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1. Contributions of Greek Scholars in Geography
Introduction.
Geography as a field of knowledge had its roots in Greek
learning. This is not the case surprising as in ancient times
Greek was one of the most prosperous civilizations
ranging from 500Bc - 200Bc with its base in Greece and
surrounding areas. Greek time is aptlycalled '' The Golden Age
'' because all Greeks offer A conceptualframework that has
guided western thinking for centuries. It was
the most developedeconomy in the world. Greek philosophers
of the day provideda theoretical and scholarly foundationfor
philosophicalthinkingthrough models, concepts, and
paradigmsthat have guided Western scholars to many
hundredsof years.
Major GreekPhilosophers.
In ancient Greek mythology, there are two traditionsof
geography, that is, the culture of mathematicsand the culture
of writing. It is a common belief that Homer is regarded as the
Father of Geography. This is because you introduced a writing
culture for his great work of ‘Odyssey’ and ‘Illiad’.He described
four winds from different directionsand named it Boreas
(North), Eurus (East), Notus (South) and Zephyrus (West).
Thales was the first Greek philosopher,philosopher,and
traveler who was present is concerned with the basic concepts

2. of geometry. He proposed the following six Geometric
suggestions -
I) A circle is divided into two equal parts
ii) The angles at any end of the base of the isosceles triangle are
equal
iii) When two parallellines are crossed next to a straight line,
the different angles are equal
iv) A circular angle is a correct angle
v) The sides of the same triangle are equal
vi) Two triangles meet when they have two sides and one angle
respectively they are equal(James and Martin, 1972)
He saw the earth as a disk floating in water. He was the first
and the first earth's tilt and shape of earth's surface; so
to establish a mathematicalculture. He did not stop there and
laid the foundationsof descriptive art studies can be explored
from a globalperspective and steps; analysisof traditionalnon-
scientific meanings.
Anaximander
he is given the presentation of the Babylonianiron
known as Gnomon in the landof Greek literature. The Gnomon
pole is placed vertically above the flat surface where the
variousshapes of the sun and the rest of the sky
bodies can be measured by the height and direction of the
shadow created by vertical pole. It is also called producing a
world map to measure. This map has been deleted with

3. informationcollected from the Sumerians who have a
photographicarchive maps. Interestingly, this map containsthe
earth's oceans.
Thales and Anaximander praised the establishment of a
mathematicaltraditionin geography. The credit for establishing
a literary tradition goes to Hecataeus. He was a Greek scholar
of the 6th century BC from Miletus(an educational institution
in those days). He was a pioneer, and he was one of the first
writers of the Greek prose. He was
The first Greek scholarto distinguish between the detailsof the
then known world brought it to Miletus. His work is known as
the '' Ges-periodos '' or Definitionof Earth. It was the first
formal description of the known world at that time, namely
publishedin the late 6th century BC. Ges-periodos describes
places in near the Mediterranean Sea formerly calledperplus
means coastal area. Hecataeus dividedhis book of "Ges-
periodos" into two parts, with 'A' referring to local detailsabout
Europe and part B working with Libya. Thisbook is

4. a combinationof literary culture and geography and nature.
Hecataeus for the first time gave two approachesfor the study
of geography:
a) Procedure for fraud or law enforcement.
b) Idiographic (descriptive) method.
Hecataeus prepared a world map but based it on the
Anaximandermap; heI just changed it. Divide it into two parts
by drawing a passing line Hellespont, CaspianSea and Caucasus
mountains. He named the northern part such as Europe and
the southern part of Libya which includesAfrica and Asia.
Herodotus.
he was a prominent Greek scholar of the 5th century BC. There
is no exaggerated in the statement that Herodotus was the
father of history. Ungu given the notionthat history should be
treated geographicallyand with all geography should be
treated historically(James and Martin, 1981). Also identifiedas
the father of ethnographyas it provides a clear reflection of
human cultural symbols who were unknown to the Greeks. His
activities dependedon his perception of time his departure. He
gave both geographical and human characteristics. Herodotus
arrived up with the idea that Egypt is a river gift where he
emphasizes that tax and the mud of the river leadsto the
formation of the delta. It was his first time gave the impression
that windswere moving from the cold to the tropics. Tried to
rate the age of the earth on the basisof sedimentationrate and
is estimated to be one foot The soil was formed in 880 years.

5. Taking a total rope 158 km wide, Herodotus calculatedthe
earth's age to be 440 millionyears of age the earth is 4.6 billion
years old.
Plato and Aristotle
They made significant contributionsin the field of
geography. Plato is regarded as the mastermind of diminishing
negotiations– from generally special. He is considered to be
the first scholar to accept I the idea of a spherical earth in the
center of the universe and other celestial bodies
around it in circularmotion. Aristotle gave the first impression
within the theoretical framework that was in Europe at the
time. He stressed that the perception was what it was sensory
device does not provide explanations;especially science
explanations.Forms basic rules or principles for scientific
interpretation,which became a scholarly guide for centuries to
come. You agreed with him Plato that the earth is round by
standing and proceeded to seek a description of the circular
shape. He even contributedto the human branch geography in
which he puts forward the concept of diversity in surface of the
earth on the basisof latitudinalposition.You have selected that
region near the Equator they were uninhabitedandcalled
themselves the Torrid Zone. Similarly,parts of the earth that
were far from the Equatorand were permanent the snow was
also uninhabited - the Frigid Zone. The people of the world live
Hot spot existing between Torrid and Frigid Areas.

6. Eratosthenes.
He regarded as the ‘Father of Geography’. He is
who coined the term Geography, which is derived from the two
words' ge 'meaning' the Earth 'and' graphy 'which means
explain'. You have been honored with a definitionfor
geography as a ‘‘study of the earth as a human home’’. His
highlights his world-famous contributionto his earth's orbit.
Use the Thales theorem - Where two parallellines are present
cut diagonallyin a straight line, the different angles are equal -
in time measuring the rotationof the earth (Figure 3). He also
edited the world map in relation to the appropriatedistance
(Figure 4). His remarkable contributionwas his
'' Geographica '' text. He also described the earth as five
climatic zones: one Torrid Location, two cool places, and two
cold places. He also measured the opposite and length. It is for
this reason that Eratosthenes is considered to be father of
Geodesy.
Hippocrates in his book On Airs, Waters, Places explainedthe
man-nature relationship in the context of climatic conditions
Hipparchus.
An idea has been developed to find each exact location
set the face of the earth. On the basisof Assyrian statistics, he
dividedcircle to be 360 degrees. He made an effort to show
three dimensions’ earth on a flat surface. Thank you for

7. creating two standards for doing so; these it is a guess of the
calculationandwriting of the characters. He even showed that
these systems have their limitationsas they can only represent
the hemisphere as well not the whole world. It was thus
supported and prospered by the mathematicalsystem of
geography. Another important contributionof Hipparchusis
the establishment of Astrolabe - a metal similarto
Anaximander'sGnomon but easy to carry.The aim was to
provide an accurate estimate of ocean range in view
polestarangle. Another important Greek scholar is worth
mentioningPosidonius.
Posidonius.
He recounted the rotation of the earth and came to a much
smaller person of Eratosthenes (about 18000 miles).