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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Language is a device of communication which is used in human being interaction. The
activity of communication is fundamental in everyday life to keep the existence among
groups. It requires both the producer and recipient of a language-based message to share
common understanding of language symbol. According to Berelson and Steiner in Croft
(2004) communication is the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, and skills through
the use of symbols, words, pictures, figures, and graphs. They are many ways that can be
used to communicate, one of them is through audio visual means especially movie.
Through movie people are able to depict the kind of society life, furthermore the civilization
of one society. Understanding foreign audio visual, moreover a movie is not as simple as we
thought because the audience must have a high intelligence to concern to the subtitles which
contains the language used in order to absorb the information from the movie. Based on
Gottlieb in Shakernia (2011) subtitle is the rendering in a different language of verbal
messages in filmic media in the shape of one or more line of written text presented on the
screen.
In understanding the message contained in movie subtitles, audiovisual translation is the most
important discipline in transferring the audiovisual language in the movie in order to make it
comprehensible to a target audience. Audiovisual translation itself is the branch of translation
discipline where it is used as a way to transfer written or spoken language from source
language (SL) to target language (TL).
In the broad point of view translation is a transition of one language to another language
without decreasing any information from the source language (SL), it is strengthened by
Catford in Leornardi (2000:1) who defines translation as the changing process of the one
source language (SL) to the other target language (TL). According to Thriveni (2010:2)
translation is therefore not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but
finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Wrapping up all two
perspectives above, translation is obviously used as the connector of the meaning or the idea
from the translator and the target reader.
Regarding to the term of translation, evaluating system must be done by the translator to
produce a good quality translation in literary work by reaching two essential points; accuracy,
and clarity. According to Larson in fadaee (2011), clarity is the translated piece that can
communicate to the people (target reader) who are to use it. He further states that in clear
translation the forms of the language used should be those which make the message of the
source text as easy to understand as the source text itself was to understand.
The next point of a good translation is accuracy. According to Shuttleworth and Cowie in
Anari (2009:80), accuracy is a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the degree of
correspondence between the translated and original text and using natural idiomatic
expressions in the receptor language are the primary goals of the translator. Nevertheless non-
equivalence and the untranslatability regularly appears in the translating a text where in a
form of text consists of structure and certain smallest unit. In measuring the essential points,
there are certain categories known as translation procedure as implemented. Newmark in
Shakernia (2011) stated translation methods relate to whole text, translation procedures are
used for sentences and smaller units of language.
Gibová (2012: 27) states in her dissertation, they are many translation procedures proposed by
different experts. Newmark proposed seventeen procedures, while Schreiber proposed sixteen
procedures and Vinay and Darbelnet proposed seven procedures in translation. Pertaining
through this paper, the writer focuses on Vinay and Darbelnet proposal about two general
translation procedures i.e. direct and oblique which those two general procedures are
separated into seven sub-procedures i.e. borrowing, calque, and literal translation as direct
translation procedures and transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation as oblique
translation procedures. The writer is eager to reveal two from seven procedures relating with
grammatical shifting and point of view shifting which being important in translating SL to TL
and they are represented by modulation and transposition as procedures used.
Regarding to the explanation above, it is challenging to investigate and conduct a research
closely related to the accuracy and clarity between transposition and modulation contained in
the movie subtitle that will be investigated. The writer deals with the movie entitled Sang
Pencerah and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. The movie was directed by Hanung
Bramantyo and was released on September 8th
2010. Sang Pencereah is based on a true story
of KH. Muhammad Dahlan, the founding father of Muhammadiah Organization, Hanung
produced this movie in order to commemorate Muhammadiyah's centenary, it also means to
exhibit Moslem view point in 1867. He depicted KH Muhammad Dahlan as a figure of
national hero who was not widely known and he gradually reformed the mindset of the
society at that time about Islam from rigorous religion into flexible religion. Sang Pencerah
is translated by the group of MVP Picture as the official producer of this movie.
The reason why this movie is selected because it either contains the historical value or depicts
the Moslem view point in 1867. Furthermore research on movie subtitle which is translated
from Indonesian into English is rarely conducted by current researchers. This research will
only focus on Bahasa Indonesia translated into English instead of Javanese language
contained in the movie, it is because not all the informants are able in comprehending the
Javanese language and it is also to prevent problem expansion in this research. This
obviously sustains the data for this research, because of this object; the writer is interested in
analyzing the transposition and modulation in term of accuracy and clarity in Sang Pencerah
and its English subtitles The Enlightened One.
1.2 Formulation of the Problems
Based on the background of the study above, the problems of this research are formulated as
follows:
1.2.1 What types of modulation are revealed in Sang Pencerah movie and its
English subtitles The Enlightened One?
1.2.2 What types of transposition are revealed in Sang Pencerah movie and its
English subtitles The Enlightened One?
1.2.3 How are the accuracy and clarity between modulation and transposition in
Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One?
1.2.4 What is the most frequently-applied procedure of translation in dealing with
modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles
The Enlightened One?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
Referring to the problems above, therefore this research will try to achieve general objectives,
they are:
1.3.1 To find out and to analyze the forms of modulation in Sang Pencerah movie and
its English subtitles The Enlightened One.
1.3.2 To find out and to analyze the forms of transposition in Sang Pencerah movie and
its English subtitles The Enlightened One.
1.3.3 To find out the accuracy and clarity between modulation and transposition.
1.3.4 To identify the procedures, modulation and transposition, that is frequently used
between modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie into its English
subtitles The Enlightened One.
1.4 Scope of The Study
This research covers identifying, analyzing and studying types of modulation and
transposition in Sang Pencerah movie script as SL and the accuracy and clarity found in
English subtitles The Enlightened One as TL. This research will determine what is the most
frequently applied between transposition and modulation. This research will concern in the
transformation of the grammatical structure and the point of view in the English subtitles The
Enlightened One. To forbid the bias study, this research just focuses on the product of
translation such as the sentence and other smallest unit (phrases, words, and so on) of subtitle
text in Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. This research
will delve the case which contains in chapter 13 until 14 since those chapters are reflecting
the turning point of KH. Ahmad Dahlan to develop Muhammadiah organization.
1.5 Uses of the study
This research is really expected to contribute these two main following uses, theoretical and
practical uses.
1.5.1 Theoretical Use
Theoretically, the significance of this study is to give contribution to the development of
linguistic study especially in the field of translation about the understanding of the essential
points; accuracy and clarity in translation by using the procedures of translation; modulation
and transposition, from the source language to target language. In additional, it provides the
benefits to those who want to elevate their knowledge of translation.
1.5.2 Practical Use
Practically, this research serves as a reference for students who are interested in conducting
the same research, furthermore, this research also provides translator and movie editor an
insight to pay attention to in terms of accuracy and clarity in grammatical point (the
procedure of transposition) and view point (the procedure of modulation) especially from
Bahasa Indonesia into English translation.
CHAPTER TWO
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Before moving on to further investigations there are several concepts that need to be made
obvious, they are the concept of translation, procedures in translation including modulation
and transposition, comparative study, and concepts of accuracy and clarity. The concepts
recited are based on several ideas from some experts in translation and linguistic fields to
support this research.
2.1 Concept of Translation
Various definitions are proposed by the experts about translation yet basically they have a
similar notion. According to Newmark in Prasetyani (2009:28) translation is a craft
consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language. It is
strengthened by Catford in Leornardi (2000) who defines translation as the changing process
of one source language (SL) to the other target language (TL). Two definitions above seem
simpler if the translator only needs to translate the target text in arbitrary, but if it is so, the
target reader will encounter by the bias meaning in the content revealed in TL, Bell (1991:6)
states that translation is the replacement of representation of a text in one language by
representation of an equivalent text in a second language. Regarding to Bell’s statement it is
absolutely an obligation to replace SL with the equivalent text in TL, and still in the similar
vein. Thriveni (2002:2) defines that translation is therefore not simply a matter of seeking
other words with similar meaning but finding appropriate ways of saying things in another
language. As a complementary the translated text must be equivalent in terms of meaning and
style. It is stated by Nida in Prasetyani (2009:29) that translation consists of reproducing in
the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in
term of meaning, second in the term of style. Binding all definitions above, translation is an
act of replacing the meaning or message from SL to TL regarding with the equivalent essence
in TL by using an appropriate way.
2.2 Translation Procedure
Procedures are the strategies (conscious or unconscious, verbal or nonverbal) used by the
translator to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a
particular objective in mind (Molina and Albir, 2002:508). According to Macquarie
Dictionary in Machali (2000:62) procedure in translation is the act or manner of proceeding
in any action or process. Pozo, Gonzalo and Postigo in Molina and Albir (2002:507) recite
that the procedure engages with the action that implements in the smallest part of language
such as clause, phrase, word and so on.
Procedures are an important part of procedural knowledge, they are related to knowing how
to do something, the ability to organise actions to reach a specific goal. Procedures include
the use of simple techniques and skills, as well as expert use of strategies. Therefore Vinay
and Darbelnet in Lili (2009:1) proposes seven procedures in translation in which those seven
procedures compile into two general categories i.e. direct and oblique. It depends on the
timing to decide whether direct or oblique that will be used in translating a text. The
translator will use direct procedure when structural and conceptual elements of the SL can be
translated immediately into target language, while oblique is used when structural and
conceptual elements of SL cannot directly translated without changing the meaning and
stylistic elements to TL. Direct translation consists of three procedures (borrowing, calque
and literal translation), they are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source
language can be transposed into the target language, while oblique translation consists of four
procedures (transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation).
2.2.1 Borrowing
Based on Vinay and Dalbernet in Lili (2009:1) borrowing is used when the SL word is
transferred directly to the TL. This usually happens because (a) the SL term does not have
any equivalent in TL and/or (b) the SL term has been recognized in TL vocabulary. The
examples of borrowing are as follows.
SL (English) TL (Bahasa)
Actor Aktor
Taxi Taksi
Application Aplikasi
Debora (2010:10)
2.2.2 Calque
It is a procedure to ‘borrow’ the SL expression or structure and then transfer it in a literal
translation. In other words calque is a special kind of borrowing, so. as borrowing procedure
mentioned above, it has the same influence on the enhancement of cultural integration. Vinay
and Darbelnet in Debora (2010:17) divides calque into two kinds, they are:
a. Lexical calque: a calque which respects the syntactic structure of TL, whilst introducing
a new mode of expression.
SL TL
four-by-four (4x4) empat kali empat (4x4)
table tennis tenis meja
classic guitar gitar klasik
b. Structural calque: a calque which introduces a new construction into the language (TL).
The example of structural calque is as follows.
SL TL
Equity financing Pemerataan keuangan.
Debora (2010:15)
2.2.3 Literal Translation
Literal translation is briefly a procedure of word-for-word translation in translating the SL to
TL. It is used the most common in translating between languages of the same family and
culture. Vinay and Darbelnet in Debora (2010:17) states that literal translation is the direct
transfer of SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the
translator task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. The
examples of literal translation is as follows
SL TL
A glass of juice Segelas jus
Reading a novel Membaca sebuah novel
2.2.4 Modulation
Translator will be encountered by many kinds of obstacles if they just translate a text based
on the literal meaning, as a result, the TL cannot be understood easily, even more TL will
produce bias meaning or it has no point of meanings that could be grabbed by the reader.
Larson in Prasetyo (2011:2) argues a text that is translated as literal form (SL to TL) will give
nothing toward the meaning. Related to the prominence of meaning in TL, this paper will
employ modulation as a kind of tool used.
Stated by Lili in her journal (2009:4) modulation can be adopted when, through literal or
transposition translation result considered as abnormal or awkward. For instance the words in
SL “Be my guest” is transformed into bahasa Indonesia is “Silahkan” not “Jadilah tamu saya”
and “don’t mention it” (on the reply of thank you) not “Jangan menyebutkannya” or “Jangan
sebutkan itu” but “Terimakasih kembali” or “Sama-sama” (Suryati 2006:3).
An extending study about modulation proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet is done by Chuquet
and Paillard. They basically have similar stand point toward this procedure; therefore the
writer employs Chuquet and Paillard modulation type in order to give clear explanation.
Based on Chuquet and Paillard in Eprida (2009:39), modulation splits in to grammatical and
lexical. Grammatical modulation usually occupies the sentence, aspect and modality, whereas
lexical modulation occupies the words, phrases, and expressions. The example of two types
of modulation reveal as follows:
2.2.4.1 Grammatical modulation
a. The changing of interrogative to imperative sentence and vice versa.
Example:
SL: On y va?
TL: Ayo, kita berangkat!
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:39)
b. Active for passive and vice versa.
Example:
SL: II ne trade pas apercevoir ses defaults.
TL: Dia akan segera menyadari kekurangannya
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:40)
Or
SL: That question is hard to answer.
TL: Pertanyaan itu susah untuk di jawab.
c. Double negative for positive.
Example:
SL: Sans etre impossible, la mise en valeur des forets marecageuses.
TL: Meskipun dapat dilakukan pembudidayaan hutan berawa membutuhkan modal
yang besar.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:40)
Or
SL: You should not be oblivious about the penalty given by your lecturer.
TL: Kamu seharusnya menyadari tentang hukuman yang diberikan oleh dosenmu.
d. Syntactical modulation.
Example:
SL: On vous demande au telephone.
S + O + V + complement
TL: Ada telepon untuk anda.
Verbal + Complement
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:40)
2.2.4.2 Lexical modulation
a. Abstract for concrete.
Example:
SL: Nous dormirons a la belle etoile.
TL: Kami akan tidur di alam terbuka pada malam hari.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:41)
Or
SL: I’m just religious pupil.
TL: Saya hanya seorang santri.
b. The changing of equal connotation from SL to TL.
Example:
SL: II n’y a pas de fume sans feu.
TL: Tak ada asap tanpa api.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:41)
Or
SL: Like father like son.
TL: Buah jatuh tak jauh dari pohonnya.
c. The connotation stated in SL being explained in TL, this type is usually used if the SL
does not have the equal connotation in TL, therefore the connotation in SL is
explained in TL. According to Badudu (2008) the example is stated as bellow:
Example:
SL: Actuellement, I’hevea est considere comme la poule aux oeufs d’or.
TL: Kini Karet dianggap sebagai sumber pendapatan.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:42)
Or
SL: Lebih baik berputih tulang dari pada menanggung malu seperti ini.
TL: Death is better than I have to bear the shame like this.
d. The changing of proverb or word because of cultural differentiation.
Example:
SL: II est bête comme une oie.
TL: Dia bodoh seperti kerbau.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:42)
Or
SL: Just a book worm wants to stay at the library all day long.
TL: Hanya seorang kutu buku yang ingin tinggal di perpustakaan seharian.
e. The changing of adjective stylistic form to another stylistic adjective form.
Example:
SL: II a achete du café soluble.
TL: Dia membeli kopi instant.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:42)
Or
SL: She looked lovely in that dress.
TL: Dia terlihat cantik dengan pakaian itu.
f. Cause for effect and vice versa.
Example:
SL: La fille a pose une question epineuse a sa mere.
TL: Gadis itu mengajukan pertanyaan yang menusuk hati ibunya.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:43)
Or
SL: Bagaimana penampilan bapak?
TL: how do I look?
g. Part for the whole.
Example:
SL: Iis se trouvent nez a nez.
TL: Mereka berttemu muka.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:43)
Or
SL: I've got a new set of wheels.
TL: Saya mempunyai mobil baru.
h. One part to another.
Example:
SL: J’ai vu la sene par le trou de la serrure.
TL: Saya melihat adegan itu melalui lubang kunci.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:43)
Or
SL: The little girl was wearing red from head to toe.
TL: Pakaian anak perempuan itu bernuansa merah dari ujung rambut hingga ujung
kaki.
i.Place for function.
Example:
SL: Le Quai d’Orsay a repondu a cette question.
TL: Kementrian Luar Negri Prancis telah menjawab pertanyaan itu.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:44)
Or
SL: Buckingham has prepared the tea party to celebrate Kate and Will 1st
anniversary.
TL: Pihak kerajaan telah mempersiapkan pesta minum teh untuk merayakan hari jadi
Kate dan Will yang pertama.
2.2.5 Transposition
Rather than transposition, Catford uses the word ‘shift’ for this procedure while Vinay and
Dalbernet stick with ‘transposition’, however what they describe about this procedure are the
same. Transposition is obviously a kind of translation procedure which involves the
grammatical changing from SL to TL without changing the meaning of the message.
According to Vinay and Darbelnet in Lili (2009) this procedure can also be found within a
language, I give him a kiss is semantically no difference from I kiss him though the word kiss
is changed from a noun into a verb. Vinay and Darbelnet states that the first expression can
be called the base expression, while the converted form of kiss as a verb is called the
transposed expression. Intent to delve the deeper view about this procedure the writer decides
to employ Catford’s shift in order to support the transposition procedure proposed by Vinay
and Dalbernet. According to Catford in Munday (2001: 60) shift or transposition splits into
two types, i.e. shift of level and shift of category. This study has included both of them which
are defined as follows.
1. Level shift. This type of shift would be something which is expressed by grammar in one
language and lexis in another.
Example
SL: Completion
TL: He has achieved
Catford (1965: 77)
Or
SL: They are singing
(to be + Ving = Grammatical system)
TL: Mereka sedang bernyanyi
(Sedang = lexical adj.)
2. Category shift. Catford subdivides this type into four kinds, they are:
a. Structural shift: this type is the most common form of shift and to involve mostly a
shift in grammatical structure. Catford (1965: 77) states that this type either contains
different elements or changes the sequence of the elements. It can be found at other
ranks. For example at group rank, there is often a shift from MH (modifier + head) to
(M) HQ ((modifier +) head + qualifier).
Example:
SL: Me gusta el jazz (Spain)
Indirect object pronoun + V + Subject noun structure
TL: I like Jazz (English)
Subject pronoun + V + Direct object structure
Prasetyani (2009: 47)
Or
SL: Buku itu harus kita bawa
TL: We must bring the book
Or
SL: A white house (MH)
TL: Rumah (yang ) putih (HM)
b. Class shift: these type comprise shift from one part of speech to another
Example:
SL: A medical student (adj)
TL: Un etudiant en medicine (adv)
Prasetyani (2009: 48)
Or
SL: A sudden crash happened this morning (adj)
TL: Kecelakaan secara tiba-tiba terjadi pagi ini (adv)
c. Unit shift or rank shift: this type is employed when SL transposed to different rank in
TL. ‘Rank’ here reverses to the hierarchical linguistic unit of sentence, clause, group,
word and morpheme.
Example:
SL: Hari libur (phrase)
TL: Holiday (word)
Or
SL: Prempuan bergaun merah. (Adj. P)
TL: The girl who wears red gown. (Adj. C)
d. Intra-system shift: this type of shift will occur internally when the SL and TL possess
approximately corresponding system but where the translation involves selection of a
non-corresponding term in the TL system (2001: 61) example given between English
and Bahasa are number and article systems, where, although similar systems operate
in the two languages, they do not always correspond or in other word this types
involves the transposition of plural in SL to singular to TL and vice versa.
Example:
SL: des conseil (Plural)
TL: advice (singular)
Prasetyani (2009: 48)
Or
SL: A pair of glasses.
TL: Sebuah kacamata.
2.2.6 Equivalence
Vinay and Darbelnet in Lili (2009) states that equivalence is a procedure to describe the same
situation by using completely different stylistic or structural methods for producing
equivalent texts. In other words, the procedure of equivalence can be used to translate fixed
expression in SL such as idioms, clichés, proverbs, nominal or adjectival phrases, animal
onomatopoeia, etc. into the equal different form in TL. According to Debora (2010) the
example is tated as bellow:
Example:
SL: It’s raining cats and dogs.
TL: Hujan turun dengan derasnya.
Or
SL: Birds of a feather flock together.
TL: Rasam minyak dengan minyak, rasam air dengan air.
Debora (2010:21)
2.2.7 Adaptation
Lili (2009) in her journal states that this procedure refers to a method used in the cases where
the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In
such cases translators have to create a new situation in SL that can be considered as being
equivalent in TL. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a
situational equivalence. Titles of books, movies, and characters fit into this category, Vinay
and Darbelnet in Debora (2010).
Example:
SL: Baseball (English)
TL: Futbol (Spanish)
Or
SL: After the Night (a novel by Linda Howard)
TL: Menunggu Fajar
Debora (2010:22)
2.3 Comparative Study
Comparison is one of the most efficient methods for explanation of utilizing tacit knowledge
of tacit attitudes. This method can assist the writer to boost the cases from the initial level of
exploratory studies to a more advanced level of general theoretical models. In comparative
study the writer are similar in some aspect, but they also have the differences in some aspect.
Therefore the different aspects become the focus of examination. The purpose of the focus is
obviously to find out why the cases are different and to reveal the general underlying
structure which generates or allow such a variation, Routio (2007). He also states that
comparative study aims at describing and perhaps also explaining the invariances of the
objects. It does not aim at generating changes in the objects; on the contrary, it usually tries to
avoid them. In conclusion the focus of comparative study is to reveal the distinction within
the both of research object without producing the changing in each.
2.4 Concept of Accuracy
Fadaee (2011) states that accuracy as well as clarity is one of the main features of evaluating
translation of literary books which acts as the crucial tendencies of translator to create a good
and natural piece of translation. It is no doubt that in transferring the idea from SL to TL the
translator has to fulfill the essential aspects of translation; accuracy and clarity in order to
avoid the ambiguity, and awkwardness in translation result. Defined by Suttleworth and
Cowie in Anari (2009) accuracy is a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the degree
of correspondence between the translated and original texts. While according to Larson in
Anari (2009), accuracy in representing the meaning of the original text and using natural
idiomatic expressions in the receptor language are the primary goals of the translator.
Supported by Rahimi (2004:55) a translated text will be considered accurate if it contains the
following things, they are:
1. There is no information which is omitted.
2. There is no additional information that exists in TL if it does not exist in SL.
3. There is no mistake during the analysis of the source text resulting in different
meaning.
In order to measure the level of accuracy, some indicators are made by the writer based on
the concept of accuracy as stated by Rahimi above. It means that the writer modifies the
indicators proposed by Rahimi above.
Table 2.1 the measurement of level of accuracy according to Rahimi (Modified by the
writer).
Category Scale Indicator
Accurate 3
The information in SL is suitably conveyed in TL.
Information in SL is communicated without omitting and
adding any info which are not contained in TL. Meaning
in SL is conveyed in TL in a right way.
Average 2
The information in SL is quite suitably conveyed in TL.
Information in SL is communicated with a small amount
of addition and omission of info in TL.
Less 1
The information in SL insufficiently conveyed in TL.
There are a lot of distortions of meaning.
Inaccurate 0
The information in SL is omitted in TL. No additional
information exists in SL but it does in TL. The meaning
in SL conveyed in TL is not suitable.
2.5 Concept of Clarity
Larson in Fadaee (2011) states that clarity in translation means the translated piece can
communicate to the people (target audience) who are to use it. He adds that in clear
translation the forms of the language used should be those which make the message of the
source text as easy to understand as the source text itself. Rahimi (2004:56) recites that the
translation will be considered lacks of clarity if it contains the following cases:
1. TL does not communicate with people who are to use it,
2. TL does not use the form of understandable language for language speakers.
To measure the clarity of translation, the writer modifies the indicators proposed by Rahimi
as follows.
Table 2.2 the measurement of level of clarity according to Rahimi (modified by the
writer).
Category Scale Indicator
Clear 3
TL can be easily understood by the target readers since
the TL uses the form of understandable language.
Average 2
TL is quite understandable to target readers. Target
readers require special / little interpretation since TL does
not use the form of easy-to-understand language in TL.
Less 1
TL is less understandable to target readers. Readers
require frequent interpretation due to the frequent use of
uneasy to understand language in TL.
Unclear 0
TL does not communicate with the target readers. Target
readers make a lot of interpretation efforts to understand
the TL due to the use of uneasy-to understand form of
language.
2.6 Subtitle
Comprehending the sequence story spilled in a foreign movie is not absolutely adequate by
just seeing the picture and the verbal movement because that might create bias perception for
the audience in understanding a movie story, therefore the function of subtitle hands an
important role toward the audience. Gottlieb in Shakernia (2011) states that subtitle is the
rendering in a different language of verbal messages in filmic media in the shape of one or
more line of written text presented on the screen. Based on Shuttleworth and Cowie in
Jaskansen (1999) subtitle is the process of providing synchronized captions for film and
television dialogue. Basically subtitle not only changes language but it also switches from the
spoken to the written mode and it presents a story in a real time as a dynamic text type,
Szarkowska (2005). As the conclusion subtitle in a movie is able to synchronize foreign
dialogs in a movie with the certain target dialog (different language).
2.7 Previous Study
This study tries to analyze the construction of modulation and transposition in terms of
accuracy and clarity toward the translation as a product. To support this study some theses
and articles related to this paper especially transposition and modulation will be employed to
give comparison and input to this writing.
Anari (2009), in his journal entitled Naturalness and Accuracy in English Translation of
Hafiz, discusses about accuracy and naturalness in English translation of Hāfiz ghazals
(poetry) by English and Persian native speakers. Through his research he found the
differences of translation result especially in the sense of naturalness and accuracy.
Furthermore he found a great finding and concluded that in the samples studied the
translation of Hāfiz ghazals by Persian translator was more accurate, whereas the translation
by English translator was more natural. The study conducted by Anari was quite similar to
the research that will be done by the writer, which was about the point of accuracy in
translated text, yet Anari did not conduct the research about the clarity in the product of
translation. The object of the study was also different with the research that will be conducted
by the writer, in Anari’s work the object of the study was a poetry while the writer will
analyze movie subtitles. He states through his journal that native and non-native translators
have to cooperate each other in producing a pace of translation of literary work, especially in
this case, a poetry, it leads to a better translation which is both natural in its form and
accurate in its meaning.
In addition, accuracy and clarity can also be measured by using procedures of translation. A
research closely related to the case was done by Prasetyo (2011). His research aims at
describing transposition and modulation in a book entitled Teori Budaya and discussing the
accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the translated sentences containing transposition
and modulation. He took the data from a book entitled Culture Theory translated into Teori
Budaya. From the research he conducted he found that both modulation and transposition
have their own advantages and disadvantages. In terms of accuracy, transposition is more
accurate than modulation yet modulation has higher levels of acceptability and readability
than transposition does. The study conducted by Prasetyo has similarities to this study, but it
differs from what Prasetyo did in the object researched. Furthermore Prasetyo did a research
to measure the accuracy, acceptability, and readability, whereas the writer is eager to measure
the accuracy and clarity in the text translated.
To obtain a deeper insight for this research, the writer found a similar research which was
conducted by Shakernia (2011). Her study aimed at the investigation of the use of Vinay and
Darbelnet’s direct and oblique translations procedures in the Persian subtitles of American
historical drama and romantic comedy movies. Shakernia investigated the two main
categories of translation procedures (direct and oblique translation) in the main focus of
subtitles in historical drama and romantic comedy movies. She discovered great findings that
direct translation procedures which are used more frequently in historical drama movies and
manifested in historical drama subtitle, while she also indicated that oblique translation
strategy was applied more in the Persian subtitles of romantic comedy movies. However the
study conducted by Shakernia did not reveal the procedures of modulation and transposition
in details because she engaged with seven procedures that proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet.
As the result of gaining three previous studies as stated above, the writer is able to behold the
general concept of certain seminal points in order to compose this research. The general
concept of accuracy applied from Anari’s journal, and the concept of direct and oblique as a
general procedure proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet obtained from the research conducted by
Shakernina (2011), while, the writer gets the concept of modulation and transposition from
the research done by Prasetyo (2011).
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
Research design refers to the plan used to examine the question of interest whereas
methodology refers to the principles, procedures, and practices that govern research.
Methodology should be thought of as encompassing the entire process of conducting research
(i.e., planning and conducting the research study, drawing conclusions, and disseminating the
findings), Kazdin in Marczyk, DeMatteo and Festinger (2005:22). It means methodology
covers research design within composing a research study. This chapter deals with some
aspects i.e. Data source, technique of collecting data, technique of analyzing data, and
technique of presenting the analysis.
This research applied the qualitative research, since qualitative is characterized by the
observation and description in forms of word and sentence, Bogdan and Biklen (2003:110).
This research was conducted through the observation of modulation and transposition in Sang
Pencerah movie subtitles and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. Afterward, this
research gave a complete description of the accuracy and clarity toward Sang Pencerah
movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One by applying modulation and
transposition. The most important thing to be analyzed was the most frequently-applied
procedure between modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie subtitles and its
English subtitles The Enlightened One.
3.3 Data and Data Source
The data source of this research was taken from Sang Pencerah movie and its English
subtitles The Enlightened One. Meanwhile the data, modulation and transposition was taken
from the sentences, clauses, phrases, words or the smallest units in the subtitles contained in
chapter 13-14 in Sang Pencerah movie and their translations in The Enlightened One.
3.4 Data Collecting Technique
The collecting term was useful before anything could be done through the research in order to
make the writer easily analyze and interpret the data. Technique of data collecting that the
writer used for this research was observation. According to Sudaryanto in Putrawan
(2011:33) observation applied by thoroughly observing the source language. In this case, the
writer observed the English subtitles of the Sang Pencerah movie and found out the
occurrences of modulation and transposition. Note-taking served to identify and classify the
data, i.e. the modulation and transposition procedures which contained in the English
subtitles of Sang Pencerah subtitles and its English subtitles The Enlightened One, therefore
it was easy for the writer to formulate the analysis. But before the implementation of note
taking, the writer was firstly do a close reading step toward Sang Pencerah subtitles and its
English subtitles The Enlightened One. The procedures of modulation and transposition
contained in the subtitles were be highlighted and noted down as the data for the analysis.
Then, the phenomena of modulation and transposition procedures were classified based on
Catford, Chuquet and Paillard as the experts who supported the notion in detail about
modulation and transposition procedures proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet.
In addition personal interviewing was followed as the complement. Personal interviewing
was flexible way that could be used to collect large amounts of information. Furthermore the
informant could guide interviews, explore issues, and proved as the situation requires,
Dawson (2002:14). The informants were offered some questions closely related to accuracy
and clarity in Sang Pencerah subtitles and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. The
informants either had to answer the direct question from the writer or wrote their comment
objectively toward the research object. There are five informants that were involved in this
research and to gain the reliable informant, the writer interviewed the student who already
finished the translation class, in order to create deeper inquiry toward the accuracy and clarity
in modulation and transposition procedures, the writer also employed one lecture, one sworn
translator and one native speaker.
3.5 Data Analyzing Technique
Regarding the qualitative research, the writer analyzed the data descriptively. After gathering
the occurrences of modulation and transposition in the Sang Pencerah English subtitles, they
were classified based on the procedures of modulation and transposition proposed by Vinay
and Dalbernet which were supported and strengthened by Chuquet and Pailard and Catford
(2001:60). After indentifying the translation procedures the writer focused on the level of
accuracy and clarity in the English subtitles of the Sang Pencerah movie based on the
informant’s objective information gained through the personal interviewing, and the last
section that was conclusion was followed to reveal the result from what had been analyzed by
the writer.

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Chapter 1 3

  • 1. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Language is a device of communication which is used in human being interaction. The activity of communication is fundamental in everyday life to keep the existence among groups. It requires both the producer and recipient of a language-based message to share common understanding of language symbol. According to Berelson and Steiner in Croft (2004) communication is the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, and skills through the use of symbols, words, pictures, figures, and graphs. They are many ways that can be used to communicate, one of them is through audio visual means especially movie. Through movie people are able to depict the kind of society life, furthermore the civilization of one society. Understanding foreign audio visual, moreover a movie is not as simple as we thought because the audience must have a high intelligence to concern to the subtitles which contains the language used in order to absorb the information from the movie. Based on Gottlieb in Shakernia (2011) subtitle is the rendering in a different language of verbal messages in filmic media in the shape of one or more line of written text presented on the screen. In understanding the message contained in movie subtitles, audiovisual translation is the most important discipline in transferring the audiovisual language in the movie in order to make it comprehensible to a target audience. Audiovisual translation itself is the branch of translation discipline where it is used as a way to transfer written or spoken language from source language (SL) to target language (TL).
  • 2. In the broad point of view translation is a transition of one language to another language without decreasing any information from the source language (SL), it is strengthened by Catford in Leornardi (2000:1) who defines translation as the changing process of the one source language (SL) to the other target language (TL). According to Thriveni (2010:2) translation is therefore not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Wrapping up all two perspectives above, translation is obviously used as the connector of the meaning or the idea from the translator and the target reader. Regarding to the term of translation, evaluating system must be done by the translator to produce a good quality translation in literary work by reaching two essential points; accuracy, and clarity. According to Larson in fadaee (2011), clarity is the translated piece that can communicate to the people (target reader) who are to use it. He further states that in clear translation the forms of the language used should be those which make the message of the source text as easy to understand as the source text itself was to understand. The next point of a good translation is accuracy. According to Shuttleworth and Cowie in Anari (2009:80), accuracy is a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the degree of correspondence between the translated and original text and using natural idiomatic expressions in the receptor language are the primary goals of the translator. Nevertheless non- equivalence and the untranslatability regularly appears in the translating a text where in a form of text consists of structure and certain smallest unit. In measuring the essential points, there are certain categories known as translation procedure as implemented. Newmark in Shakernia (2011) stated translation methods relate to whole text, translation procedures are used for sentences and smaller units of language.
  • 3. Gibová (2012: 27) states in her dissertation, they are many translation procedures proposed by different experts. Newmark proposed seventeen procedures, while Schreiber proposed sixteen procedures and Vinay and Darbelnet proposed seven procedures in translation. Pertaining through this paper, the writer focuses on Vinay and Darbelnet proposal about two general translation procedures i.e. direct and oblique which those two general procedures are separated into seven sub-procedures i.e. borrowing, calque, and literal translation as direct translation procedures and transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation as oblique translation procedures. The writer is eager to reveal two from seven procedures relating with grammatical shifting and point of view shifting which being important in translating SL to TL and they are represented by modulation and transposition as procedures used. Regarding to the explanation above, it is challenging to investigate and conduct a research closely related to the accuracy and clarity between transposition and modulation contained in the movie subtitle that will be investigated. The writer deals with the movie entitled Sang Pencerah and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. The movie was directed by Hanung Bramantyo and was released on September 8th 2010. Sang Pencereah is based on a true story of KH. Muhammad Dahlan, the founding father of Muhammadiah Organization, Hanung produced this movie in order to commemorate Muhammadiyah's centenary, it also means to exhibit Moslem view point in 1867. He depicted KH Muhammad Dahlan as a figure of national hero who was not widely known and he gradually reformed the mindset of the society at that time about Islam from rigorous religion into flexible religion. Sang Pencerah is translated by the group of MVP Picture as the official producer of this movie. The reason why this movie is selected because it either contains the historical value or depicts the Moslem view point in 1867. Furthermore research on movie subtitle which is translated
  • 4. from Indonesian into English is rarely conducted by current researchers. This research will only focus on Bahasa Indonesia translated into English instead of Javanese language contained in the movie, it is because not all the informants are able in comprehending the Javanese language and it is also to prevent problem expansion in this research. This obviously sustains the data for this research, because of this object; the writer is interested in analyzing the transposition and modulation in term of accuracy and clarity in Sang Pencerah and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. 1.2 Formulation of the Problems Based on the background of the study above, the problems of this research are formulated as follows: 1.2.1 What types of modulation are revealed in Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One? 1.2.2 What types of transposition are revealed in Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One? 1.2.3 How are the accuracy and clarity between modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One? 1.2.4 What is the most frequently-applied procedure of translation in dealing with modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One? 1.3 Objectives of the Study Referring to the problems above, therefore this research will try to achieve general objectives, they are:
  • 5. 1.3.1 To find out and to analyze the forms of modulation in Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. 1.3.2 To find out and to analyze the forms of transposition in Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. 1.3.3 To find out the accuracy and clarity between modulation and transposition. 1.3.4 To identify the procedures, modulation and transposition, that is frequently used between modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie into its English subtitles The Enlightened One. 1.4 Scope of The Study This research covers identifying, analyzing and studying types of modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie script as SL and the accuracy and clarity found in English subtitles The Enlightened One as TL. This research will determine what is the most frequently applied between transposition and modulation. This research will concern in the transformation of the grammatical structure and the point of view in the English subtitles The Enlightened One. To forbid the bias study, this research just focuses on the product of translation such as the sentence and other smallest unit (phrases, words, and so on) of subtitle text in Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. This research will delve the case which contains in chapter 13 until 14 since those chapters are reflecting the turning point of KH. Ahmad Dahlan to develop Muhammadiah organization. 1.5 Uses of the study This research is really expected to contribute these two main following uses, theoretical and practical uses.
  • 6. 1.5.1 Theoretical Use Theoretically, the significance of this study is to give contribution to the development of linguistic study especially in the field of translation about the understanding of the essential points; accuracy and clarity in translation by using the procedures of translation; modulation and transposition, from the source language to target language. In additional, it provides the benefits to those who want to elevate their knowledge of translation. 1.5.2 Practical Use Practically, this research serves as a reference for students who are interested in conducting the same research, furthermore, this research also provides translator and movie editor an insight to pay attention to in terms of accuracy and clarity in grammatical point (the procedure of transposition) and view point (the procedure of modulation) especially from Bahasa Indonesia into English translation.
  • 7. CHAPTER TWO THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Before moving on to further investigations there are several concepts that need to be made obvious, they are the concept of translation, procedures in translation including modulation and transposition, comparative study, and concepts of accuracy and clarity. The concepts recited are based on several ideas from some experts in translation and linguistic fields to support this research. 2.1 Concept of Translation Various definitions are proposed by the experts about translation yet basically they have a similar notion. According to Newmark in Prasetyani (2009:28) translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language. It is strengthened by Catford in Leornardi (2000) who defines translation as the changing process of one source language (SL) to the other target language (TL). Two definitions above seem simpler if the translator only needs to translate the target text in arbitrary, but if it is so, the target reader will encounter by the bias meaning in the content revealed in TL, Bell (1991:6) states that translation is the replacement of representation of a text in one language by representation of an equivalent text in a second language. Regarding to Bell’s statement it is absolutely an obligation to replace SL with the equivalent text in TL, and still in the similar vein. Thriveni (2002:2) defines that translation is therefore not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. As a complementary the translated text must be equivalent in terms of meaning and style. It is stated by Nida in Prasetyani (2009:29) that translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in term of meaning, second in the term of style. Binding all definitions above, translation is an
  • 8. act of replacing the meaning or message from SL to TL regarding with the equivalent essence in TL by using an appropriate way. 2.2 Translation Procedure Procedures are the strategies (conscious or unconscious, verbal or nonverbal) used by the translator to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a particular objective in mind (Molina and Albir, 2002:508). According to Macquarie Dictionary in Machali (2000:62) procedure in translation is the act or manner of proceeding in any action or process. Pozo, Gonzalo and Postigo in Molina and Albir (2002:507) recite that the procedure engages with the action that implements in the smallest part of language such as clause, phrase, word and so on. Procedures are an important part of procedural knowledge, they are related to knowing how to do something, the ability to organise actions to reach a specific goal. Procedures include the use of simple techniques and skills, as well as expert use of strategies. Therefore Vinay and Darbelnet in Lili (2009:1) proposes seven procedures in translation in which those seven procedures compile into two general categories i.e. direct and oblique. It depends on the timing to decide whether direct or oblique that will be used in translating a text. The translator will use direct procedure when structural and conceptual elements of the SL can be translated immediately into target language, while oblique is used when structural and conceptual elements of SL cannot directly translated without changing the meaning and stylistic elements to TL. Direct translation consists of three procedures (borrowing, calque and literal translation), they are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language, while oblique translation consists of four procedures (transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation).
  • 9. 2.2.1 Borrowing Based on Vinay and Dalbernet in Lili (2009:1) borrowing is used when the SL word is transferred directly to the TL. This usually happens because (a) the SL term does not have any equivalent in TL and/or (b) the SL term has been recognized in TL vocabulary. The examples of borrowing are as follows. SL (English) TL (Bahasa) Actor Aktor Taxi Taksi Application Aplikasi Debora (2010:10) 2.2.2 Calque It is a procedure to ‘borrow’ the SL expression or structure and then transfer it in a literal translation. In other words calque is a special kind of borrowing, so. as borrowing procedure mentioned above, it has the same influence on the enhancement of cultural integration. Vinay and Darbelnet in Debora (2010:17) divides calque into two kinds, they are: a. Lexical calque: a calque which respects the syntactic structure of TL, whilst introducing a new mode of expression. SL TL four-by-four (4x4) empat kali empat (4x4) table tennis tenis meja classic guitar gitar klasik
  • 10. b. Structural calque: a calque which introduces a new construction into the language (TL). The example of structural calque is as follows. SL TL Equity financing Pemerataan keuangan. Debora (2010:15) 2.2.3 Literal Translation Literal translation is briefly a procedure of word-for-word translation in translating the SL to TL. It is used the most common in translating between languages of the same family and culture. Vinay and Darbelnet in Debora (2010:17) states that literal translation is the direct transfer of SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translator task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. The examples of literal translation is as follows SL TL A glass of juice Segelas jus Reading a novel Membaca sebuah novel 2.2.4 Modulation Translator will be encountered by many kinds of obstacles if they just translate a text based on the literal meaning, as a result, the TL cannot be understood easily, even more TL will produce bias meaning or it has no point of meanings that could be grabbed by the reader. Larson in Prasetyo (2011:2) argues a text that is translated as literal form (SL to TL) will give
  • 11. nothing toward the meaning. Related to the prominence of meaning in TL, this paper will employ modulation as a kind of tool used. Stated by Lili in her journal (2009:4) modulation can be adopted when, through literal or transposition translation result considered as abnormal or awkward. For instance the words in SL “Be my guest” is transformed into bahasa Indonesia is “Silahkan” not “Jadilah tamu saya” and “don’t mention it” (on the reply of thank you) not “Jangan menyebutkannya” or “Jangan sebutkan itu” but “Terimakasih kembali” or “Sama-sama” (Suryati 2006:3). An extending study about modulation proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet is done by Chuquet and Paillard. They basically have similar stand point toward this procedure; therefore the writer employs Chuquet and Paillard modulation type in order to give clear explanation. Based on Chuquet and Paillard in Eprida (2009:39), modulation splits in to grammatical and lexical. Grammatical modulation usually occupies the sentence, aspect and modality, whereas lexical modulation occupies the words, phrases, and expressions. The example of two types of modulation reveal as follows: 2.2.4.1 Grammatical modulation a. The changing of interrogative to imperative sentence and vice versa. Example: SL: On y va? TL: Ayo, kita berangkat! Prayoga in Eprida (2009:39)
  • 12. b. Active for passive and vice versa. Example: SL: II ne trade pas apercevoir ses defaults. TL: Dia akan segera menyadari kekurangannya Prayoga in Eprida (2009:40) Or SL: That question is hard to answer. TL: Pertanyaan itu susah untuk di jawab. c. Double negative for positive. Example: SL: Sans etre impossible, la mise en valeur des forets marecageuses. TL: Meskipun dapat dilakukan pembudidayaan hutan berawa membutuhkan modal yang besar. Prayoga in Eprida (2009:40) Or SL: You should not be oblivious about the penalty given by your lecturer. TL: Kamu seharusnya menyadari tentang hukuman yang diberikan oleh dosenmu. d. Syntactical modulation. Example: SL: On vous demande au telephone.
  • 13. S + O + V + complement TL: Ada telepon untuk anda. Verbal + Complement Prayoga in Eprida (2009:40) 2.2.4.2 Lexical modulation a. Abstract for concrete. Example: SL: Nous dormirons a la belle etoile. TL: Kami akan tidur di alam terbuka pada malam hari. Prayoga in Eprida (2009:41) Or SL: I’m just religious pupil. TL: Saya hanya seorang santri. b. The changing of equal connotation from SL to TL. Example: SL: II n’y a pas de fume sans feu. TL: Tak ada asap tanpa api. Prayoga in Eprida (2009:41)
  • 14. Or SL: Like father like son. TL: Buah jatuh tak jauh dari pohonnya. c. The connotation stated in SL being explained in TL, this type is usually used if the SL does not have the equal connotation in TL, therefore the connotation in SL is explained in TL. According to Badudu (2008) the example is stated as bellow: Example: SL: Actuellement, I’hevea est considere comme la poule aux oeufs d’or. TL: Kini Karet dianggap sebagai sumber pendapatan. Prayoga in Eprida (2009:42) Or SL: Lebih baik berputih tulang dari pada menanggung malu seperti ini. TL: Death is better than I have to bear the shame like this. d. The changing of proverb or word because of cultural differentiation. Example: SL: II est bête comme une oie. TL: Dia bodoh seperti kerbau. Prayoga in Eprida (2009:42) Or SL: Just a book worm wants to stay at the library all day long.
  • 15. TL: Hanya seorang kutu buku yang ingin tinggal di perpustakaan seharian. e. The changing of adjective stylistic form to another stylistic adjective form. Example: SL: II a achete du café soluble. TL: Dia membeli kopi instant. Prayoga in Eprida (2009:42) Or SL: She looked lovely in that dress. TL: Dia terlihat cantik dengan pakaian itu. f. Cause for effect and vice versa. Example: SL: La fille a pose une question epineuse a sa mere. TL: Gadis itu mengajukan pertanyaan yang menusuk hati ibunya. Prayoga in Eprida (2009:43) Or SL: Bagaimana penampilan bapak? TL: how do I look?
  • 16. g. Part for the whole. Example: SL: Iis se trouvent nez a nez. TL: Mereka berttemu muka. Prayoga in Eprida (2009:43) Or SL: I've got a new set of wheels. TL: Saya mempunyai mobil baru. h. One part to another. Example: SL: J’ai vu la sene par le trou de la serrure. TL: Saya melihat adegan itu melalui lubang kunci. Prayoga in Eprida (2009:43) Or SL: The little girl was wearing red from head to toe. TL: Pakaian anak perempuan itu bernuansa merah dari ujung rambut hingga ujung kaki. i.Place for function. Example: SL: Le Quai d’Orsay a repondu a cette question.
  • 17. TL: Kementrian Luar Negri Prancis telah menjawab pertanyaan itu. Prayoga in Eprida (2009:44) Or SL: Buckingham has prepared the tea party to celebrate Kate and Will 1st anniversary. TL: Pihak kerajaan telah mempersiapkan pesta minum teh untuk merayakan hari jadi Kate dan Will yang pertama. 2.2.5 Transposition Rather than transposition, Catford uses the word ‘shift’ for this procedure while Vinay and Dalbernet stick with ‘transposition’, however what they describe about this procedure are the same. Transposition is obviously a kind of translation procedure which involves the grammatical changing from SL to TL without changing the meaning of the message. According to Vinay and Darbelnet in Lili (2009) this procedure can also be found within a language, I give him a kiss is semantically no difference from I kiss him though the word kiss is changed from a noun into a verb. Vinay and Darbelnet states that the first expression can be called the base expression, while the converted form of kiss as a verb is called the transposed expression. Intent to delve the deeper view about this procedure the writer decides to employ Catford’s shift in order to support the transposition procedure proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet. According to Catford in Munday (2001: 60) shift or transposition splits into two types, i.e. shift of level and shift of category. This study has included both of them which are defined as follows. 1. Level shift. This type of shift would be something which is expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another.
  • 18. Example SL: Completion TL: He has achieved Catford (1965: 77) Or SL: They are singing (to be + Ving = Grammatical system) TL: Mereka sedang bernyanyi (Sedang = lexical adj.) 2. Category shift. Catford subdivides this type into four kinds, they are: a. Structural shift: this type is the most common form of shift and to involve mostly a shift in grammatical structure. Catford (1965: 77) states that this type either contains different elements or changes the sequence of the elements. It can be found at other ranks. For example at group rank, there is often a shift from MH (modifier + head) to (M) HQ ((modifier +) head + qualifier). Example: SL: Me gusta el jazz (Spain) Indirect object pronoun + V + Subject noun structure TL: I like Jazz (English) Subject pronoun + V + Direct object structure Prasetyani (2009: 47) Or SL: Buku itu harus kita bawa TL: We must bring the book Or SL: A white house (MH) TL: Rumah (yang ) putih (HM)
  • 19. b. Class shift: these type comprise shift from one part of speech to another Example: SL: A medical student (adj) TL: Un etudiant en medicine (adv) Prasetyani (2009: 48) Or SL: A sudden crash happened this morning (adj) TL: Kecelakaan secara tiba-tiba terjadi pagi ini (adv) c. Unit shift or rank shift: this type is employed when SL transposed to different rank in TL. ‘Rank’ here reverses to the hierarchical linguistic unit of sentence, clause, group, word and morpheme. Example: SL: Hari libur (phrase) TL: Holiday (word) Or SL: Prempuan bergaun merah. (Adj. P) TL: The girl who wears red gown. (Adj. C) d. Intra-system shift: this type of shift will occur internally when the SL and TL possess approximately corresponding system but where the translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system (2001: 61) example given between English and Bahasa are number and article systems, where, although similar systems operate in the two languages, they do not always correspond or in other word this types involves the transposition of plural in SL to singular to TL and vice versa.
  • 20. Example: SL: des conseil (Plural) TL: advice (singular) Prasetyani (2009: 48) Or SL: A pair of glasses. TL: Sebuah kacamata. 2.2.6 Equivalence Vinay and Darbelnet in Lili (2009) states that equivalence is a procedure to describe the same situation by using completely different stylistic or structural methods for producing equivalent texts. In other words, the procedure of equivalence can be used to translate fixed expression in SL such as idioms, clichés, proverbs, nominal or adjectival phrases, animal onomatopoeia, etc. into the equal different form in TL. According to Debora (2010) the example is tated as bellow: Example: SL: It’s raining cats and dogs. TL: Hujan turun dengan derasnya. Or SL: Birds of a feather flock together. TL: Rasam minyak dengan minyak, rasam air dengan air. Debora (2010:21)
  • 21. 2.2.7 Adaptation Lili (2009) in her journal states that this procedure refers to a method used in the cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such cases translators have to create a new situation in SL that can be considered as being equivalent in TL. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence. Titles of books, movies, and characters fit into this category, Vinay and Darbelnet in Debora (2010). Example: SL: Baseball (English) TL: Futbol (Spanish) Or SL: After the Night (a novel by Linda Howard) TL: Menunggu Fajar Debora (2010:22) 2.3 Comparative Study Comparison is one of the most efficient methods for explanation of utilizing tacit knowledge of tacit attitudes. This method can assist the writer to boost the cases from the initial level of exploratory studies to a more advanced level of general theoretical models. In comparative study the writer are similar in some aspect, but they also have the differences in some aspect. Therefore the different aspects become the focus of examination. The purpose of the focus is obviously to find out why the cases are different and to reveal the general underlying structure which generates or allow such a variation, Routio (2007). He also states that comparative study aims at describing and perhaps also explaining the invariances of the objects. It does not aim at generating changes in the objects; on the contrary, it usually tries to
  • 22. avoid them. In conclusion the focus of comparative study is to reveal the distinction within the both of research object without producing the changing in each. 2.4 Concept of Accuracy Fadaee (2011) states that accuracy as well as clarity is one of the main features of evaluating translation of literary books which acts as the crucial tendencies of translator to create a good and natural piece of translation. It is no doubt that in transferring the idea from SL to TL the translator has to fulfill the essential aspects of translation; accuracy and clarity in order to avoid the ambiguity, and awkwardness in translation result. Defined by Suttleworth and Cowie in Anari (2009) accuracy is a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the degree of correspondence between the translated and original texts. While according to Larson in Anari (2009), accuracy in representing the meaning of the original text and using natural idiomatic expressions in the receptor language are the primary goals of the translator. Supported by Rahimi (2004:55) a translated text will be considered accurate if it contains the following things, they are: 1. There is no information which is omitted. 2. There is no additional information that exists in TL if it does not exist in SL. 3. There is no mistake during the analysis of the source text resulting in different meaning. In order to measure the level of accuracy, some indicators are made by the writer based on the concept of accuracy as stated by Rahimi above. It means that the writer modifies the indicators proposed by Rahimi above.
  • 23. Table 2.1 the measurement of level of accuracy according to Rahimi (Modified by the writer). Category Scale Indicator Accurate 3 The information in SL is suitably conveyed in TL. Information in SL is communicated without omitting and adding any info which are not contained in TL. Meaning in SL is conveyed in TL in a right way. Average 2 The information in SL is quite suitably conveyed in TL. Information in SL is communicated with a small amount of addition and omission of info in TL. Less 1 The information in SL insufficiently conveyed in TL. There are a lot of distortions of meaning. Inaccurate 0 The information in SL is omitted in TL. No additional information exists in SL but it does in TL. The meaning in SL conveyed in TL is not suitable. 2.5 Concept of Clarity Larson in Fadaee (2011) states that clarity in translation means the translated piece can communicate to the people (target audience) who are to use it. He adds that in clear translation the forms of the language used should be those which make the message of the source text as easy to understand as the source text itself. Rahimi (2004:56) recites that the translation will be considered lacks of clarity if it contains the following cases:
  • 24. 1. TL does not communicate with people who are to use it, 2. TL does not use the form of understandable language for language speakers. To measure the clarity of translation, the writer modifies the indicators proposed by Rahimi as follows. Table 2.2 the measurement of level of clarity according to Rahimi (modified by the writer). Category Scale Indicator Clear 3 TL can be easily understood by the target readers since the TL uses the form of understandable language. Average 2 TL is quite understandable to target readers. Target readers require special / little interpretation since TL does not use the form of easy-to-understand language in TL. Less 1 TL is less understandable to target readers. Readers require frequent interpretation due to the frequent use of uneasy to understand language in TL. Unclear 0 TL does not communicate with the target readers. Target readers make a lot of interpretation efforts to understand the TL due to the use of uneasy-to understand form of language. 2.6 Subtitle Comprehending the sequence story spilled in a foreign movie is not absolutely adequate by just seeing the picture and the verbal movement because that might create bias perception for the audience in understanding a movie story, therefore the function of subtitle hands an
  • 25. important role toward the audience. Gottlieb in Shakernia (2011) states that subtitle is the rendering in a different language of verbal messages in filmic media in the shape of one or more line of written text presented on the screen. Based on Shuttleworth and Cowie in Jaskansen (1999) subtitle is the process of providing synchronized captions for film and television dialogue. Basically subtitle not only changes language but it also switches from the spoken to the written mode and it presents a story in a real time as a dynamic text type, Szarkowska (2005). As the conclusion subtitle in a movie is able to synchronize foreign dialogs in a movie with the certain target dialog (different language). 2.7 Previous Study This study tries to analyze the construction of modulation and transposition in terms of accuracy and clarity toward the translation as a product. To support this study some theses and articles related to this paper especially transposition and modulation will be employed to give comparison and input to this writing. Anari (2009), in his journal entitled Naturalness and Accuracy in English Translation of Hafiz, discusses about accuracy and naturalness in English translation of Hāfiz ghazals (poetry) by English and Persian native speakers. Through his research he found the differences of translation result especially in the sense of naturalness and accuracy. Furthermore he found a great finding and concluded that in the samples studied the translation of Hāfiz ghazals by Persian translator was more accurate, whereas the translation by English translator was more natural. The study conducted by Anari was quite similar to the research that will be done by the writer, which was about the point of accuracy in translated text, yet Anari did not conduct the research about the clarity in the product of
  • 26. translation. The object of the study was also different with the research that will be conducted by the writer, in Anari’s work the object of the study was a poetry while the writer will analyze movie subtitles. He states through his journal that native and non-native translators have to cooperate each other in producing a pace of translation of literary work, especially in this case, a poetry, it leads to a better translation which is both natural in its form and accurate in its meaning. In addition, accuracy and clarity can also be measured by using procedures of translation. A research closely related to the case was done by Prasetyo (2011). His research aims at describing transposition and modulation in a book entitled Teori Budaya and discussing the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the translated sentences containing transposition and modulation. He took the data from a book entitled Culture Theory translated into Teori Budaya. From the research he conducted he found that both modulation and transposition have their own advantages and disadvantages. In terms of accuracy, transposition is more accurate than modulation yet modulation has higher levels of acceptability and readability than transposition does. The study conducted by Prasetyo has similarities to this study, but it differs from what Prasetyo did in the object researched. Furthermore Prasetyo did a research to measure the accuracy, acceptability, and readability, whereas the writer is eager to measure the accuracy and clarity in the text translated. To obtain a deeper insight for this research, the writer found a similar research which was conducted by Shakernia (2011). Her study aimed at the investigation of the use of Vinay and Darbelnet’s direct and oblique translations procedures in the Persian subtitles of American historical drama and romantic comedy movies. Shakernia investigated the two main categories of translation procedures (direct and oblique translation) in the main focus of subtitles in historical drama and romantic comedy movies. She discovered great findings that
  • 27. direct translation procedures which are used more frequently in historical drama movies and manifested in historical drama subtitle, while she also indicated that oblique translation strategy was applied more in the Persian subtitles of romantic comedy movies. However the study conducted by Shakernia did not reveal the procedures of modulation and transposition in details because she engaged with seven procedures that proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet. As the result of gaining three previous studies as stated above, the writer is able to behold the general concept of certain seminal points in order to compose this research. The general concept of accuracy applied from Anari’s journal, and the concept of direct and oblique as a general procedure proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet obtained from the research conducted by Shakernina (2011), while, the writer gets the concept of modulation and transposition from the research done by Prasetyo (2011).
  • 28. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design Research design refers to the plan used to examine the question of interest whereas methodology refers to the principles, procedures, and practices that govern research. Methodology should be thought of as encompassing the entire process of conducting research (i.e., planning and conducting the research study, drawing conclusions, and disseminating the findings), Kazdin in Marczyk, DeMatteo and Festinger (2005:22). It means methodology covers research design within composing a research study. This chapter deals with some aspects i.e. Data source, technique of collecting data, technique of analyzing data, and technique of presenting the analysis. This research applied the qualitative research, since qualitative is characterized by the observation and description in forms of word and sentence, Bogdan and Biklen (2003:110). This research was conducted through the observation of modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie subtitles and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. Afterward, this research gave a complete description of the accuracy and clarity toward Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One by applying modulation and transposition. The most important thing to be analyzed was the most frequently-applied procedure between modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie subtitles and its English subtitles The Enlightened One.
  • 29. 3.3 Data and Data Source The data source of this research was taken from Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. Meanwhile the data, modulation and transposition was taken from the sentences, clauses, phrases, words or the smallest units in the subtitles contained in chapter 13-14 in Sang Pencerah movie and their translations in The Enlightened One. 3.4 Data Collecting Technique The collecting term was useful before anything could be done through the research in order to make the writer easily analyze and interpret the data. Technique of data collecting that the writer used for this research was observation. According to Sudaryanto in Putrawan (2011:33) observation applied by thoroughly observing the source language. In this case, the writer observed the English subtitles of the Sang Pencerah movie and found out the occurrences of modulation and transposition. Note-taking served to identify and classify the data, i.e. the modulation and transposition procedures which contained in the English subtitles of Sang Pencerah subtitles and its English subtitles The Enlightened One, therefore it was easy for the writer to formulate the analysis. But before the implementation of note taking, the writer was firstly do a close reading step toward Sang Pencerah subtitles and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. The procedures of modulation and transposition contained in the subtitles were be highlighted and noted down as the data for the analysis. Then, the phenomena of modulation and transposition procedures were classified based on Catford, Chuquet and Paillard as the experts who supported the notion in detail about modulation and transposition procedures proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet. In addition personal interviewing was followed as the complement. Personal interviewing was flexible way that could be used to collect large amounts of information. Furthermore the
  • 30. informant could guide interviews, explore issues, and proved as the situation requires, Dawson (2002:14). The informants were offered some questions closely related to accuracy and clarity in Sang Pencerah subtitles and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. The informants either had to answer the direct question from the writer or wrote their comment objectively toward the research object. There are five informants that were involved in this research and to gain the reliable informant, the writer interviewed the student who already finished the translation class, in order to create deeper inquiry toward the accuracy and clarity in modulation and transposition procedures, the writer also employed one lecture, one sworn translator and one native speaker. 3.5 Data Analyzing Technique Regarding the qualitative research, the writer analyzed the data descriptively. After gathering the occurrences of modulation and transposition in the Sang Pencerah English subtitles, they were classified based on the procedures of modulation and transposition proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet which were supported and strengthened by Chuquet and Pailard and Catford (2001:60). After indentifying the translation procedures the writer focused on the level of accuracy and clarity in the English subtitles of the Sang Pencerah movie based on the informant’s objective information gained through the personal interviewing, and the last section that was conclusion was followed to reveal the result from what had been analyzed by the writer.