Different types of skin problems with their recommended treatments are described in very short statements.

1. ADDRESSING THE SKIN
HAVING DIFFERENT
PROBLEMS
SUBMITTED BY : MONIKA ( M.PHARMACY )

2. CONTENT
 Dry skin
 Acne
 Skin Pigmentation
 Prickly heat
 Their causes and treatment

3. Structure of skin

4. DRY SKIN

5. Dry skin
• Also called xerosis, is a very common skin condition that
occurs at all ages.
• Dry skin results when lipids are depleted and there is not
enough water in the stratum corneum for it to function
properly.
• It might be correlated to other skin diseases or associated
to pathological conditions such as diabetes,hypothyroidism
and hyperthyroidism, Sjögren syndrome, malnutrition.

7. Causes of dry skin
• Lipids depletion due to harsh soap, itchy clothing, long and
hot showers or baths.
• Environmental factor : exposure to hot or cold weather with
low humidity levels.
• Xerosis often worsens in the winter, when several factors
contribute to skin dryness: low temperature and low humidity
cause a decreased amounts of water in the stratum corneum.
• During summer, constant exposure to air conditioning.

8. Treatment and prevention
 Choose short showers or baths
 Apply a moisturizer after shower or hands washing.
 Apply moisturizing creams, emollients or ointments
moisturizers several times a day:
• They reconstitute cutaneous hydro-lipidic film holding
water in the skin.
• They protect damaged and sensitive skin and make
skin softer and smoother.
• They preserve natural skin lipids and sealing water in the
stratum corneum.

9.  Choose a non-alcohol-based moisturizer.
 Use a mild non-soap skin cleanser. Harsh soaps
remove the oils from surface of skin and dry it out.
 Avoid antibacterial soaps.
 Place a humidifier in your home.
 Avoid rubbing or scratching the skin.
 Wear gloves, hats, and scarves in the winter.
 Avoid dehydration caused by drinking alcohol
 Avoid itchy clothing

10. Marketed formulation :
Nivea Soft Moisturizing Cream
• The Body Shop Oils of Life Revitalising Sleeping Cream
• Kiehl's Ultra Facial Deep Moisture Balm
• Eucerin Dry Skin Replenishing Cream
• Avene Hydrance Optimale Riche hydrating cream
• Himalaya Intensive Face Moisturizing Lotion

11. • Fab India Silk Protein Nourishing Cream
• L'Oreal Paris HydraFresh Aqua Cream
• Neutrogena Norwegian Formula Body Moisturizer for Dry Skin
• Biotique Bio Carrot Seed After Bath Body Oil
• Andalou Naturals Purple Carrot + C Luminous Night Cream
• Lotus Herbals Nourishment Cream

12. ACNE

13. Acne
• Also known as acne vulgaris, is a long-term skin disease that occurs
when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from skin.
• It is characterized by blackheads or whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, and
possible scarring.
• It primarily affects areas of skin with high number of oil glands, including
the face, upper part of the chest, and back.
• Acne commonly occurs in adolescence.
• Affects 80–90% of teenagers.

15. Classification :
1. Mild acne defined by the presence of clogged skin (known as comedones)
limited to the face with occasionaly inflammatory lesions.
2. Moderate severity acne is said to occur when a higher number of
inflammatory papules and pustules occur on the face.
3. Severe acne is said to occur when nodules (the painful 'bumps' lying under the
skin) are the characteristic facial lesions and involvement of the
trunk is extensive.
• Large nodules referred as cysts and term nodulocystic has been used in the
medical literature to describe severe cases of inflammatory acne.

16. Fig. : Types of acne

17. Treatment:
• Eating fewer simple carbohydrates such as sugar may help.
• Treatments applied directly to the affected skin such as azelaic acid, benzoly
peroxide, and salicylic acid are commonly used.
• Antibiotics and retinoids are available in formulations that are applied to the
skin or taken by mouth .
• Birth control pills help against acne like Isotretinoin pills are usually reserved
for severe acne .

18. CAUSES
• Growth of Propionibacterium Acne
• Genes
• Hormones
• Infections
• Diet
• Stress
• Environmental factor
• Medication

19. Medication :
• Benzoyl peroxide
• Retinoids
• Antibiotics
• Hormonal agents
• Azelaic agent
• Salicylic agent
• Other mediations
• Combination therapy
• Pregnancy

20. Skin
pigmentation

22. • Pigmentation is the coloring of a person's skin.
• When a person is healthy, his or her skin color will appear normal.
In case of illness or injury, person's skin may change color,
becoming darker (hyperpigmentation) or lighter
(hypopigmentation).
• Skin pigmentation resides in epidermis. Pigmentation does not
reach dermis, middle layer of skin.
• Tanning occurs when epidermis reacts to ultraviolet (UV) rays of
sun. Melanocytes then produce more melanin, which protects
skin from sun damage

24. Cosmeceutical formulation :

25. Hyperpigmentation of Skin
• Hyperpigmentation is defined by the excessive darkening in any
part of the skin; mostly face, neck and hands. The prime reason
being over-production of melanin in that particular area.
Types- Melasma, Freckles, Photo Melanosis, Tanning, Photo
Melanos
• Pregnancy or Addison's diseases may cause a greater production of
melanin and hyperpigmentation.
• Exposure to sunlight is a major cause of hyperpigmentation.
• It can also be caused by various drugs like antibiotics,
antiarrhythmics and antimalarial drugs.

26. Causes :
 External factor may include harmful cosmetic products, excessive sun
exposure, and anything that causes redness of skin, inflammation, injuries,
acne and procedures such as laser, chemical peeling, bleaching, derma
rollers, scrubbing, heat, waxing, plucking and even many “homemade”
remedies.
 Internal factors may include – diabetes, high blood pressure, thyroid
problems, allergies, hormonal changes due to puberty, pregnancy,
menopause, hormone medicine, contraceptive pills, steroids, drugs or
medications.
 In many cases Pigmentation prone skin is genetically inherited from
family members

27. Remedies for hyperpigmentation :
1. Wear Sunscreen : Production level in melanin is also affected by over exposure to sunlight.
Use a sunscreen with min-40+ (UVA & UVB protected) according to your skin type.
Check for the Zinc Oxide in the label as it works as a barrier to sunlight.
2. Drink water: Drink a minimum of 10-12 glasses of water daily.
It’s important to drink water empty stomach.
3. Orange Paste: Make a paste of orange peel and mix with 2tbsp of water and apply .
4. Aloe Vera pulp: Bring an aloe vera plant and scoop the pulp and apply raw or mixed with
honey on the dark spots.
5. Triphala: Drinking Triphala juice also helps to reduce dark pigmentation.

28. 6. Melblok :
• Melblok is a specialized Bio-Active skin care system for people with Hyper-pigmentation prone
skin.
• A daily skin care system that works at the basal layer of the skin
• Melblok provides right conditions to Melanocytes and surrounding skin cells to help them
become normal again and revert to a healthier young form.
• The Day and Night Cream of the Melblok Advanced Home Kit reduce excess pigmentation
and makes skin naturally bright and even-toned, creams work on the entire skin to reduce
roughness, lines, wrinkles, open-pores, acne and other skin imperfections.

29. • Skin become clear, bright, even-toned and naturally pinkish, as well as smooth, firm and young at
the cellular level.

30. Hypopigmentation of Skin
• Hypopigmentation of skin is the result of a reduction in melanin production.
• Examples of hypopigmentation include:
• Vitiligo : It is an autoimmune disorder in which the pigment-producing cells are damaged.
Vitiligo causes smooth, white patches on the skin.
There is no cure for vitiligo, but treatments including cosmetic cover-ups, corticosteroid creams,
calcineurin inhibitors or ultraviolet light treatments.
New topical treatments using Janus Kinase inhibitors are being investigated.
• Albinism: Albinism is a rare inherited disorder caused by the absence of an enzyme that produces
melanin.
Results in a complete lack of pigmentation in skin, hair, and eyes.
People with albinism should use a sunscreen at all times to prevent sun damage and skin cancer.

31. Causes:
• Overexposure to sun
• Heredity
• Genetics
• Hormonal changes
• Stress
• Overuse of cosmetics
• Some Medication like antibiotics ,hormone treatment ,anti-seizure drugs
• Frequent use of hair dyes
• Excessive exposure to light LIKE PC ,laptop, gas, day light.

32. Effective Skin Treatments:
Skin Peeling :
• Peels are chemicals called alpha hydroxy acids.
• Peeling accelerates the exfoliation process of cells in epidermis.
Types of Peel:
1. Very Superficial
2. Superficial
3. Medium
4. Deep
Benefits:
• Exfoliation, Regenerate collagen formation in skin, Reduction in pigmentation, Reduction in
blemishes, Reduction in fine lines, Acne treatment, Rejuvenation, Reduction in melasma.

33. Pure Analogue Multisine Waveform(Nano Perfectors):
Nano Perfector : is a breakthrough technology that is non-invasive and works
better than surgical facelift.
• The machine flows low frequency waves to heal the skin.
• It also stimulates skin regeneration resulting in to smooth and problem free
skin.
• It’s a true anti-aging technology which restores the signals.
Benefits:
• Reduced wrinkles & lifting of muscles,
• Reduced pigmentation, reduction in acne, reduction in dark circles,
• Reduction in melasma, detoxification, rejuvenation, improved skin texture,
reduction in scarring.

34. PRICKLY HEAT

36. • Heat rash (prickly heat or miliaria) is a
mild inflammation of clogged sweat ducts.
• When the sweat ducts are blocked with
sweat and cannot come out to skin surface
to evaporate and trapped under skin.
• The rash is characterized by small, raised
bumps spread evenly across small patches
of skin.
• The rash usually goes away on it's own and
resolves in hours to a few days.
Heat rash

37. • Common symptoms of heat rash include a
fine, bumpy, itchy rash, skin burning, and a
"prickly" feeling (like something is crawling on
skin).
• The most common body parts affected are :
areas commonly exposed to the sun such as
the hands, face, neck, and elbow folds.
• Heat rash may also affect areas covered by
tight clothing such as the abdominal wall,
groin, thigh creases, buttocks, and the area
under the breasts.
Symptoms

38. The four types of heat rash (miliaria) by visual
characteristion :

39. Miliaria crystallina, or clear heat rash, looks like small, clear beads of sweat
on the top layer of skin. It is usually very mild and doesn't produce many
uncomfortable symptoms

40. Red heat rash (miliaria rubra) is the most common form of heat rash. This
type is also called "prickly heat" because of its intense itching and burning
symptoms.
• The sweat glands are blocked and the inflammation causes a red color to
the rash known as "rubra" (hence the name miliaria rubra).

41. When pustules form on a case of red heat rash it is called
white/yellow heat rash (miliaria pustulosa). These pustules
may be the first signs of a skin infection and should be
checked by your doctor.

42. With repeated episodes of heat rash, sweat glands in larger areas of the skin
may be chronically inflamed and cause damage to deeper layers of the skin.
When this happens, large, firm bumps may appear especially after exercise or
exposure to heat. This is called deep heat rash (miliaria profunda).

43. CAUSES OF HEAT RASHES
• Blocked sweat glands are the main cause of heat rash.
• Sweat glands can get blocked due to :
1. Skin around the neck, armpit, or groin that touches or rubs adjacent skin
prevents sweat evaporation.
2. Tight clothing around the waist, abdomen, chest, or groin that prevents
evaporation of sweat.
3. Bundling up in heavy clothing where sweat can accumulate on the skin.
4. Heavy creams, oily lotions, or adhesive bandages can clog sweat ducts.

44. Treatment :
1. Calamine lotion or topical steroid creams can help treat the symptoms of redness, irritation,
swelling.
2. Camphor and menthol may also have a cooling effect on the skin and help reduce the itchiness.
3. Antihistamine medications can help reduce itching.
4. Hydrocortisone cream calm the inflammation and prevent itching
5. Regularly washing the body with mild soap after sweating , reduce the amount of sweat and the
number of bacteria on the skin.
6. Aloe vera gel : Aloe vera’s have cooling and moistening effect , wound healing and anti-inflammatory
activity.
Aloe vera offers a protective coating stopping the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi,
prevents pores from clogging.

45. 6. Cucumber : It is loaded with nutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin C, potassium, and calcium.
Ninety-six percent of cucumber is water. Thus, a cucumber drink can cool your body.
The cooling and cleansing characteristics of cucumber also clear your inflammatory skin
conditions.
7. Margosa leaf : The antifungal and antibacterial nature of margosa leaves, also called neem leaves, can
soothe itching from pickly heat.
8. Cornstarch powder : As an antiperspirant, reduce excessive sweating
It can be used as a powder instead of talcum powder or deodorant for irritated skin
Make sure your skin is not allergic to cornstarch before using it.
9. Sandalwood : The moisturizing properties of sandalwood make skin cool, preventing heat rashes.
It reduces itching and inflammation associated with heat rashes.
10. Lightweight gel moisturisers : contain Aloe Vera or Vitamin E to cool the skin and repair
any damage while refreshing Hyaluronic Acid-infused facial sprays can calm the condition

46. 1. Heat Rash Sprays
• Effective for treating prickly heat and other skin conditions like hives.
• Sprays cool and soothe itchy skin and useful during hot and humid weather
conditions.
• Most sprays are devoid of any chemicals, synthetic materials and artificial
or harsh colors and preservatives.
• Containing gentle ingredients like witch hazel, Lavender, Eucalyptus, and
other herbal ingredients.
2. Heat Rash and Prickly Heat Powders
• Cooling, refreshing and soothing and contain essential oils that give them
mild and pleasant smell.
• Prevent itchiness, irritation and inflammation occurring from prickly heat.

47. 3. Soothing Diaper Cream
• Are heat rash products containing nourishing ingredients and natural barriers to protect the
baby’s delicate skin sweat rash and prickly heat.
• Many are formulated for sensitive skin and also fortified with vitamins A and E.
4. Allergy Sun Lotion
• Formulated with special UVA and UVB filters, these anti heat rash remedies and products
prevent and minimize all kinds of sun allergies.
• Are water resistant and sweat proof for the day .
• Contain hydration complexes to prevent heat rashes, dryness, skin peeling and other
effects that arise from being in the sun for too long.
• Note : many do not contain SPF, so this may be needed to be applied separately.

48. 5. Hydrocortisone Creams
• Among heat rash products, hydrocortisone creams are top of the list.
• The 1% hydrocortisone heat rash remedies are available without prescription.
• Give effective relief from itchiness, inflammation and other skin conditions like poison ivy
rashes, insect bites, eczema, dermatitis and psoriasis.
• Hydrocortisone creams for heat rash tend to be a bit pasty and usually have a medicinal
odor.
6. Antifungal Prickly Heat Creams
• Some cases of heat rashes are fungal in nature and need antifungal elements to combat,
soothe and heal them.
• Contain Clotrimazole to fight the fungus causing the irritation and itchiness.
• Natural antifungal heat rash creams containing Tea tree oil, Aloe Vera, or Manuka
essential oil etc.

49. 7. Heat Rash Healing Salves
• The unique blend of ingredients in the heat rash healing salves or creams are extremely
beneficial in healing eczema, sweat rashes, dry skin, chapped skin, sores, wounds, blisters
and burns.
• Many salves and creams also have anti bacterial, antibiotic, anti fungal and anti septic
properties which provide pain relief and quick-healing.
8. Heat Rash Body Butters

51. Wrinkles

59. SYMPTOMS
Wrinkles are the lines and creases that form in your skin. Some
wrinkles can become deep crevices or furrows and may be
especially noticeable around your eyes, mouth and neck.

60. Causes
Wrinkles are caused by a combination of factors — some you can control, others you can't:
•Age. As you get older, your skin naturally becomes less elastic and more fragile. Decreased production of natural
oils dries your skin and makes it appear more wrinkled.
•Fat in the deeper layers of your skin diminishes. This causes loose, saggy skin and more-pronounced lines and
crevices.
•Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. Ultraviolet radiation, which speeds the natural aging process, is the primary
cause of early wrinkling. Exposure to UV light breaks down your skin's connective tissue — collagen and elastin
fibers, which lie in the deeper layer of skin (dermis).
•Without the supportive connective tissue, your skin loses strength and flexibility. Skin then begins to sag and
wrinkle prematurely.
•Smoking. Smoking can accelerate the normal aging process of your skin, contributing to wrinkles. This may be
due to changes in the blood supply to your skin.
•Repeated facial expressions. Facial movements and expressions, such as squinting or smiling, lead to fine lines
and wrinkles. Each time you use a facial muscle, a groove forms beneath the surface of the skin. And as skin ages,
it loses its flexibility and is no longer able to spring back in place. These grooves then become permanent features
on your face

61. Prevention
Here are ways to make the most of your skin's appearance:
•Protect your skin from the sun. Protect your skin — and prevent future wrinkles — by limiting the
time you spend in the sun and always wearing protective clothing, such as wide-brimmed hats, long-
sleeved shirts and sunglasses. Also, use sunscreen when outdoors, even during winter.
•The American Academy of Dermatology recommends using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an
SPF of 30 or more. Apply sunscreen generously, and reapply every two hours — or more often if
you're swimming or perspiring.
•Use products with built-in sunscreen. When selecting skin care products, choose those with a built-
in broad-spectrum sunscreen — meaning it blocks both UVA and UVB rays.
•Use moisturizers. Dry skin shrivels plump skin cells, which can lead to premature fine lines and
wrinkles. Though moisturizers can't prevent wrinkles, they may temporarily mask tiny lines and
creases.
•Don't smoke. Even if you've smoked for years or smoked heavily, you can still improve your skin tone
and texture and prevent future wrinkles by quitting smoking.
•Eat a healthy diet. There is some evidence that certain vitamins in your diet help protect your skin.
More study is needed on the role of nutrition, but it's good to eat plenty of fruits and vegetables

62. Treatment
Several wrinkle treatment options are available to help smooth wrinkles or make them less
noticeable.
Medications
•Topical retinoids. Derived from vitamin A, retinoids — such as tretinoin (Renova, Retin-A) and
tazarotene (Avage, Tazorac) — that you apply to your skin may reduce fine wrinkles, splotches and skin
roughness.
•Because retinoids can make your skin burn more easily, you'll need to use a broad-spectrum
sunscreen and wear protective clothing daily. Retinoids may cause redness, dryness, itching, and a
burning or tingling sensation.
•Nonprescription wrinkle creams. The effectiveness of anti-wrinkle creams depends in part on the
active ingredients. Retinol, antioxidants and some peptides may result in slight to modest
improvements in wrinkles.
•With nonprescription wrinkle creams, your results, if any, are limited and usually short-lived because
these creams contain less of the active ingredients than do prescription creams.

63. Surgical procedures and other techniques
•Laser, light source and radiofrequency treatments.
•Other laser techniques, such as nonablative laser fractional resurfacing, have decreased
healing time and reduced risks. Nonablative lasers are better suited to people with moderate
wrinkles because results are subtle. Nonablative laser treatment typically needs to be
repeated more often than does ablative treatment.
•There's also a device that uses radiofrequency instead of light for nonablative treatment
that achieves mildly to moderately tighter skin.
•Chemical peel..
•Dermabrasion
•Microdermabrasion.
•Botulinum toxin type A (Botox).
•Soft tissue fillers. .
•Skin tightening.
•Face-lift.

64. BODY ODOUR

65. • Body odor is the perceived unpleasant smell our
bodies can give off when bacteria that live on the
skin breakdown sweat into acids. Some say it is
the smell of bacteria growing on the body, but it
is actually the result of bacteria breaking down
protein into certain acids.
• It is also known as B.O., bromhidrosis, osmidrosis,
or ozochrotia

66. WHAT IS BODY ODOR??
• When a body gives off a scent others may find
unpleasant, it is known as body odor.
• Body odor usually becomes evident if measures are
not taken when a human reaches puberty. People
who are obese, those who regularly eat spicy foods,
as well as individuals with certain medical conditions,
such as diabetes, are more susceptible to having
body odor

67.  Sweat itself is virtually odorless to humans. It is the rapid multiplication
of bacteria in the presence of sweat and their breaking down of sweat
into acids that eventually causes the unpleasant smell.
 Body odor is most likely to occur in the following places:
• feet
• groin
• armpits
• genitals
• pubic hair and other hair
• belly button
• anus
• behind the ears
• rest of the skin, to a lesser extent

68. Causes
Body odor is caused by bacteria breaking down sweat and is largely linked to
the apocrine glands. Most body odor comes from these.
These glands are found in the breasts, genital area, eyelids, armpits, and ear.
In the breasts, they secrete fat droplets into breast milk. In the ear, they help
form earwax. Apocrine glands in the skin and the eyelids are sweat glands.
Most of the apocrine glands in the skin are located in the groin, armpits, and
around the nipples. In the skin, they usually have an odor. They are scent
glands.
The apocrine glands are mainly responsible for body odor because the sweat
they produce is high in protein, which bacteria can break down easily

69. Common Body Odor Causes
• Bacteria
There are two devices that are directly linked to each other with regards to body odor; bacteria and sweat. Sweat itself is
odorless by nature. Bacteria that cover the surface of the skin break down sweat; they ‘feed’ on it. The byproduct or
resulting waste material of this interaction are acid compounds that have an odor which we associate with body odor.
• Sweat
The human body has two types of sweat glands, which in turn produce two different types of sweat:
1. Eccrine – Found on most areas of the body, eccrine sweat glands produce sweat that is responsible for cooling the
body. They are much smaller than apocrine glands and secrete sweat directly onto the skin. Eccrine is sweat is also
primarily made up of water.
2. Apocrine – Found primarily under the armpits, groin, areola and around the eyelids, apocrine sweat glands produce sweat
that is thicker and contains much of what bacteria feed on as it’s secreted. They are larger than eccrine glands and remain
dormant in the body until a person goes through puberty. Apocrine sweat and bacteria interaction is what is responsible
for body odor.
As bacteria breaks down sweat, a couple of different odor compounds are produced. These acids have distinct smells and are
typically what constitutes body odor. Two common acid compounds associated with odor include:
1. Propionic acid – associated with the smell of vinegar.
2. Isovaleric acid – associated with the smell of cheese.
• Food
• Medication
• Hormonal Changes
• Genetics

70. Prevention
A large concentration of apocrine glands is present in the armpits, making that area
susceptible to the rapid development of body odor.
The following steps may help control armpit odor:
1) Keep the armpits clean: Wash them regularly using anti-bacterial soap, and the
number of bacteria will be kept low, resulting in less body odor.
2) Hair: When armpits have hair, it slows down the evaporation of sweat, giving the
bacteria more time to break it down into smelly substances. Shaving the armpits regularly
has been found to help body odor control in that area.
3) Deodorant or antiperspirant: Deodorants make the skin more acidic, making it more
difficult for bacteria to thrive. An antiperspirant blocks the sweating action of the glands,
resulting in less sweating. Some studies, however, have indicated that antiperspirants may
be linked to breast cancer or prostate cancer risk.

71. Treatments
The following steps may help control body odor:
• Wash daily with warm water: Have a shower or bath at least once a day. Remember that
warm water helps kill off bacteria that are present on your skin. If the weather is
exceptionally hot, consider bathing more often than once a day.
• Clothing: Natural fibers allow your skin to breathe, resulting in better evaporation of
sweat. Natural-made fibers include wool, silk or cotton.
• Avoid spicy foods: Curry, garlic, and other spicy foods have the potential to make some
people sweat more pungent. Some experts believe a diet high in red meat may also raise
the risk of developing more rapid body odor.
• Aluminum chloride: This substance is usually the main active ingredient in
antiperspirants. If your body does not respond to the home remedies mentioned above,
talk to a pharmacist or your doctor about a suitable product containing aluminum
chloride. Follow the instructions given to you carefully.

72. • Botulinum toxin: This is a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum; it is the most
poisonous biological substance known. However, very small and controlled doses are
today being used in various fields of medicine. A relatively new treatment is available
for individuals who sweat excessively under the arms.
The individual is given approximately 12 injections of botulinum toxin in the armpits - a
procedure that should not last more than 45 minutes. The toxin blocks the signals from
the brain to the sweat glands, resulting in less sweating in the targeted area. One
treatment can last from two to eight months.
• Surgery: When self-care and medicinal measures are not effective at treating severe
body odor, a doctor can perform a surgical procedure called endoscopic thoracic
sympathectomy (ETS) that destroys the sweating-controlling nerves below the skin of
the armpits.
This procedure is a last resort and runs the risk of damage to other nerves and arteries in
the area. It can also increase sweating in other parts of the body, known as
compensatory sweating