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Exploration,
Discovery and
 Settlement
    1492-1700
Introduction

• First migrations: 40,000 years ago

• Beringia: land bridge that
  connected Siberia and modern
  Alaska

• Native population in the 1490s: 50
  to 75 million
Cultures of North America
SMALL SETTLEMENTS

• semipermanent
• population under 300
• Men: hunting and toolmaking
• Women: growing crops
• some nomadism--ex. Sioux and
  Pawnee
Cultures of North America
LARGE SETTLEMENTS
• complex cultures
• Pueblos: multistory buildings
  and irrigation
• Mound builders: hunting,
  fishing, agriculture led to
  permanency
• League of the Iroquois: political
  confederation > successful
  resistance
Cultures of Central and South
           America
• as many as 25 million people
• Maya: Yucatan Peninsula
• Aztec: central Mexico
• Inca: modern Peru
• highly organized societies,
  including trade, calendars and
  science
• Aztec captial Tenochititlan was
  as large as largest European
  cities
Europe Moves Toward
            Exploration

• Vikings come to North America
  in 1000--no lasting impact
• WHY DID IT TAKE EUROPE
  SO LONG?
Europe Moves Toward
               Exploration
The Renaissance > Technology
 • classical learning
 • scientific and artistic activity
   burst
 • late 1400s
 • Tech change: gunpowder,
   compass, shipbuilding, map
   making, printing press
   improvements
Europe Moves Toward
Religious Conflict
                  Exploration
• Catholic church threatened by:
  Ottoman Turks (outside) and
  Protestant revolt (inside)
• Spain: Catholic Isabella and
  Ferdinand defeat the last of the
  Muslim Moors in Grenada > sign
  of renewed Catholic hope
• Northern Europe: Protestant
  Reformation threatens authority
  of Rome > all want their own
  version of Christianity adopted
  elsewhere
Europe Moves Toward
             Exploration
Expanding Trade

• Competition among Europeans
  for trade with Africa, India, China
• Land route blocked by Turks in
  1453 > search for sea route
• 1st success: Cape of Good Hope to
  Africa and India
Europe Moves Toward
             Exploration
Developing Nation-States
• Politics: monarchs build nation-
  states--common culture and
  loyalty
• depended on trade for revenue,
  and Church for their rule
• Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella
  Portugal: Prince Henry the
  Navigator
• Both want to spread Catholicism
Early Explorations
Columbus


• 8 years of trying, and Ferdinand
  and Isabella give him 3 ships and
  total control of new lands
• Believed he landed in Asia, never
  realized the true impact of his
  voyages
Early Explorations
Columbus’ Legacy
• Many believed he failed for not
  finding Asia and its riches
• Even named America for a
  competitor!
• Many injustices done to natives
• However, skilled navigator and
  daring to try the untried
• Also responsible for permanent
  interaction
Blog It

 Over the centuries, Columbus has received both praise for his role as a “discoverer” and blame for his actions as a “conqueror.” In the
 United States, he has traditionally been viewed as a hero. As early as 1828, Washington Irving wrote a popular biography extolling the
 explorer’s virtues. The apex of Columbus’ heroic reputation was reached in 1934 when President Franklin Roosevelt declared October
                                                          12 a national holiday.

   In recent years, however, revisionist histories and biographies have been highly critical of Columbus, especially those written on the
 occasion of the 1992 quincentennial of Columbus’ first voyage. His detractors argue that Columbus was simply at the right place at the
   right time. Europe at the end of the 15th century was ready to expand. If Columbus had not crossed the Atlantic in 1492, some other
explorer—perhaps Vespucci or Cabot—would have done so a few years later. According to this interpretation, Columbus was little more
 than a good navigator and a self-promoter, who exploited an opportunity.Some revisionists take a harsh view of Columbus and regard
     him not as the first discoverer of America but rather as its first conqueror. They portray him as a religious fanatic in the European
               Christian tradition who sought to convert the Native Americans to Christianity and liquidated those who resisted.
    The revisionist argument has not gone unanswered. The historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., for example, has argued that the chief
  motivation for Columbus’ deeds was neither greed for gold nor ambition for conquest. What drove him, in Schlesinger’s view, was the
 challenge of the unknown. Columbus’ apologists admit that thousands of Native Americans died as a result of European exploration in
 the Americas, but they point out that thousands had also suffered horrible deaths from Aztec sacrifices. Moreover, the mistreatment of
 Native Americans was perhaps partially offset by such positive developments as the gradual development of democratic institutions in
                                                   the colonies and later the United States.
    The debate about the nature of Columbus’ achievement is unresolved. As with other historical questions, it is sometimes difficult to
distinguish between fact and fiction and to separate a writer’s personal biases from objective reality. One conclusion is inescapable: As a
     result of Columbus’ voyages, world history took a sharp turn in a new direction. His explorations established a permanent point of
                     contact between Europe and the Americas, and we are still living with the consequences of that fact.
Early Explorations
Exchanges
• New to Old World: beans, corn,
  potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco,
  syphillis
• Old to New World: sugar, pigs,
  horses, wheel, iron, guns,
  smallpox and measles
• Diseases in the New World > 90%
  mortality rate
• Permanently changed the world
Early Explorations
Dividing the New World


• Spain and Portugal argued over
  ownership, Pope drew a line:
  Spain to the west, Portugal to the
  east
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
  moved the line west, gave Portugal
  rights to Brazil
Early Explorations
Spanish Exploration and
Conquest
• Spain dominates with
  conquistadores (conquerors)
• Balboa: crosses Panama to Pacific
• Magellan’s crew: circumnavigates
• Cortes: conquer of Aztecs
• Pizzaro: conquer of Incas
• Increased Spanish gold supply by
  500% > other nations want in
Early Explorations
Spanish Exploration and
Conquest

• encomienda: land grants and
  “ownership” of Indians given to
  individuals
• Indians farmed and mined until
  disease and brutality took their
  numbers
• asiento: Spanish paid a tax to
  import slaves from Africa
Early Explorations
English Claims

• Cabot: explored Newfoundland
• no follow-up--King Henry VIII
  preoccupied with divorces, and
  church reform
• Elizabeth I: sent Sir Francis Drake
  to plunder Spanish ships and seize
  wealth (WIN), sent Sir Walter
  Raleigh to found Roanoke (FAIL)
Early Explorations
French Claims
• French slow to develop, too--
  preoccupied with wars and religious
  conflict
• Verrazano: looked for NW water
  passage to Asia (New York)
• Cartier: St. Lawrence River
• Champlain: Quebec, first
  permanent French settlement
• Jolliet and Marquette: Mississippi
  River
• La Salle: Mississippi Basin
  (Louisiana)
Early Explorations
Dutch Claims

• Henry Hudson (English) hired by
  Dutch: sailed the river that would
  later have his name looking for a
  NW passage
• Dutch claimed surrounding area:
  New Amsterdam
• Dutch West India Company given
  control and directive to make
  money
Early English Settlements
HOW??

• Defeat of Spanish Armada opens
  the way
• Population growing, economy
  suffering > better opportunity in
  New World
• joint-sto ck com panie s: pooled
  savings of average people who
  hoped to invest and make money
Early English Settlements
Jamestown--Search for Wealth

• 1607: King James charters Virginia
  Company as join-stock (for profit)
• Famine: “gentlemen” who never
  worked and gold-seekers who
  refused to work > dwindling food
  supply
• Disease: location chosen was a
  swamp--dysentery and malaria
• Indian attacks: relationship
  w/Indians ran hot and cold
Early English Settlements
Jamestown
• John Smith’s leadership > overcoming
  the selfishness
• John Rolfe’s tobacco blend >
  economic prosperity
• Indentured servants come first, leads
  to attempts at combo of ind. serv. plus
  slaves from Africa
• Despite tobacco, Virginia Company
  goes into debt -- charter revoked in
  1624, and it becomes a royal colony
  (under monarchial control)
• House of Burgesses = 1st rep.
  assembly in America
Early English Settlements
Puritan Colonies--Religious Motivation
• Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay:
  both Calvinist (including
  predestination)
• Anglican Church is Protestant
  instead of under the control of
  Rome--but the rituals were still very
  Catholic
• Puritans want to “purify” the
  church of all Catholic tenets
• James viewed them as a threat and
  ordered them jailed > they begin to
  look to the New World for relief
Early English Settlements
Plymouth Colony
• “Separatist” Puritans want to
  separate from Anglicans--these are
  the “Pilgrims”
• Mayflower: the boat
  Mayflower Compact:
  the government = will of majority
• blown off course, and settled in MA
  instead of VA
• half died first winter (famine, late
  arrival)
• first Thanksgiving (never repeated)
• fish, furs, lumber = economy
Early English Settlements
Massachusetts Bay Colony


• non-seperatist Puritans, royal colony
• 1630, founded Boston
• Gre at Migration: 15,000 settlers
  come to MA Bay in the 1630s due to
  the English Civil Wars
• limited rep. gov’t: all male Puritan
  church members participated in
  elections
Spanish in North America
• 1565: Spanish settle permanently in
  St. Augustine FL
• Harsh efforts to “christianize” in
  NM > Pueblo Revolt, 1680: drove
  the Spanish out of the area for over
  20 years
• Settlers tossed from NM settled in
  Texas
• San Diego and San Francisco CA
  settled by 1776 to keep Russians at
  bay -- coastline missions added by
  the Franciscan Order
European Treatment of Native
            Americans
• Spain: conquer, rule, intermarry
• England: occupy and force west
• France: form alliances
• All three viewed natives as inferior
  who could be exploited
• 2 long-term effects: destruction by
  disease and war, and establishment
  of a permanent legacy of
  subjugation
Spanish Policy
• conquistadore s: methods of war,
  enslavement and diseases led to
  massive native death rate
• few families came from Spain, so
  intermarriage was common
• rigid class system developed...
    • peninsulares-upper class,
      leaders, born in Spain
    • creoles-middle class,
      professionals, born in America
      and had some wealth
    • mestizos-working class, skilled
      laborers, often mixed race
English Policy

• initially, traded and shared ideas
  with the natives
• BUT:
    • English had little respect for
      “primitive” culture
    • natives saw their way of life
      threatened by westward
      movement
French Policy

• always maintained fairly good
  relations
• helped the Huron fight their
  Iroquois enemy
• built trading posts along the St.
  Lawrence, Great Lakes and
  Mississippi
• few in number, and posed little
  threat

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Amsc och01

  • 2. Introduction • First migrations: 40,000 years ago • Beringia: land bridge that connected Siberia and modern Alaska • Native population in the 1490s: 50 to 75 million
  • 3. Cultures of North America SMALL SETTLEMENTS • semipermanent • population under 300 • Men: hunting and toolmaking • Women: growing crops • some nomadism--ex. Sioux and Pawnee
  • 4. Cultures of North America LARGE SETTLEMENTS • complex cultures • Pueblos: multistory buildings and irrigation • Mound builders: hunting, fishing, agriculture led to permanency • League of the Iroquois: political confederation > successful resistance
  • 5. Cultures of Central and South America • as many as 25 million people • Maya: Yucatan Peninsula • Aztec: central Mexico • Inca: modern Peru • highly organized societies, including trade, calendars and science • Aztec captial Tenochititlan was as large as largest European cities
  • 6. Europe Moves Toward Exploration • Vikings come to North America in 1000--no lasting impact • WHY DID IT TAKE EUROPE SO LONG?
  • 7. Europe Moves Toward Exploration The Renaissance > Technology • classical learning • scientific and artistic activity burst • late 1400s • Tech change: gunpowder, compass, shipbuilding, map making, printing press improvements
  • 8. Europe Moves Toward Religious Conflict Exploration • Catholic church threatened by: Ottoman Turks (outside) and Protestant revolt (inside) • Spain: Catholic Isabella and Ferdinand defeat the last of the Muslim Moors in Grenada > sign of renewed Catholic hope • Northern Europe: Protestant Reformation threatens authority of Rome > all want their own version of Christianity adopted elsewhere
  • 9. Europe Moves Toward Exploration Expanding Trade • Competition among Europeans for trade with Africa, India, China • Land route blocked by Turks in 1453 > search for sea route • 1st success: Cape of Good Hope to Africa and India
  • 10. Europe Moves Toward Exploration Developing Nation-States • Politics: monarchs build nation- states--common culture and loyalty • depended on trade for revenue, and Church for their rule • Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella Portugal: Prince Henry the Navigator • Both want to spread Catholicism
  • 11. Early Explorations Columbus • 8 years of trying, and Ferdinand and Isabella give him 3 ships and total control of new lands • Believed he landed in Asia, never realized the true impact of his voyages
  • 12. Early Explorations Columbus’ Legacy • Many believed he failed for not finding Asia and its riches • Even named America for a competitor! • Many injustices done to natives • However, skilled navigator and daring to try the untried • Also responsible for permanent interaction
  • 13. Blog It Over the centuries, Columbus has received both praise for his role as a “discoverer” and blame for his actions as a “conqueror.” In the United States, he has traditionally been viewed as a hero. As early as 1828, Washington Irving wrote a popular biography extolling the explorer’s virtues. The apex of Columbus’ heroic reputation was reached in 1934 when President Franklin Roosevelt declared October 12 a national holiday. In recent years, however, revisionist histories and biographies have been highly critical of Columbus, especially those written on the occasion of the 1992 quincentennial of Columbus’ first voyage. His detractors argue that Columbus was simply at the right place at the right time. Europe at the end of the 15th century was ready to expand. If Columbus had not crossed the Atlantic in 1492, some other explorer—perhaps Vespucci or Cabot—would have done so a few years later. According to this interpretation, Columbus was little more than a good navigator and a self-promoter, who exploited an opportunity.Some revisionists take a harsh view of Columbus and regard him not as the first discoverer of America but rather as its first conqueror. They portray him as a religious fanatic in the European Christian tradition who sought to convert the Native Americans to Christianity and liquidated those who resisted. The revisionist argument has not gone unanswered. The historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., for example, has argued that the chief motivation for Columbus’ deeds was neither greed for gold nor ambition for conquest. What drove him, in Schlesinger’s view, was the challenge of the unknown. Columbus’ apologists admit that thousands of Native Americans died as a result of European exploration in the Americas, but they point out that thousands had also suffered horrible deaths from Aztec sacrifices. Moreover, the mistreatment of Native Americans was perhaps partially offset by such positive developments as the gradual development of democratic institutions in the colonies and later the United States. The debate about the nature of Columbus’ achievement is unresolved. As with other historical questions, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between fact and fiction and to separate a writer’s personal biases from objective reality. One conclusion is inescapable: As a result of Columbus’ voyages, world history took a sharp turn in a new direction. His explorations established a permanent point of contact between Europe and the Americas, and we are still living with the consequences of that fact.
  • 14. Early Explorations Exchanges • New to Old World: beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, syphillis • Old to New World: sugar, pigs, horses, wheel, iron, guns, smallpox and measles • Diseases in the New World > 90% mortality rate • Permanently changed the world
  • 15. Early Explorations Dividing the New World • Spain and Portugal argued over ownership, Pope drew a line: Spain to the west, Portugal to the east • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) moved the line west, gave Portugal rights to Brazil
  • 16. Early Explorations Spanish Exploration and Conquest • Spain dominates with conquistadores (conquerors) • Balboa: crosses Panama to Pacific • Magellan’s crew: circumnavigates • Cortes: conquer of Aztecs • Pizzaro: conquer of Incas • Increased Spanish gold supply by 500% > other nations want in
  • 17. Early Explorations Spanish Exploration and Conquest • encomienda: land grants and “ownership” of Indians given to individuals • Indians farmed and mined until disease and brutality took their numbers • asiento: Spanish paid a tax to import slaves from Africa
  • 18. Early Explorations English Claims • Cabot: explored Newfoundland • no follow-up--King Henry VIII preoccupied with divorces, and church reform • Elizabeth I: sent Sir Francis Drake to plunder Spanish ships and seize wealth (WIN), sent Sir Walter Raleigh to found Roanoke (FAIL)
  • 19. Early Explorations French Claims • French slow to develop, too-- preoccupied with wars and religious conflict • Verrazano: looked for NW water passage to Asia (New York) • Cartier: St. Lawrence River • Champlain: Quebec, first permanent French settlement • Jolliet and Marquette: Mississippi River • La Salle: Mississippi Basin (Louisiana)
  • 20. Early Explorations Dutch Claims • Henry Hudson (English) hired by Dutch: sailed the river that would later have his name looking for a NW passage • Dutch claimed surrounding area: New Amsterdam • Dutch West India Company given control and directive to make money
  • 21. Early English Settlements HOW?? • Defeat of Spanish Armada opens the way • Population growing, economy suffering > better opportunity in New World • joint-sto ck com panie s: pooled savings of average people who hoped to invest and make money
  • 22. Early English Settlements Jamestown--Search for Wealth • 1607: King James charters Virginia Company as join-stock (for profit) • Famine: “gentlemen” who never worked and gold-seekers who refused to work > dwindling food supply • Disease: location chosen was a swamp--dysentery and malaria • Indian attacks: relationship w/Indians ran hot and cold
  • 23. Early English Settlements Jamestown • John Smith’s leadership > overcoming the selfishness • John Rolfe’s tobacco blend > economic prosperity • Indentured servants come first, leads to attempts at combo of ind. serv. plus slaves from Africa • Despite tobacco, Virginia Company goes into debt -- charter revoked in 1624, and it becomes a royal colony (under monarchial control) • House of Burgesses = 1st rep. assembly in America
  • 24. Early English Settlements Puritan Colonies--Religious Motivation • Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay: both Calvinist (including predestination) • Anglican Church is Protestant instead of under the control of Rome--but the rituals were still very Catholic • Puritans want to “purify” the church of all Catholic tenets • James viewed them as a threat and ordered them jailed > they begin to look to the New World for relief
  • 25. Early English Settlements Plymouth Colony • “Separatist” Puritans want to separate from Anglicans--these are the “Pilgrims” • Mayflower: the boat Mayflower Compact: the government = will of majority • blown off course, and settled in MA instead of VA • half died first winter (famine, late arrival) • first Thanksgiving (never repeated) • fish, furs, lumber = economy
  • 26. Early English Settlements Massachusetts Bay Colony • non-seperatist Puritans, royal colony • 1630, founded Boston • Gre at Migration: 15,000 settlers come to MA Bay in the 1630s due to the English Civil Wars • limited rep. gov’t: all male Puritan church members participated in elections
  • 27. Spanish in North America • 1565: Spanish settle permanently in St. Augustine FL • Harsh efforts to “christianize” in NM > Pueblo Revolt, 1680: drove the Spanish out of the area for over 20 years • Settlers tossed from NM settled in Texas • San Diego and San Francisco CA settled by 1776 to keep Russians at bay -- coastline missions added by the Franciscan Order
  • 28. European Treatment of Native Americans • Spain: conquer, rule, intermarry • England: occupy and force west • France: form alliances • All three viewed natives as inferior who could be exploited • 2 long-term effects: destruction by disease and war, and establishment of a permanent legacy of subjugation
  • 29. Spanish Policy • conquistadore s: methods of war, enslavement and diseases led to massive native death rate • few families came from Spain, so intermarriage was common • rigid class system developed... • peninsulares-upper class, leaders, born in Spain • creoles-middle class, professionals, born in America and had some wealth • mestizos-working class, skilled laborers, often mixed race
  • 30. English Policy • initially, traded and shared ideas with the natives • BUT: • English had little respect for “primitive” culture • natives saw their way of life threatened by westward movement
  • 31. French Policy • always maintained fairly good relations • helped the Huron fight their Iroquois enemy • built trading posts along the St. Lawrence, Great Lakes and Mississippi • few in number, and posed little threat