Presentation on Robotics

Welcome
I N T E R S O F T W A R E I N T E L L I G E N C E

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
ROBOTICS
Inter Software Intelligence
2

Participants
M.AwaisAkhter LaibaIqbal HamzaShafqat
Lead

Introduction
6 min
10 min
3 min
10 min
6 min
5 min
History
RoboticTechnology
Types&Applications
Advantages&Disadvantages
Conclusion
Agenda
FuturisticView 5 min

Introduction to Robotics
Robotics is concerned with the generation of computer-
controlled motions of physical objects in a wide variety of
settings
Reference:
Halperin, D., Kavraki, L., & Latombe, J. C. (1997). Robotics. In In Discrete and Computational.

Terminology
The term robot derives from the Czech
word robota (“forced labour” or “serf”) used
by Karel Capek in his play R.U.R in 1920.
Reference:
Palep, J. H. (2009). Robotic assisted minimally invasive surgery. Journal of minimal access surgery, 5(1), 1.
Kumar, Vijay. "Introduction to robotics." University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA2014 (2014).

Robots
Robot is a unit that implements this interaction with the physical world
based on sensors, actuators, and information processing.
Most industrial robots have at least the following five parts: 1 sensors 2
effectors 3 actuators 4 controllers 5 Arms

Robots and human beings
Robots can take any form but many of them have given the
human appearance.
The robots which have taken the form of human appearance
may likely to have the walk like humans, speech, cognition and
most importantly all the things a human can do.
Most of the robots of today are inspired by nature and are
known as bio-inspired robots.

Many aspects of robotics involve artificial intelligence; robots may be equipped
with the equivalent of human senses such as vision, touch, and the ability to sense
temperature.
Some are even capable of simple decision making
A robot in human form is called an android.
Aspects of Robots

Artificial intelligence in Robots
Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer sciences that emphasizes
the development of intelligence machines, thinking and working like
humans. For example, speech recognition, problem-solving, learning and
planning.
AI gives robots a computer vision to navigate, sense and calculate their
reaction accordingly.
Robots learn to perform their tasks from humans through machine
learning which is a part of computer programming and AI

Programming languages in Robots
Two main programming languages are the best when used in robotics: C++
and Python, often used together as each one has pros and cons.
C++ is used in control loops, image processing and to interface low-level
hardware.
. To program the robot, the operator moves it from point-to-point, using the
buttons on the pendant to move it around and save each position
individually.

The Greek Myth
3500 B.C.E Myths of Hephaestus and Pygmalion
incorporate the idea of intelligent mechanisms
Egyptian Thinking Machines
2500 B.C.E The idea of “thinking machines” was
invented by ancient Egyptians 4500 years ago.
Ancient Ideas

Babylonians Clepsydra
1400 B.C.E - First Robotic Device
References:
Rees, A. (1970). Rees’s Clocks, Watches and Chronometers, 1819-20. David & Charles
Neugebauer, O. (1947). Studies in Ancient Astronomy. VIII. The Water Clock in Babylonian Astronomy. ISIS, 1/2, 37–43. https:/
/doi.org/10.1086/347965

Al-Jazari's Invention
1206 A.D Arabic engineer Al-Jazari described in
detail fifty devices, including this elephant clock
which rang every half an hour
Reference:
Elices, J. (2020). Ismail al-Jazari, the Muslim inventor whom some call “Father of Robotics.” National Geographic History Magazine.

1206 A.D. Al-Jazari's Automated Girl
References:
Al-Jazari, I. (2012). The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (P. Hill, Trans.). Springer Science & Business Media.

Modern Robotics
Unimate — The First Industrial Robot
In 1954, George C. Devol invented and patented a
reprogrammable manipulator called "Unimate".
Standford's Shakey Robot
In 1958, Charles Rosen led a research team in
developing a robot called "Shakey."

Universal Robots (UR) e-Series Cobots Boston Dynamics’ Atlas doing parkour
Latest Advancements
References:
Yang, Guang-Zhong, et al. "Ten robotics technologies of the year." Sci. Robot 4.26 (2019)

Robotic Technology
Robotics involves design, construction, operation, and use of robots.
Reference:
https:/
/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics

Manipulator or Rover
Main body of robot (Links, Joints, other structural element of
the robot.
End Effecter
The part that is connected to the last joint hand of a
manipulator
Reference:
http:/
/seminarprojects.kreview.com/item.php?id=1 33
Robot Components

Actuators
Robot Components
Muscles of the manipulators (servomotor, stepper motor, pneumatic and hydraulic cylinder)
Sensors
To collect information about the internal state of the robot or To communicate with the outside environment
Actuators Sensors

Robot Components
Controller
Similar to cerebellum. It controls and coordinates the motion of the actuators
Controller Software
Software
Operating system, robotic software and the collection of routines

Robot Components
Processor
The brain of the robot. It calculates the motions and the velocity of the robot’s joints, etc
Reference:
http://www.globalrobots.com/robot- applications.htm

Laws of Robotics
First Law
A robot may not injure a human being or, through
inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
Second Law
A robot must obey the orders given it by human
beings except where such orders would conflict
with the First Law
Third Law
A robot must protect its own existence as long as
such protection does not conflict with the First or
Second Law
Reference:
Clarke, R. (1994). Asimov's laws of robotics: Implications for information technology. 2. Computer, 27(1), 57-66.

Types & Applications of Robots

Types
• Industrial based Robots
• Artificial Intelligence based Robots

Artificial Intelligence based Robots
These Robots required Artificial Intelligence for their working. They work like humans and use AI as their brain. AI contains
information about their tasks and these robots are manufactured to do that work.

Pre-Programmed Robots
Pre-programmed robots operate in a controlled environment where they do
simple, monotonous tasks. . The arm serves one function — to weld a door on,
to insert a certain part into the engine, etc. and its job is to perform that task
longer, faster and more efficiently than a human.
Humanoid Robots
Humanoid robots are robots that look like and/or mimic human behavior.
These robots usually perform human-like activities (like running, jumping and
carrying objects), and are sometimes designed to look like us, even having
human faces and expressions.

Autonomous Robots
Autonomous robots operate independently of human operators. These
robots are usually designed to carry out tasks in open environments that do
not require human supervision.
Teleoperated Robots
Teleoperated robots are mechanical bots controlled by humans. These
robots usually work in extreme geographical conditions, weather,
circumstances, etc.
Augmenting Robots
Augmenting robots either enhance current human capabilities or replace
the capabilities a human may have lost.

Artificial Intelligence
based Robots
Application
·      Security and Surveillance in crimes
·      Surgical Assistance These are most tele-manipulators.
·      Defense
·      Research & Development
·      Education in terms of experiments and practice
·      Cleaning

Industrial based Robots
These robots are based on much of mechanical work and they don't require AI for their actions. They are mostly use in
Industries to lift heavy loads and in transferring items. Their programming is easy than AI but they can only do specific tasks at
specific angles.

Articulated Robots
An articulated robot is the type of robot that comes to mind when
most people think about robots. Much like CNC mills, articulated
robots are classified by the number of points of rotation or axes they
have. Flexibility, dexterity, and reach make articulated robots ideally
suited for tasks that span non-parallel planes, such as machine
tending.
SCARA Robots
A Selective Compliance Articulated Robot Arm (SCARA) is a good
— and cost-effective — choice for performing operations between two
parallel planes. SCARA robots are lightweight and have small
footprints, making them ideal for applications in crowded spaces. They
are also capable of very fast cycle times.

Delta Robots
Delta robots, also referred to as “spider robots,” use three
base-mounted motors to actuate control arms that
position the wrist. A delta robot’s arm is very lightweight
so it works fast with light loads.
Cartesian Robots
Cartesian robots typically consist of three or more linear
actuators assembled to fit a particular application.
Positioned above a workspace, cartesian robots can be
elevated to maximize floor space and accommodate a
wide range of workpiece sizes.

Cylindrical Robots
The robot has at least one rotary joint at the base and at least
one prismatic joint to connect the links. The rotary joint uses a
rotational motion along the joint axis, while the prismatic joint
moves in a linear motion. Cylindrical robots operate within a
cylindrical-shaped work envelope.
Polar Robots
Also called spherical robots, in this configuration the arm is
connected to the base with a twisting joint and a combination of
two rotary joints and one linear joint. The axes form a polar
coordinate system and create a spherical-shaped work
envelope.

Applications
·       Arc Welding
·       Spot Welding
·       Materials Handling
·       Machine Tending
·       Painting
·       Picking, Packing and Palletizing

Increased Efficiency
Industrial robots can complete certain tasks faster and
more efficiently than humans as they are designed and
built to perform them with higher accuracy. They are used
to increase the efficiency of production lines.
Advantages of Robitics
Increased Profitability
The results of introducing robots can only ensure higher
profitability levels with lower cost per product as by
increasing the efficiency of your process, reducing the
resource and time required to complete it.
Reference:
SP Technology , AUGUST 3, 2018 , PLASTIKMEDIA GUEST
https:/
/www.plastikmedia.co.uk/advantages-disadvantages-of-industrial-robots/

Works in Every Environment
Reference:
Advantages and disadvantages of using robots in our life, PUBLISHED MAY 20, 2016
https:/
/www.online-sciences.com/robotics/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-using-robots-in-our-life/
Longer Working Hours
As human breaks in the working day are required.
Whereas robots can work 24/7 and keep working at
100% efficiency. On average a 40% increase in the
output of a production line occurs when one key
person is replaced by a robot.
Robots are designed to work in harsh environments
like in space, without the air, underwater & in the fire,
They can be used instead of the people when the
human safety is a concern.

Reference:
SP Technology , AUGUST 3, 2018 , PLASTIKMEDIA GUEST
https:/
/www.plastikmedia.co.uk/advantages-disadvantages-of-industrial-robots/
Improved Quality
Improved working environment
Some tasks are too dangerous or laborious and
repetitive for humans to carry out and so robots
can perform these tasks instead. Working
conditions can be vastly improved.
Given their higher levels of accuracy, robots can be used
to produce higher quality products which result in the
reduction of time required for quality control and ensures
that standards of quality are adhered to.

Disadvantages of Robotics
Huge Investments
It costs a lot of money to make or buy robots. The software and
the equipment that you need to use with the robot cost much
money. In case of breakdown, the cost of repair may be very high.
Proper Maintenance
Robots need maintenance to keep them running. The programs
needs to be updated to suit the changing requirements. The
procedure to restore lost code or data may be time-consuming &
costly.
Reference:
https:/

Replace Humans
Robots can take the place of many humans in factories. This will lead
to unemployment. The humans may become overly dependent on
the machines and lose their mental capacities.
Not Completely Reliable
The robot can also result in a lag. If the robot has malfunctioned, you
need extra time to fix it, which would require reprogramming.
Reference:
https:/

Robots are not intelligent or sentient. They can never improve the results of their jobs outside of their predefined programming. This limits
how the robots can help & interact with people. They can perform repetitive tasks for a long time but they do not get better with experience
such as the humans do.
Reference:
https:/
Deficit in Self Learning

Predictions of Tomomichi Sugihara
& Shuuji Kajita
Super-Human Robots expected to appear in 2050
Reference:
Kajita, S., & Sugihara, T. (2009). Humanoid robots in the future. Advanced Robotics, 23(11), 1527-1531.

Better Health Facilities
• Global Market will Reaches $12.4b by 2024
• Over-aged population double by 2050 as in 2000
• Fill the shortage of 14 million Health Workers by
2030 in England Alone
Reference:
Russell, J. (2017, November 24). The future of medical robotics | ITProPortal. ITProPortal; ITProPortal.
https:/
/www.itproportal.com/features/the-future-of-medical-robotics/

Better Policing
• As Prison Guards
• As Traffic Police
• As Lifesaving Guard
• As Robot Dog During The Pandemic
Reference:
What Could Be The Future Of Robot Policing In Smart Cities? (2020, July 8). Smart City; SmartCity Press.
https:/
/www.smartcity.press/robot-policing-in-smart-cities/

Dubai planning to recruit enough robots to make up 25% of its police force by 2030
Reference:
Page, T. (2017, May 22). The inevitable rise of the robocops - CNN. CNN; CNN. https:/
/edition.cnn.com/2017/05/22/tech/robot-police-o cer-future-dubai/index.html

Assistants
• In shopping malls
• In Agriculture
• In Education
• In Hospitals/Nursing Homes
• Public Places
• For Aircraft Inspectors
• For Elderly People
• For Children
• For Everyone & Everywhere
Reference:
The Kiplinger Washington Editors. (2013, March 19). 6 Fields Where Robots Are Taking Charge | Kiplinger. Kiplinger; Kiplinger.
https:/
/www.kiplinger.com/slideshow/business/t057-s005-robots-taking-charge/index.html

Conclusion
• Scientists say that it is possible that a robot
brain will exist by 2019 .
• Vernor Vinge has suggested that a moment
may come when computers and robots are
smarter than humans.
• In 2009, some robots acquired various forms of
semi-autonomy, including being able to find
power sources on their own.
• The Association for the Advancement of
Artificial Intelligence has researched on this
problem.

Conclusion
The robotics field is quite promising but to make a really intelligent robot takes
supreme effort. The ultimate goal of robotics is a super human system that embodies
all the skills (such as intelligence, touch and sensitivity) of humans without of any their
limitations (such as strength, ageing).
Today we find most robots working for people in industries, factories, warehouses, and
laboratories. Robots are useful in many ways. For instance, it boosts economy
because businesses need to be efficient to keep up with the industry competition.
Therefore, having robots helps business owners to be competitive, because robots
can do jobs better and faster than humans can, e.g. robot can built, assemble a car.
Yet robots cannot perform every job, today robots roles include assisting research and
industry. Finally,as the technology improves, there will be new ways to use robots
which will bring new hopes and new potentials.

Thank you
fa20-bse-021@cuilahore.edu.pk

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