liquids. The scales on the outside of the fibre cause liquid to roll off the surface of the wool fabric. For instance, if you accidentally spill water on the floor, it is no use trying to mop it up with an old wool jumper because the wool will not absorb the liquid. Similarly, if you are caught in a shower or rain, it will take quite some time before the rain penetrates your wool clothing, and so wool keeps you dry. Even if wool does eventually get wet it generates heat and keeps you warm, not cold and clammy.
  • 17. PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER:  4. Wool is Fire Resistant Wool is naturally safe. It does not have to be specially treated to become non-flammable. While it can catch alight, it will not flare up nor support a flame. Instead of burning freely, once the flame is removed a cold ash is left which can be brushed away immediately. Wool does not melt when burned, and so cannot stick to the skin and cause serious burns. Because of its fire-resistant qualities, wool blankets, furnishings and carpets in your home are necessary insurance, and wool for clothing (particularly children) will protect from accidents associated with fire. Firemen wear wool uniforms, and fire-fighters in rural areas should always ensure they dress themselves in wool before rushing to fight a fire. wool fibre has a higher ignition threshold than many other fibres and is flame retardant up to 600º C. It also produces less toxic fumes in a fire.  5. Wool is Elastic Wool's natural elasticity, greater than that of any other fibre, makes it comfortable to wear because it fits the shape of the body. Wool can be twisted, turned and stretched, and yet it returns to its natural shape. This is why wrinkles disappear from wool garments when they are rested, and why wool carpets retain their springy pile for many years. A wool fibre when dry can be extended by about 30 percent. When wet it will stretch by between 60 and 70 percent. This means that a wool garment gives freedom of movement, especially important for children's clothes and sportswear, when ease of movement is all important. wool fibre can be bent 20,000 times without breaking and still have the power to recover and return to its natural shape. Quality wool garments look good for longer.
  • 18. PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER:  6. Wool Wears Longer Wool not only wears longer, it also keeps its good appearance and stays new-looking longer. It doesn't get shabby in a short space of time. Each wool fibre is made up of millions of "coiled springs" that stretch and give rather than break, and so wool is extremely durable. Wool stands up to the stresses and strains of normal wear because it gives rather than resists friction. The durability and strength of the coarser wool gives us furnishings materials and carpets which retain their good appearance for a long time. One of the reasons why so many people hang on to a favourite old wool garment for so many years is because it retains its 7.  7. Wool is Versatile Wool fabric, knitwear and carpets are made from a wide range of wool types varying from extra-fine for suits and knitwear through to broad fibres which give carpets their strength and character. This means that wool gives designers endless potential for their creations - from delicate fabrics to rugged outdoor wear. Wool technologists have developed an endless number of combinations of weave, knits and textures, from sheer lacy knits and light airy worsteds to bulky tweeds and heavy overcoating. Different sheep breeds, each with their own unique fibre characteristics provide manufacturers with different wools for an even wider range of products. Blending various wool types in different ways adds further to wool's versatility. It is small wonder then that wool is found in products as diverse as paint-rollers and mattresses, carpets and coats, furnishing fabrics and high- fashion suits, blankets and underwear, curtains and skiwear, wall paper and tennis ball coverings. original appearance longer than most other fabrics.
  • 19. PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER:  8. Wool Resists Static Because wool naturally absorbs moisture from the air, the tendency to collect static electricity is reduced. Walking across a wool carpet, you are less likely to receive a shock when you touch a grounded object. Wool garments are much less likely to "spark" or cling to the body.  9. Wool Insulates Against Noise As mentioned above wool is a wonderful insulator against noise. It absorbs sound and reduces noise level considerably. For this reason wool wallpaper is often used in offices, restaurants, airport terminals, etc. Wool is also an ideal material used in such places as concert halls to attain the best acoustics possible.  10. Wool Resists Dirt Wool resists dirt, retains its appearance, and stays cleaner longer. Its ability to absorb moisture prevents a build-up of static electricity and therefore wool does not attract lint and dust from the air. Furthermore the crimp in the wool fibre and the scales on the outside of the fibre assist in keeping dirt from penetrating the surface. The same qualities also make it easier to clean.  11. Wool is Easy to Sew For the home dressmaker, wool cuts cleanly, doesn't fray, drapes naturally, doesn't crush with handling and pins don't mark it. It responds instantly to shaping by iron and steaming and then holds shape.  12. Wool is Fashionable  Leading designers throughout the world prefer to use wool - it comes in a wide choice of textures, weaves and weights, and is suitable for any style required. No fabric drapes like wool fabric. It is alive, flexible and tailors easily. The soft and easy "give and take" of the wool fibre keeps garments in shape, prevents stretching and sagging, and resists wrinkling.
  • 20. PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER:  13. Wool Dyes Beautifully Wool dyes so easily and the range of colours is limitless. The scales on the surface of the wool fibre tend to diffuse light giving less reflection and a softer colour. Because proteins in the core of the fibre are reactive, they can absorb and combine with a wide variety of dyes. This means that the wool holds its colour well as the dye becomes part of the fibre.  14. Wool is Comfortable Wool is so comfortable to wear because its elasticity means garments fit so well and yield to body movement it absorbs moisture, allows your body to breathe, yet never feels damp and clammy. No other fabric serves so well under such a variety of conditions, nor combines so many natural properties.  15. Multi-Climatic – wool acclimatizes to its surroundings.  16.Non allergenic – wool is not known to cause allergy and does not promote the growth of bacteria. With microscopic scales, wool fibres can trap dust in the top layers until vacuumed away.  17.Naturally insulating – wool can insulate the home providing and retaining warmth, and reducing energy costs.  18.Biodegradable – when disposed of, natural wool fibre takes only a few years to decompose, and with a high nitrogen content, wool can even act as a fertilizer.  19.Sunsafe – wool has naturally high UV protection.  20.Natural and renewable – wool is grown not made; every year sheep grow a new fleece. Wool products also use less energy than man-made fibres during manufacture.
  • 21. PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER:  21.Tensile property - The tensile properties of wool are quite vari- able but, typically, at 65% RH and 208C individual fibers have a tenacity of 110–140 N/ktex (140–180 MPa), breaking elongation of 30– 40% and an initial modulus of 2100–3000 N/ktex (2.7–3.9 GPa).  22.Fiber size and shape - Wool is usually harvested from sheep by annual shearing. The fiber length is, therefore, determined largely by the rate of growth, which in turn depends on both genetic and environmental factors. Typical merino fibers are 50–125 mm long. They have irregular crimp (curvature), with the finer fiber generally showing lower growth rates and higher crimp. The fiber surface is rough as a consequence of the outer layer of overlapping cuticle cells. By far the most important dimension is the fiber diameter. Wool fibers exhibit a range of diameters, which like fiber length is dependent on both genetics and environment. Coarse wool fibers (25–70 micrometers) are used in carpets, while fine merino fibers (10–25 micrometers) are used in apparel because of their soft handle.  23.Carbonizing - Carbonizing is a process used to remove excessive amounts of cellulosic impurities, eg, burrs and vegetable matter, from wool. It is carried out on loose wool, rags and fabric. With loose wool and fabric, the wool is treated with aqueous sulfuric acid and then baked. After acid treatment, the carbonized vegetable matter is crushed to facilitate its removal. The wool is then normally neutralized in alkali, although some mills omit this stage to facilitate subsequent dyeing under acid conditions.  24.They are composed of amino acid.
  • 22. USES OF WOOL FIBER:  Wool is a multifunctional fibre with a range of diameters that make it suitable for clothing, household fabrics and technical textiles.  Its ability to absorb and release moisture makes woollen garments comfortable as well as warm. Two thirds of wool is used in the manufacture of garments, including sweaters, dresses, coats, suits and "active sportswear". Blended with other natural or synthetic fibres, wool adds drape and crease resistance.  Slightly less than a third of wool goes into the manufacture of blankets anti-static and noise- absorbing carpets, and durable upholstery (wool's inherent resistance to flame and heat makes it one of the safest of all household textiles).  Industrial uses of wool include sheets of bonded coarse wool used for thermal and acoustic insulation in home construction, as well pads for soaking up oil spills.
  • 23. Silk fibers are produced from various types of ectodermal glands in the mites, spiders, and several groups of insects. Commercial silk is obtained from the cocoons spun by certain caterpillars (larvae of moths and butterflies) before pupation.
  • 24. PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER :  Color: Color is a characteristic particular to the species. It is the presence of pigments in the sericin layers, which cause the colour. This colour is not permanent and washes away with the sericin during the degumming process . There are diverse hues of colour including but limited to white, yellow, yellowish green and golden yellow.  Shape: Cocoon shape, as colour, is peculiar to the given species. Generally, the Japanese species is peanut- shaped, the Chinese elliptical, European a longer elliptical and the polyvoltine species spindle-like in appearance. Hybrid cocoons assume a shape midway between the parents.  Wrinkle: The deflossed cocoon has many wrinkles on its surface. Wrinkles are coarser on the outer layer than within the interior layer. It is recognized that coarse wrinkled cocoons reel poorly.  Cocoon Weight: The most significant commercial feature of cocoons is weight. Cocoons are sold in the marketplace based on weight as this index signals the approximate quantity of raw silk that can be reeled. Pure breeds range from 2.2 to 1.5 g, while hybrid breeds weight from 1.8 to 2.5 g.  Thickness/Weight of Cocoon Shell: The thickness of the cocoon shell is not constant and changes according to its three sections. The central constricted part of the cocoon is the thickest segment, while the dimensions of the expanded portions of the head are 80 to 90 percent of the central constricted . The weight of the silk shell is the most consequential factor as this measure forecasts raw silk yield.
  • 25. PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER :  Thickness/Weight of Cocoon Shell: The thickness of the cocoon shell is not constant and changes according to its three sections. The central constricted part of the cocoon is the thickest segment, while the dimensions of the expanded portions of the head are 80 to 90 percent of the central constricted . The weight of the silk shell is the most consequential factor as this measure forecasts raw silk yield.  Hardness or Compactness: Cocoon hardness correlates to shell texture and is affected by cocoon spinning conditions. The degree of hardness also influences air and water permeability of cocoons during boiling. A hard shell typically reduces reelability (during the cocoon reeling process), while a soft-shell may multiply raw silk defects. In short, moderate humidity is preferred for good quality cocoons.  Shell Percentage: It is essential to quantify the ratio of the weight of the silk shell versus the weight of the cocoon. This value gives a satisfactory indication of the amount of raw silk that can be reeled from a given quantity of fresh cocoons under transaction. In newly evolved hybrids, recorded percentages are 19 to 25 percent, where male cocoons are higher than female cocoons.  Raw Silk Percentage: The normal range is 65 to 84 percent for the weight of the cocoon shell and 12 to 20 percent for the weight of the whole fresh cocoon.  Filament Length: Filament Length determines the workload, rate of production, evenness of the silk thread and the dynamometric properties of the output. Range of total length is from 600 to 1 500 m of which 80 percent is reelable while the remainder is removed as waste.
  • 26. PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER :  Reelability: Reelability is defined as the fitness of cocoons for economically feasible reeling. Reelability is greatly affected by careful action during cocoon spinning, drying, storage, pre-processing, reeling machine efficiency and operator skill. The measured range is from 40 to 80 percent with serious deviations depending on the type of cocoon.  Size of Cocoon Filament : The measure denier expresses the size of silk thread. A denier is the weight of 450 m length of silk thread divided into 0.05 g units. At the coarsest section of cocoon filament from 200 to 300 meters, the denier increases. Once more these dimensions become finer and finer as the process approaches the inside layer . The average diameter of cocoon filament is 15 to 20 microns for the univoltine and bivoltine species.  Defects: A series of minor defects may be found in cocoon filament such as loops, split-ends, fuzziness, nibs and hairiness . While these defects are observed among silkworm varieties, mounting conditions seem to contribute to their incidence. These filament defects directly affect raw silk quality.  Lousiness: Hair-like projections in the silk fibre are called Lousiness. Another factor promoting lousiness is mounting of over-mature larvae. When fabrics woven with these defects are dyed, it looks as if the fabric is covered with dust or is a paler shade than the rest. In fact, the protruding fibril is more transparent and has a lesser capacity to absorb dyes.
  • 27. PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER :  Tenacity: Tenacity indicates the quantity of weight a given fibre can support before breaking. the typical tenacity of a bave is 3.6 to 4.8 g per denier.  Gravity: The bave specific gravity on average of sericin and fibroin measures from 1.32 to 1.40. Generally, the specific gravity of sericin is slightly higher than that of fibroin.  Elongation: Elongation defines the length to which a fibre may be stretched before breaking. Raw silk has an elongation of 18 to 23 percent of its original length.  Effect of Light: Continuous exposure to light weakens silk faster than cotton or wool. Raw silk is more resistant to light than degummed silk.  Electrical Property: Silk is a poor conductor of electricity and accumulates a static charge from friction. This trait can render it difficult to handle in the manufacturing process. This static charge can be dissipated by high humidity or by maintaining a R.H. of 65 percent at 25ºC.  Hygroscopic Nature: 11 percent is the accepted moisture regain coefficient for silk; the mercantile weight of silk is derived based on this factor.
  • 28. PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER :  Action of Water: Silk is a highly absorbent fibre, which readily becomes impregnated with water. Water, however, does not permanently affect silk fibre. Silk strength decreases about 20 percent when wet and regains its original strength after drying. The fibre expands but does not dissolve when steeped in warm water. Note that the fibre will also absorb dissolved substances present in water.  Effect of Heat: If white silk is heated in an oven at 110ºC for 15 minutes, it begins to turn yellow. At 170ºC, silk disintegrates and at its burning points releases an empyreumatic odour.  Degration by acids,alkali: Treatment of silk fibres with acid or alkaline substances causes hydrolysis of the peptide linkages. The degree of hydrolysis is based on the pH factor, which is at minimum between 4 and 8. Degradation of the fibre is exhibited by loss of tensile strength or change in the viscosity of the solution.  Proteolytic Enzymes: Proteolytic enzymes do not readily attack fibroin in fibrous form apparently because the protein chains in silk are densely packed without bulky side chains. Serious degradation may be caused by water or steam at 100ºC.
  • 29. PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER :  Oxidation: Oxidizing agents may attack proteins in three possible points. Hydrogen peroxide is absorbed by silk and is thought to form complexes with amino acid groups and peptide bonds. At the side chains At the N-terminal residues At the peptide bonds of adjacent amino groups  Other Agents: Chlorine attacks fibroin more vigorously than does sodium hypochlorite. The oxidation is mainly at the tyrosine residues.
  • 30. USES OF SILK FIBER:  Silk is particularly renowned for its use in making luxury fabrics. Silk's absorbency makes it comfortable to wear in warm weather and when one is active. Its low conductivity keeps warm air close to the skin during cold weather. It is often used for clothing such as shirts, ties, blouses, formal dresses, high fashion clothes, lingerie, pyjamas, robes, dress suits, sun dresses and kimonos.  Silk's attractive luster and drape makes it suitable for many furnishing applications. It is used for upholstery, wall coverings, window treatments (if blended with another fiber), rugs, bedding and wall hangings. In particular, leftover silk produced in the process of making silk thread (yarn) may be spun to produce a somewhat inferior silk used for some fabrics and waste silk may used for things like upholstery and draperies.  While on the decline now, due to artificial fibers, silk has had many industrial and commercial uses; parachutes, bicycle tires, comforter filling and artillery gunpowder bags.  A special manufacturing process removes the outer irritant sericin coating of the silk, which makes it suitable as non-absorbable surgical sutures. This process has also recently led to the introduction of specialist silk underclothing for children and adults with eczema where it can significantly reduce itch.
  • 31. FLAX/LINEN FIBER: Flax is also called Linen.This fiber obtained from the stalk of the plant which is from 80 to 120 cm high,with few branches and small flowers, of a color which is varies from white to intense blue,which flowers only for one day.Common flax was one of the first crops domesticated by man.
  • 32. PROPERTIES OF FLAX FIBER:  Strength: An important property of linen is its strength. Linen is a durable fiber, as is two-three times as strong as cotton. It is second in strength to silk. It gives the same comfort like Cotton fiber.  Elasticity: Elasticity is the extent to which a fiber can be elongated or stretched and then returned to its normal condition and size. Linen is the least elastic natural fabric.  Resilience: Resilience refers to the extent to which a fabric can be deformed by crushing or compressing it, and finally returning it to its original condition. Linen is quite stiff and wrinkles easily.  Absorbency: Absorbency refers to the extent to which moisture can penetrate into a fiber. Another linen property is that the fiber absorbs moisture and dries more quickly. It is excellent for manufacturing towels and handkerchiefs.  Heat Conductivity: Heat conductivity refers to the extent to which heat can be conveyed through a fiber. Heat conductivity of linen is five times as high as that of wool and 19 times as that of silk. It is most suitable for use in summers, as the fiber allows the heat to escape, leaving a cool effect.Studies have shown that with linen clothes perspiration is 1.5 times less than when dressed in cotton clothes. It is twice less than when dressed in viscose clothes. Meanwhile in cold seasons linen is an ideal warmth-keeper.  Comfortable: Linen is a comfortable fabric. Being a natural vegetable fibers it has huge amount of Air Porosity hole, which make the linen clothes very comfortable to wear.  Crisp: The linen fabric has a crisp feel with a distinctive outlook and feel. Linen possesses a natural crispness when ironed damp. Hence it does not require starching, and has a natural lustre.  Lightweight/Heavyweight: You will find any kind of linen fabric or linen fibers in any weight in the market.  Good Abrasion Resistant: As the linen fiber is good in strength, it also has good abrasion resistance.
  • 33. PROPERTIES OF FLAX FIBER:  Resistant to Allergy: No kind of allergic reactions are caused using linen and hence it is helpful in treating a number of allergic disorders.  Anti inflammatory property: Linen is helpful in dealing with inflammatory conditions, reducing fever, regulating air ventilation, in some neurological ailments.  No static electricity: Another property of linen is that it does not accumulate static electricity. Since line is made of flax, even a small addition of flax fibers to a cloth is sufficient to reduce or eliminate the static electricity effect.  Breathable: Linen is very breathable due to its loose weave, therefore is an excellent choice of fabric for summer as it allows air to penetrate and so retains its cool feel. The material is usually an off-white colour, but the fibres take dye well and so linen can be dyed a wide range of colours. It is also very strong, lightweight and durable, and doesn’t stretch over time.  Luster: linen has a smooth surface and mat luster and feels pleasant to the touch.  the more linen is washed the softer and smoother it becomes.  linen and linen-containing articles are easily laundered in hot water, may be boiled and dried in the sun, besides they may be hot-ironed thereby ensuring maximum sterilization  linen rejects dirt and does not get teaseled  silica present in the flax fiber protects linen against rotting - the mummies of Egyptian Pharaohs preserved to the present day are wrapped in the finest linen cloth;  flax fabric is an excellent filter protecting against a chemically aggressive medium, noise and dust;
  • 34. FLAX USES FIBER:  Flax, in all its forms, is used in food production, personal care products, animal feeds, fiber and a number of other industrial uses. Read on to find out more about all the various uses of flax seed, fiber and oil. The Canadian commercial flax crop satisfies the diverse needs of a wide group of end users  Industrial Uses: The natural qualities of flax make it a desirable oil and fibre commodity for manufacturers seeking alternative solutions to chemical- and plastic-based products. Thus, flax is exported primarily as raw seed for crushing into linseed oil. From the oil, manufacturers create environmentally friendly products such as linoleum flooring, oilcloth, resins, inks, biofuels and also some paints and stains. Flax oil flaxseed, also, has been employed since ancient times in a variety of means to enhance personal care. It has been used as an emollient (softening or soothing to the skin), demulcent (soothing to irritated or inflamed skin or mucus membranes) and useful in formulations for balms, salves and unguents (healing ointments). Similarly, flax straw, in a partially or completely processed form, is used in the manufacture of fine papers and, more recently, for industrial fiber products such as the interior panelling of some cars.  Food Uses: In addition to these industrial uses, new feed and food markets underpin market stability and fuel growth. Seen as a health-promoting ingredient, premium quality flax is rapidly being absorbed into the expanding functional food markets. Functional foods are those food products which have been fortified with a healthful ingredient, or which are promoted because of a healthy ingredient. Flax, with its high alpha-linolenic fatty acid content, ample fibre, and cancer-fighting lignans is a unique functional food. To serve these markets, “super-clean” (judged 99.9% pure) whole seed and packaged milled seed is sold to food manufacturers. The consumer market for whole and milled flax seed, and cold-pressed flax oil is also expanding.  Feed Uses: Flax in animal feeds could be an important contributor to animal performance and health. In the pork and beef industries, flax use in hog rations and cattle feed is being investigated for improved production. Meanwhile, flax processors have seen growth in the use of flax by pet food manufacturers. Flax in pet food formulations has been promoted as solving digestive and skin problems in dogs and cats
  • 35. FLAX FIBER USES:  The fibers are woven into fabric, then finished by bleaching, dying, or printing.  Linen shares many of the advantages of cotton. It is strong yet comfortable to wear in warm weather. It is so often used for bed coverings that we call them simply - linens. It’s also used in handkerchiefs, and fine fashions – everything from dresses to suits. Linen is especially popular for suits worn in tropical climates. It is also found in wall coverings, drapery and upholstery fabric. Linen is more expensive than cotton and high quality linen is considered a luxury fabric.  Apparel:  dresses,  suits,  separates,  skirts,  jackets,  pants,  blouses,  shirts,  children's wear etc.  Home Fashion :curtains,  draperies,  upholstery,  bedspreads,  table linens,  sheets,  dish towels etc.
  • 36. JUTE FIBER: Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres. Jute fibres are composed primarily of cellulose (major component of plant fibre) and lignin (major component wood fibre). It is thus a ligno-cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood. It falls into the bast fibre category (fibre collected from bast or skin of the plant) along with kenaf, industrial hemp, flax (linen), ramie, etc. The industrial term for jute fibre is raw jute. The fibres are off-white to brown, and 1–4 meters (3–12 feet) long. Jute is the common name given to the fiber extracted from the stems of plants belonging to the genus Corchorus, family Tiliaceae.
  • 37. PROPERTIES OF JUTE FIBER:  Jute fiber is 100% bio-degradable and recyclable and thus environmentally friendly.  Jute has low pesticide and fertilizer needs.  It is a natural fiber with golden and silky shine and hence called The Golden Fiber.  It is the cheapest vegetable fiber procured from the bast or skin of the plant's stem.  It is the second most important vegetable fiber after cotton, in terms of usage, global consumption, production, and availability.  It has high tensile strength, low extensibility, and ensures better breathability of fabrics. Therefore, jute is very suitable in agricultural commodity bulk packaging.  It helps to make best quality industrial yarn, fabric, net, and sacks. It is one of the most versatile natural fibers that has been used in raw materials for packaging, textiles, non-textile, construction, and agricultural sectors. Bulking of yarn results in a reduced breaking tenacity and an increased breaking extensibility when blended as a ternary blend.  The best source of jute in the world is the Bengal Delta Plain in the Ganges Delta, most of which is occupied by Bangladesh.  Advantages of jute include good insulating and antistatic properties, as well as having low thermal conductivity and a moderate moisture regain. Other advantages of jute include acoustic insulating properties and manufacture with no skin irritations.  Jute has the ability to be blended with other fibers, both synthetic and natural, and accepts cellulosic dye classes such as natural, basic,vat, sulfur, reactive, and pigment dyes
  • 38. PROPERTIES OF JUTE FIBER:  Cellulose -65.2%  Hemi Cellulose -22.2%  Lignin – 12.5%  Water Soluble matter – 1.5%  Fat and Wax – 0.6%  Effect of acids and alkalis: Easily damaged by hot and cold concentrated acids but resistant to alkali.  Effect of bleaching agent: Not effected by oxidizing and reducing agent.  Effect of organic solvent: Resistance to organic solvent.  Dye ability: Jute fiber has good affinity to basic dye.  Effect of sun light: Due to presence of lignin in jute fiber it may be damaged by sun light.  Flammability: its flammability may be reduced by treating with boras and boric acid mixture.  Effect of microorganism: Jute has more resistance to microbiological attack than either grey cotton or flax
  • 39. USES OF JUTE FIBER:  The vesatility of Jute - combined with a low cost base - makes it ideally suited to a variety of uses, ranging from;  Packaging - bags, sacks, wrapping material ie cotton packs and wool packs.  Geotextiles - landfill covering, embankment reinforcement.  Protection of rooting plants.  Hessian cloths of various types.  Braids and webbing.  Fine and coarse yarns.  Cable filler.  Industrial and domestic twine.  Specialist pulp and paper.  Recently being used as a filler with Abaca and Sisal.  Making twine, rope, and making matting are among its uses.  Together with the sugar can be used to build aeroplane panels. [13]  Jute is in great demand due to its cheapness, softness, length, lustre and uniformity of its fibre. It is also called the 'golden fibre' due to its versatile nature.It is called the 'brown paper bag' as it is also used to store rice, wheat, grains, etc.
  • 40. PolyesterFiber: Polyester is a category of polymer whose monomer contains the ester functional group.The most common polyester for fiber purposes is poly (ethylene terephthalate), or simply PET. This is also the polymer used for many soft drink bottles and it is becoming increasingly common to recycle them after use by remelting the PET and extruding it as fiber. This saves valuable petroleum raw materials, reduces energy consumption, and eliminates solid waste sent to landfills .
  • 41. Properties Of Polyester Fiber:  Resists abrasion (but can "pill")  Very resilient (springs back into shape)  Resist wrinkling  Very high heat can "melt" the fabric  The right amount of heat can be used to permanently "heat set" a crease or pleat  Easy to wash and wear  Does not absorb water (can be uncomfortable when worn next to the skin in warm weather unless loosely woven)  Dries quickly  Attracts static electricity which also attracts dirt and lint  Although they do NOT absorb water, they DO absorb oil and grease. This means synthetics  resist soiling, but once an oil based stain soaks in, it can be difficult to clean.  Strong fiber (but nylon is stronger)  Often blended with cotton or even wool to add crease resistance  Polyester does not absorb water, but it can be produced in such a way (as in polypropylene and microfibers) as to "wick" water away from the skin  Moisture Regain:At 65% RH and 70 deg F--> 0.4%  When burned, polyester gives off a strong odour.
  • 42. Properties Of Polyester Fiber:  Specific Gravity: 1.36 - 1.41%  Glass Transition Temp: 80 degree C  Softening temp : 230 - 240 degree C  Melting point : 260 - 270 degree C  Alkali Resistence: damaged by CON alkali  Acid Resistence: excellent  Organic Chemical Resistence: good  Denier: 0.5 – 15  Effect of Sunlight : turns yellow, retains 70 - 80% tenacity at long exposure  The weight of polyester is 1.22-1.38 g/cm3  Colorless  Transparent ( reason for most water bottles are colorless and transparent being made form polyester.)  Polyester fibres are most thermally stable of all synthetic fibres. As with all thermoplastic fibres, its tenacity decreases and elongation increases with rise in temperature. When ignited, polyester fibre burns with difficulty.  The fibre swells in 2% solution of benzoic acid, salycylic acid and phenol
  • 43. USES OF POLYESTER FIBER:  Polyester is the most used synthetic fiber.  Polyester is a tough fabric used in clothing  Polyester is used in the manufacturing of all kinds of clothes and home furnishings like bedspreads, sheets, pillows, furniture, carpets and even curtains.  Woven and Knitted Fabrics, especially blends.  Conveyor belts, tyre cords, tarpaulines etc.  For paper making machine  Insulating tapes  Hose pipe with rubber or PVC  Ropes, fish netting and sail cloth.