Executive Training Migration in the EU and its Neighbourhood Florence, 21 January 2013 by Anna Di Bartolomeo

1. Executive Training
Migration in the EU and its Neighbourhood
Main issues in data collection on migration and mobility.
The case of EU and Eastern Europe
Anna Di Bartolomeo
21 January 2012

2. Outline
Measuring migration: basic concepts
Data collection in the EU: the Eurostat database
Data collection in the EU Eastern Neighbourhood and Russia: the CARIM-East
database

3. Measuring migration: basic concepts
- Who do we measure?
Migrants’ definition issue
- What do we measure?
Stock vs flow
- How do we measure?
Data sources

4. Who do we measure?
1. Temporal limits (temporary vs permanent)
• Short stay (or temporary) migration:
at least 3 months (touristic visa) but less than 12
• Long stay migration:
at least 12 months (UN Population division recommendation)

5. Who do we measure?
1. Geopolitical-legal criteria (birth vs citizenship)
• Country of birth
population born abroad
• Country of citizenship
foreign population regardless their country of birth

6. What do we measure?
• Stock:
number of migrants living in a country at time t (e.g. 1 Jan. 2012)
• Flows:
number of migrants who move in a specified time period (usually one year)

7. How do we measure?
1. Destination vs. origin statistics (direct vs indirect): counting who is in!
Emigration from a given country has to be reconstructed as the aggregated
immigration originating from this country in all other countries of the world;
Immigration in a given country has to be measured using data collected in these
countries.

8. Source on emigration on from EU Eastern partners and Russia: who counts?
Institution of destination countries Institution of origin countries
MAIN SOURCES
Population Census Consulates
Population Registers/Residence permits
Ad hoc surveys
ADVANTAGES
Partial recovery of emigrants residing in
Updated countries which do not publish or simply
collect data on immigrants
Rich of info Partial recovery of irregular emigrants
Partial recovey of temporary migrants in
countries which fail in capturing temporary
immigration (see e.g. Russia)
LIMITATIONS
Not available for some countries Registration is voluntary (consulates)
Scarcely comparable (birth vs. citizenship!) Second generation migrants are in
No info on irregular migrants
Source: for an extended review of this topic, see Fargues P. 2006. Mediterranean migration: an overview, in Mediterranean Migration – Report
2005 (ed. by Fargues P.), RSCAS, EUI.

9. The role of ad hoc surveys: the Moldovan Labour Force Survey
Advantages
• Partial recovery of temporary and irregular emigrants
• Longitudinal study
• Special module on emigration: rich of info
Limitations
• Understimation of «permanent» emigrants (indirect measurement)

10. Moldovan citizens living in Russia according to different sources in 2010
Russian sources Moldovan source
Migration status
Population Labour Force
Work permits
Census Survey
!!!
Permanent migrant 34,000
Temporary worker 72,233
Temporary migrant 195,700

11. How do we measure?
2. Stock vs. flow sources
Sources on stock
• Population census
• Population Register/special register of foreigners
• Residence/work permits
• Ad hoc national and international surveys (e.g. EU LFS; OECD-PISA)

12. Sources on flows
• Population Register/special register of foreigners: registration and deregistration
in a specified time period (usually one year)
• Residence/work permits: first permits granted in a specific time period vs. not
renewed-expired permits
• Visa statistics

13. Migration to the EU
Useful links
Migration to the EU: the Eurostat database
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/population/data/database
-> Let’s see how to use it!
Migration to OECD countries: the OECD Migration Database
http://stats.oecd.org/?lang=en
National migration statistics
https://international.ipums.org/international/ (IPUMS)
http://www.census.gov/aboutus/stat_int.html (List of national statistical institutes)

14. Data collection in the EU Eastern Neighbourhood and Russia
The CARIM-East database: innovative features
1. Equal attention is paid to both migration ends, i.e. migration FROM, TO and
THROUGH countries

15. 2. All categories of migrants are taken into account: migrant workers, family
members, students, return migrants, forced migrants, ‘irregular’ migrants.
3. Data are obtained from a variety of sources
4. Data are first-hand, authentic statistics that are validated at source

16. Individual born in Georgia and later moved to the Russian Federation
How is he counted?
How should he be
Period of departure
counted today?
Country of birth Country of citizenship
Non-international Foreign born From USSR to RUS citizen
------ Before 1991 --->
immigrant (international immigrant) (non-international immigrant)
International Foreign born It depends: RUS citizen/non-
------ After 1991 --->
immigrant (international immigrant) status migrants/foreing citizens
Result on migration estimates
Country of birth Country of citizenship
Overstimation of Understimation of
international immigrants international immigrants

17. Migrants originating in CARIM-E countries by area of residence and CARIM country of origin
and according to different definitions of “international migrants”, most recent data, (c 2010)
Country of birth Country of citizenship (CARIM-E countries)
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Russian Ukraine Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Russian Ukraine
Federation Federation
Notes: values in 000s
Source: destination countries statistics

18. 5. Data are organized into a standardised list of tables allowing systematic
comparison over time and between countries..
Let’s see how to use it!
Link: http://www.carim-east.eu/database/demographic-and-economic-module/