Cardio vascular diseases and its scenario and prevention

1. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
EDENBURGH INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
MOHAN BASTOLA
BPH 4TH SEMESTER
ROLL NO:18

2. INTRODUCTION
• Cardiovascular disease generally refers to conditions that involve
narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack,
chest pain (angina) or stroke. Other heart conditions, such as those
that affect your heart's muscle, valves or rhythm, also are considered
forms of heart disease.

3. Data:
• According to the World Health Organization (WHO), CVD is the leading cause of
death worldwide.
• In 2016, around 17.9 million people died from CVD, accounting for 31% of all
registered premature deaths.
• Of these, 85% resulted from a heart attack or stroke. These conditions affect
equal numbers of men and women.
• The WHO estimate that by 2030, 23.6 million people will die from CVD
conditions annually — mostly due to stroke and heart disease.
• Although these conditions remain prevalent in global mortality rates, people
can start taking steps to prevent them.

4. KEY FACTS ...
• Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing
behavioural risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and
obesity, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol using
population-wide strategies.
• People with cardiovascular disease or who are at high
cardiovascular risk (due to the presence of one or more risk
factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia) need
early detection and management using counselling and medicines,
as appropriate

5. Contd..
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of
disorders of the heart and blood vessels. They include:
• Coronary Heart Disease – disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart
muscle;
• Cerebrovascular Disease – disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain;
• Peripheral Arterial Disease – disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and
legs;
• Rheumatic Heart Disease – damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from
rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria;
• Congenital Heart Disease – malformations of heart structure existing at birth;
• Deep Vein Thrombosis And Pulmonary Embolism – blood clots in the leg
veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs.

6. Common symptoms of CVDs
• Pain or pressure in the chest, which may indicate angina
• Pain or discomfort in the arms, left shoulder, elbows, jaw, or back
• Shortness of breath
• Nausea and fatigue
• Lightheadedness or dizziness
• Cold sweats

7. Factors Contributing to Decline in Deaths
• Better and earlier diagnosis
• Better emergency and medical care
• Improved drugs for specific treatment
• Improved public awareness
• Increased use of preventive measures, including lifestyle changes

8. Risk factors for CVD?
• Unhealthy diet,
• Physical inactivity,
• Tobacco use
• Harmful use of alcohol.
• high blood pressure,
• atherosclerosis or blockages in
the arteries
• radiation therapy
• smoking
• poor sleep hygiene
• high blood cholesterol, or
hyperlipidemia

9. Contd……
• Raised blood pressure,
• Raised blood glucose,
• Raised blood lipids, and
• Overweight and obesity.
• a high fat, high carbohydrate
diet
• obesity
• stress
• air pollution
• chronic obstructive pulmonary
disorder or other forms of
reduced lung function

10. How can the burden of CVD be reduced?
• WHO for prevention and control of CVDs include two types of
interventions: population-wide and individual, which are
recommended to be used in combination to reduce the greatest
cardiovascular disease burden.
• Examples of population-wide interventions that can be
implemented to reduce CVDs include:
• Comprehensive tobacco control policies
• Taxation to reduce the intake of foods that are high in fat, sugar and
salt

11. Contd….
• Building walking and cycle paths to increase physical activity
• Strategies to reduce harmful use of alcohol
• Providing healthy school meals to children.
• At the individual level, for prevention of first heart attacks and
strokes, individual health-care interventions need to be targeted
to those at high total cardiovascular risk.

12. Contd…
• For secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in those with
established disease, including diabetes, treatment with the following
medications are necessary:
• Aspirin
• Beta-blockers
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
• Statins.

13. References:
• K. park 24th edition.
• https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/257484.php

14. THANKYOU…