3. Communication is a basic for human
relationship, without it, there is no sort of
relation will developed. As a psychiatric
nurse, it is very important to understand the
client and being understood by the client.
This can be attained through studying
communication process.
Introduction
4. Definition
-Communication is a continuous circular process by
which information such as ideas attitudes and feeling is
transmitted between people and their environment .
5. Purpose of Communication
1-To understand and be understood.
2-Communicate our beliefs & values.
3-Communicate perceptions & meanings.
4-Convey interest and understanding or insult and
judgment.
5-Interaction with others gives the individual sense of
identity and being a person’s .
6-Maintain, establish productive relationship.
7. 1-The Stimulus
The stimulus can be a need for information ,
comfort , or advice .
Ex :-
A stimulus in a nurse might be the perception
the client is feeling discomfort or confusion.
A stimulus a client is feeling discomfort , pain or
anxiety.
8. 2-The Sender
- Is the person who initiates the
transmission of information (verbal and
nonverbal)
9. 3-The Message
It is the information sent or expressed
by other .
The clearest message are those that
are well organized and expressed in a
familiar manner to the reciver.
10. 4-Mediums (Channel)
A message can be sent through an
auditory (hearing) , visual (seeing)
or tactile (touch) medium.
Ex. A person may send a very clear
message through silence , body
language ,or hug .
11. 5-Receiver (Decoder)
Is the person who receives the message..
the receiver may then respond to the
sender by giving feedback to the sender.
12. 6- Feed back:
Is the measure by which the
effectiveness of the message is
gauged.
14. 1-Intrapersonal
occur when people communicate
within themselves .
Ex .self evaluation –personal talk .
2-Interpersonal
Communication between groups of
two persons and in small groups.
15. 3-Public Communication
A communication between a person and
several other people.
Its most common form is the presentation
of a public speech.
16. 4- Social Communication
It occurs every day setting among people
who are friends , relatives . it occurs in work
politics ,social activities and vocations.
This type of communication does not have a
specific goal.
It is likely to be superficial.
17. 5-Collegial Communication
It occurs among colleagues within a
profession such as nursing or medicine
,psychology .
Its purpose is collaboration in the
treatment of clients.
18. 6-Therapeutic Communication;
It occurs between helper and client .
the content is meaningful not superficial .
focusing on client’s areas of concern.
Uses specialized professional skills
primarily therapeutic interpersonal
communication.
19. Therapeutic Communication
The nurse activity listens to each client and responds in ways
that convey acceptance and understanding.
Clinical setting; private, quiet, confidential, and safe
environment. .
Learned skill, purposeful, client-focused, client sets
goals; planned, difficult, intense; disclosure of personal
information by client; meaningful and personal, but not
intimate relationship occurs
20. Elements (modes) of Communication
Communication consists of verbal and
nonverbal elements .
10% verbal & 90% nonverbal . Effective
communicator means using both verbal
and nonverbal cues .
21. 1- verbal communication
Consists of all wards a person speaks
language is expression of ideas & all
written wards
22. Nonverbal Communication
It is communication without wards .
It does not encompass language but
can be vocal or nonvocal.
23. It includes ;
1-Kinetics ,(body motion)
2-Paralanguage ( voice quality and use of
sounds in non language vocalization.
3-proxemics ,(use of space)
4-Appearance ,(use of clothing and other
objects).
24. 1-kinesies
It refers to the study of body motion .
the face and body communicate even when
people are silent , facial expression ,
posture , gestures ,eye movements and
touch.
25. &
Facial expression ; it is the most
important source of nonverbal
messages.
Posture; ex. Withdrawn clients often
walk or sit in closed position.
26. &
Body movement &gestures ; hand gestures
can convey indifference , relaxation ,
excitement or agitation.
Eye contact , can communicate level of
interest or depression . However eye contact
may be culturally related.
27. &
lack of directed eye contact may be
communicating avoidance, shame , low self-
esteem or embarrassment.
touch ; touch communicates feeling ranging
from tenderness& warmth .
The use of touch is determined by cultural
norms .
28. 2-paralanguge ;
It includes tone of voice , spacing of wards
& it includes non language vocalizations
such as sobbing and laughing .
29. 3-proxemics ;
Is the study of spatial relationships during
personal transactions , use of space which
depending on people's cultural background.
Intimate
Personal
Public
Consultive
30. 4-Appearance
It refers to the way in which people use clothing
and other objects to convey a message.
Appearance can confirm or deny verbal messages
, clothing , hairstyles , makeup , eye glasses are
some articles that people put together in unique
ways . A change in person’s appearance can
indicate developing problems.
31. Factors that influence the
communication process
1-personal factors: -
That can impede accurate transmission of
a message including (emotional state-
knowledge level-language used-
perception)
2- Social factors:
Culture differences, previous experiences,
social status.
3- Environmental factors:
Noise, lack of privacy and uncomfortable
accommodations.
32. Successful communication:-
The message should be clear, well organized,
simple, and appropriate to the receiver level,
back ground and culture.
Feedback: Return Response that indicates the
effect made by communication received.
Appropriateness / Relevance.
Flexibility: The absence of over control or under
control
Efficiency: Communication understood, simple
and clear
The communication must have a goal, and not
left to chance.
Select settings that insure privacy and
confidentiality eliminate any possible
environmental and personal distraction.
33. Blocks to communication
Changing the subject.
Stating personal opinions and ideas.
Giving false reassurance.
Jumping to conclusions, offering solution to
problem.
Medical terminology / jargon.
Rejecting other’s point of view.
Probing: asking too many questions.
Distraction in the environment such as noise.
35. Techniques that enhances
communication
1- Give information ; purpose for being
here …. The medication for…. My
name is… .
2- show Accepting ; Ex. (yes) ( I follow
what you say )الرأس ايماءات
36. 3- Giving recognition ; indicates awareness
of change and personal efforts does not
imply good or bad, right or wrong .
Ex. Good morning Mr. Ahmed you’ve
combed your hair today.
37. &
4- offering self ; offers presence, interest ,
and a desire to understood.
Ex . I would like to spend time with you.
5- offering general leads;
Ex . (go on)
( and then) ( tell me about it).
38. 6-Giving broad openings ; clarifies that the
lead is to be taken by the client. ex.
(where would you like to begin)
7- placing the events in time or sequence;
ex (what happened before? )
39. &
8-Making observations ; ex. ( you appear tense).(
I notice you’re bitting your lips )
زعالن؟ شكلك
9-encouraging description of perception;
Ex . What is happened before?
ايه؟ بتقولك دى األصوات
40. &
10- encouraging comparison;( has this ever
happened before ?) ( was this something like …)
11-Restating; repeating pts speech by give meaning
of his speech. مشابهة بكلمات للمريض الفكرة نفس اعادة
ex . C; (I can’t sleep, I stay a wake all night.)
N .( you have difficulty sleep)
41. &
12-Reflecting ; direct back to pt questions ideas
and feeling.
Ex. ( what should I do about my husband's affair?) N (
what do you think you should do?)
Reflecting : use of pronoun “you” you feel you think
42. 13- Seek validation ; clarifies that both the nurse and the
client share mutual understanding e.g. tell me whether
my understanding agree with yours. يعنى تقول عايز انت
منه للتأكد أخرى بصيغة الكالم وتعيد
14-Seeking clarification ; help the clients clarify their own
thoughts . ex ( I’m not sure. I follow you ) ايه؟ تقصد
43. &
15- presenting reality ; (I don’t see anyone
else in the room) ( your mother is not
here . I am a nurse ).
16-Voicing doubt ; ex ,(really?) ( that hard
to believes). بجد
!
بتكرهك؟ الناس كل ان تقصد
44. &
17- Questioning : careful using no why ?? ,
close open ended???
20-Summaring ; ex. (you said that….)
45. Techniques that hinder
communication
1- Negative Reassuring
May cause clients to stop sharing feeling.
Ex. (every thing will be alright)
2-Giving approval;
Ex. (that’s good)
3-Rejecting; ex. (I don’t want to hear about…)
46. &
4- Disapproving;
Ex. (that’s bad…)
5-Aggreeing ;
Ex. (that’s right).. (I agree…)
6-Disagreeing ; Ex.( I disagree with that ..)
7-Advising; ex.( I think you should …)
