SDLC

Requirement Analysis

What is Requirement Analysis
Requirements analysis is the process of determining user expectations for a
new or modified product. The success and failure of a software project is mostly
depending on requirement analysis stage. The requirements should be
documented, actionable, measurable, testable, traceable, related to identified
business needs or opportunities.

Requirements gathering problem
 Customers don't (really) know what they want
• Ensure to spend sufficient time
• Make visible any assumptions
• Make your customer read, think and sign off the requirements
 Requirements change during the course of the project
• Have a clear defined process for receiving any change requests
• Set milestones for each development phase beyond which certain changes are
not permissible.
• Ensure that change requests and approvals are clearly communicated to all
stakeholders

Requirements Gathering Problem
 Customers have unreasonable timelines
• Convert the software requirements into a project plan.
• Ensure that the project plan considers available resource
 Communication gaps exist between customers, engineers and project managers
• Take notes at every meeting and distribute these throughout the team members.

Fact Finding Techniques
Interview:
• In this techniques analyst sits face to face with the
people and record their responses.
• Besides analyst can ask the people about their
current problem and their requirement from
postposed system.
• Remember to follow the bellow rules while
conducting interview:
• Determine the people to interview.
• Establish objectives for the interview.
• Develop interview questions.
• Prepare for the interview.
• Conduct the interview.
• Document the interview.
• Evaluate the interview

Fact Finding Techniques
Questionnaire:
• The questionnaire consists of series of questions framed together in logical manner. The
questions should simple, clear and to the point. Questions can be of two types:
Free-format questions: In these types of
questionnaires, users are allowed to answer questions
freely without immediate response. Examples are:
• Is this feature a process?
• When will this feature be used?
• Who will deliver the inputs for the feature?
• Who will receive the outputs of the feature?
• What is the end result of doing this?
Fixed-format questions:
- It’s a predefined fixed-format questionnaires
- Users are allowed to choose the result from the given
answers
- Question includes multiple-choice questions (Yes or No
type), rating questions (Strongly agree, Agree, Disagree,
Strongly disagree), ranking questions
- Examples are:
- Do you feel that the reports are useful? Ο Yes Ο No
- Are the reports are useful for your jobs? Ο Yes Ο No
- If your answer is No, please explain WHY. Ο Yes Ο No

Fact Finding Techniques
• Form to collect requirements for Analysts

Fact Finding Techniques
Observation:
• In this technique analyst visits
the organization
• observe and understand the
working of the existing system
User Story
• description consisting of one or more sentences
• Use natural language in description
• The typical user story should follow the bellow
template:
“As a <type of user>, I want <some goal> so that <some
reason>”.
The user stories are useful to express three important
questions:
• Who are we building it for, who the user is? — As a
<type of user>
• What are we building, what is the intention? — I want
<some goal or objective >
• Why are we building it, what value it brings for the
user? — So that <benefit, value>

Fact Finding Techniques
Brainstorming:
• A technique to generate new ideas
and find the solutions to a specific
issue
• It is conducted with several team
members and stakeholders
• Members from different
departments and domain experts
are included to form this team.
• The team should then discuss the
problem and comes out with a
solution in combine
Document Analysis:
• It involves analyzing and gathering
information from existing
documents and other related
information.
• It includes analyzing documents in
the form of design documents,
templates and manuals of existing
systems.
• This technique is adapted when
existing system needs to be
replaced or enhanced

Traceability Matrix (TM)
• It’s a table used to trace requirements
• Each requirement in the RTM document is linked with its associated test case
so that testing can be done as per the mentioned requirements.
• Bug ID is also included and linked with its associated requirements and test
case.
• The main goals for this matrix are:
 Make sure the software is developed as per the mentioned
requirements.
 Helps in finding the root cause of any bug.
 Helps in tracing the developed documents during different phases of
SDLC.

Traceability Matrix (TM)

Requirement Specification (SRS)

What is SRS
• Completely describes what the proposed software should do without
describing how software will do it.
• It is usually signed off at the end of requirements engineering phase.
• Software designer will take SRS to design software to specify how the
software will do it

Qualities of SRS
• Correct
• Unambiguous
• Complete
• Consistent
• Ranked for importance and/or stability
• Verifiable
• Modifiable
• Traceable

Scope
• Identify the software product(s) to be produced by name
• Explain what the software product(s) will, and, if necessary, will not
do
• Describe the application of the software being specified, including
relevant benefits, objectives, and goals

References
• Provide a complete list of all documents referenced elsewhere in the
SRS
• Identify each document by title, report number (if applicable), date,
and publishing organization
• Specify the sources from which the references can be obtained.

Problem Domain
• A Context Diagram for depicting
the current system under
consideration as a single high-level
process
• It shows the relationships between
system and external entities
• A Context Diagram provides no
information about the timing,
sequencing, or synchronization of
processes (which processes occur
in sequence or in parallel).

Current System Description
• This section contains a set of use cases that should describe the
current system behaviors.
• A typical use case includes these sections, usually laid out in a table:
Use Case Element Description
Use Case Number ID to represent your use case
Use Case Name The name of your use case, keep it short and sweet
Use Case Description Elaborate more on the name, in paragraph form.
Primary Actor Who is the main actor that this use case represents
Precondition What preconditions must be met before this use case can start
Post condition The state of the software after the basic course of events is complete
Trigger What event triggers this use case

Proposed System Requirements
Functional Requirements:
• define the internal workings of
the software like the
calculations, technical details,
data manipulation and
processing.
• Each functionality should
describe with Use Case
diagram with detail
description.
• The behavior that is to be
implemented should be
described in plain English
Non-Functional Requirements:
• include the requirements concerning
software design or implementation
• Performance – for example
Response Time
• Reliability
• Maintainability
• Security
• Data Integrity
• Usability

Constraints
• Tools to be used
• Software interface
• Hardware interface
• Development constraints
• Development environments
• Deployment environments

Software System Design

What is Software Design
• Software design is a process to transform user requirements into
some suitable form, which helps the programmer in software coding
and implementation
• It concentrates on problem domain to turn it a solution domain.
• The sole purpose is to specify how to fulfill the requirements
mentioned in SRS.

Architectural Model
• Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)
• 3-Tier Architecture
• N-Layer Architecture

SOA
• SOA is an evolution of distributed computing
based on the request/reply design paradigm.
• In this process an application's business logic
or individual functions are modularized and
presented as services for consumer/client
applications.

3-Tier Architecture
• Tier means unit of deployment
• A 3-tier application is an application program
that is organized into three major parts, each
of which is distributed to a different place or
places in a network. The three parts are:
• The workstation or presentation interface
• The business logic
• The database and programming related
to managing it

N-Layer Architecture
• It focuses on the grouping of related
functionality within an application into
distinct layers.
• In every business software there are FOUR
Layer exits, which are Presentation Layer,
Business Logic Layer, Data Access Layer and
Data Storage Layer.
• These layers (mainly Business and Data
Access Layer) should be broken down with
several more layers using Class Library
Project.

Design Pattern
• Repository Pattern:
• In many applications, the business logic accesses
data from data stores such as databases or Web
services. Directly accessing the data can result in
the following:
• Duplicated code
• A higher potential for programming errors
• An inability to easily test the business logic in
isolation from external dependencies
• Use a repository to separate the logic that retrieves
the data and maps it to the entity model from the
business logic.
• The repository intermediates between the data
source layer and the business layers of the
application. This will achieve THREE benefits:
• It centralizes the data logic or Web service
access logic.
• It provides a substitution point for the unit
tests.

Design Pattern
• Unit of Work Pattern :
• A Unit of Work can be defined as a collection
of operations that succeed or fail as a single
unit.
• Unit of Work pattern ensure that none of the
operations cause side-effects if any one of
them fails.
• It maintains lists of business objects in-
memory which have been changed (inserted,
updated, or deleted) during a transaction.
• Once the transaction is completed, all these
updates are sent as one big unit of work to be
persisted physically in a database in one go.

Domain Model
• Class Diagram:
• To visualize the domain, model a
Class Diagram, have to develop.
• Class diagram is basically a
graphical representation of the
static view of the system and
represents different aspects of the
application.

Database Design
• Data Dictionary
• Data Dictionary is a collection of descriptions
of the data objects or items in a data model.
• Helpful to the programmer to know what data
they have to dealt with.
• Data Dictionary may contain following
columns:
• Data Field
• Data Type
• Length
• Null ability
• Default Value
• Constraint
• Description
• Purpose

UX Design
• User Experience (UX) and User Interface (UI) are some of the most confused and
misused terms in our field. A UI without UX is like a painter slapping paint onto
canvas without thought
• A great product experience starts with UX followed by UI. Both are essential for the
product’s success.

UX Design
• There should be “Master Page” concept when designing
html pages or forms.
• There should be two “Master Page” in application layer,
one for functional pages and another for non-functional
pages.
• Functional pages should implement the following master
page layout.
• Non-functional pages should implement the following
master page layout.

Coding

Coding
• Use Pascal Case in Class naming in .NET Technology
• Use Pascal Case in Method naming in .NET Technology
• Use Camel Case in Variables naming in .NET Technology
• Use Pascal Case in Class naming in Java Technology
• Use Camel Case in Method naming in Java Technology
• Use Camel Case in Variables naming in Java Technology

Control Naming Guideline

Testing

Testing
• Testing Method: Two types are:
• Automated Testing: Automated software
testing is a process in which software
tools execute pre-scripted tests on a
software application before it is released
into production.
• Manual Testing: Manual testing is the
process of manually testing software for
defects. It requires a tester to play the
role of an end user and use most of all
features of the application to ensure
correct behavior.
• White-box Approach:
• It focuses on the internal mechanism of a
software system to ensure that all code
statements and logical paths are tested.
• testers have to have full knowledge of the
internal workings or logics.
• Black-box Approach:
• It ignores the internal mechanism and solely
focuses on the outputs generated in response
to selected inputs.
• testers do not need to know the internal
workings or logic of the software systems

Testing Types
• Unit Testing
• is the process of testing the individual subprograms, subroutines, classes, or procedures in a
program.
• the goal here is to find discrepancy between the programs and the program
specifications
• Programmers to perform Unit Testing after coding is completed.
• Testing Approach: White Box testing.
• Integration Testing
• The goal is to combine individual software modules and test that module as a
group to identify the faults in the interaction between integrated units.
• Test Group to perform Integration Testing; and upon fault found they will issue Test
Incident Reports to system analysts/programmers, who would fix up the liable
errors.
• Testing approach: Black & White-box testing

Testing Types
• Functional Testing
• The goal of functional testing is to verify that a software application performs and
functions correctly according to design specifications.
• Functional testing is a way of checking software to ensure that it has all the required
functionality that's specified within its functional requirements.
• Test Group to perform Functional Testing; and upon fault found they will issue
test incident reports to system analysts/programmers, who would fix up
• Testing Approach: Black-box testing.

Testing Types
• System Testing
• Types of testing where a complete and integrated software is tested to identify the errors in software.
• The goal is to check the behavior of a complete and fully integrated software based on the software
requirements specification (SRS) document.
• The main focus of this testing is to evaluate Business/Functional/End-user requirements.
• Test Group to perform system testing; and upon fault found they will issue test incident reports to system
analysts/programmers, who would fix the problem
• Testing Approach: Black-box testing.
• Some system testing are:
• Usability Testing
• UI Testing
• Performance Testing
• Load Testing
• Security Testing

Testing Types
• Acceptance Testing
• Acceptance Testing is the process of comparing the application system to its
specified requirements and the current needs of its end users. The goal is to
determine whether the software end product is acceptable or not by its end users.
• User representatives to perform Acceptance Testing
• Testing Approach: Black-box testing.
• Acceptance testing are:
• Alpha testing: testing is taken place at the development environment by some
end users or user representatives.
• Beta testing: The testing is taken place at the user’s testing environment by
users.

Testing Documentation
• Test Plan
• Test Type: what types (e.g.
functional, system test) of testing
is planning to conduct.
• Test Item: List the functional items
and software features to be
tested.
• Estimation: For each test item, list
the estimated effort required and
duration
• Test Specification
• Testing Environment
• Test Termination Criteria
• Test Cases
• Test Case Id
• Test Title
• Priority
• Test Steps
• Test Data
• Expected Result
• Actual Result
• Pass/Fail

Test Cases
• Test cases involve a set of steps, conditions, and inputs that can be used while performing testing tasks.

Test Incident Report
• The goal is to document any event that occurs
during the test process which requires investigation.

Test Progress Report
• In order to show the progress of the test procedure, a test progress report should be prepared by the
test group.