1. Group 1: Miranda Michael Nicholas Hui Qing Victoria
Mini Project 1: Survey
NM4102 Advanced Research
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2. Introduction
To study the relationship between the attitudes towards social
networking sites (SNS), circadian rhythm sleep disorder
consistent with Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS) and
the social environment, of undergraduates in NUS.
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3. Background
Common knowledge that undergraduates sleep late. According to Walters and Pilcher
(1997), many college students actually deprive themselves of sleep voluntarily during
the week and then compensate with sleeping long hours on the weekend. Unstable
sleep patterns exacerbate and may even cause the symptoms related to delayed sleep
phase syndrome (DSPS) (Brown, Soper, Buboltz, 2001).
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCR/is_3_35/ai_80744660/?tag=content;col1
Undergraduates are also very adept at using social networking sites and spend a
considerable amount of time on these sites daily. Recent study of 200 University of
Maryland students where they were asked to abstain from media for one full day and
then blog about the experience. Students reported feelings of anxiety and withdrawal,
very much like addiction to alcohol or drugs leading to the conclusion that college
students are addicted to social media (Whittaker, 2010).
http://www.zdnet.com/blog/igeneration/students-addicted-to-social-media-oh-cmon-this-again/4752
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4. Literature Review
Media use lacks a clear start and end and is likely to be extended.
Leads to heightened alertness, physiological arousal and difficulty falling asleep
(Li, Jin, Wu et. al., 2007)
According to Young (1998), the Internet itself is not addictive, specific features affect the way
people use an application. The more interactive the application (such as on social media), the
higher the inclination to use it and extend its usage because it appears to strengthen online
relationships, reinforce offline ones and fulfill real-life unmet social needs. The perceived
benefit of using social networking sites (SNS) is therefore significant in determining one's
usage of the SNS.
Interesting to find out if there is a relationship between sleeping late and social media
among NUS undergraduates.
Most of our friends sleep late or don't sleep and almost all are on some form of social
media.
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5. Theoretical framework
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
A person's behavior is partially shaped
Behavior
and controlled by the influences of social
systems and the person's cognition (e.g.,
expectations, beliefs) (Chiu et al, 2006)
and if possible include the factors under
the headings like Personal Environmental
Behaviour: Sleeping pattern
Personal factors: attitudes toward SNS
Environment: social environment
(friends and family)
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6. Theoretical Framework
Social environment can be operationalised as one's social network (interpersonal
relationships). being part of a social network means that an individual has
internalised the social norms.
Measurement of the perceived similarity of an individual's attitudes towards SNS and
sleeping habits, with their peers, will reflect the salience of the norms in his or her
lifestyle.
Source: Pajares (2002). Overview of social cognitive theory and of self-efficacy. 12-8-04. From http://www.emory.edu/EDUCATION/mfp/eff.html.
Due to time and sample constraints, we are not studying the social environment but
we believe that it has a reciprocal relationship with both behaviour and an
individual's cognition.
Focus of our survey and analysis is on sleeping behaviour
related to the attitudes that students have of SNS
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7. Conceptual Definitions
1. Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS) is one type of circadian rhythm sleep disorders affecting the timing of sleep
among individuals. This is characterized by: (American Academy of Sleep, 2001)
Later than desired sleep times
Later than desired wake times
Little or no difficulty in maintaining sleep
Difficulty waking up at desired wake times
Inability to shift sleeping hours to an earlier one
2a. Social networking sites (SNSs)
SNSs is defined as web-based services that provide a virtual community in which people with a shared interest may
communicate. (Boyd & Ellison, 2008)
2b. Attitudes toward social networking sites
Outcome expectation: An individuals expected outcomes of using SNSs
Self efficacy: people’s judgment of their capabilities to organise and execute course of action required to attain
designated types of performances.” (Spielberger, 2004)
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8. Operational Definitions
Variables Operational Definition Measures Question and Scales
DSPS (DV) Mild: inability to fall asleep within a mean of two Nominal Q: On average what time do you go to sleep
hours of the desired sleep time A: Before 9pm, 9-10pm, 10-11pm
Moderate: Inability to fall asleep within a mean of
three hours of the desired sleep time
Severe: Inability to fall asleep within a mean of
four hours of the desired sleep time
Outcome Measures outcome such as: 7-point likert Q: If I use SNSs, I will be kept up to date with what
expectations ones ability to stay in touch and be kept up to date people who are important to me are doing
(IV) with peers A: Strongly agree (1) - Strongly Disagree (7)
ones expectation of expanding social circles
ones perception of how they will be perceived by
other in terms of the use of SNSs
Self-efficacy (IV)Measures: 7-point likert Q: I could use if I had seen someone using it before
ones perceived ability to use SNSs trying it myself
without assistance A: Strongly agree (1) - Strongly Disagree (7)
one perceived ability to use SNSs with the help of
friends (American Academy of Sleep, 2001)
(Compeau, Higgins & Huff, 1999)
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9. Hypotheses
H1: DSPS is dependent on outcome expectations towards the
use of social networking sites
H2: DSPS is dependent on self-efficacy towards the use of
social networking sites
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10. Methodology
Pre-test of 20 NUS Undergraduates
85 NUS undergraduates surveyed
Convenience sampling
Online Survey
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11. Survey reliability
Variables Chronbach’s Alpha Reliability
Outcome
Expectation
0.828

Self Efficacy 0.706

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12. Procedure
DSPS - Nominal 12AM AND BEFORE NO DSPS
Sleeping time: How many hours does it differ from 12am? 2AM MILD
Outcome Expectations - Ordinal 3AM MODERATE
1. Took the mean for 6 questions for each subject 4AM AND AFTER SEVERE
2. Found the median: 3.833
3. Low < 3.833 < High
Self Efficacy - Ordinal
1. Took the mean for 4 questions for each subject
2. Found the median: 3.000
3. Low < 3.000 < High
Ran Pearson's Chi Square for:
1. DSPS*OutcomeExpectations
2. DSPS*SelfEfficacy
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13. Results from Descriptive Statistics
Mode and Median
DSPS score
Mode = 2 (Sleep at 2am)
Most NUS students have mild DSPS
Outcome Expectations
Mode = 4 (Neutral)
Median = 3.833
A majority of the respondents are neutral with regard to outcome expectations when using social
networking sites
Self Efficacy
Mode = 2 (Agree)
Median = 3
A large number of respondents perceive themselves capable of using social networking sites to achieve
desired performances
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14. Results from Inferential Statistics
Chi Square Test of Independance
A chi-square test of independence was calculated comparing DSPS
score and outcome expectations. No significant relationship was found
(chi square= 1.71, chi square critical = 7.815 (3df), p > .05). This
indicates that DSPS is not dependent on outcome expectations towards
the use of social networking sites
A chi-square test of independence was calculated comparing DSPS
score and self-efficacy. No significant relationship was found (chi-square
(2) = 0.60,chi square critical = 7.815 (3df), p > .05). This indicates
that DSPS is not dependent on self-efficacy of using social networking
sites
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15. Frequencies for OE and SE Chi-Square
DSPS*SelfEfficacy
Chi-Square
Frequencies for DSPS DSPS*OutcomeExpectations
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16. Interpretation
H1: Delayed sleep pattern consistent with DSPS is dependent
on outcome expectations towards the use of social
networking sites
H2: Delayed sleep pattern consistent with DSPS is dependent
on self-efficacy towards the use of social networking sites
We fail to reject H0 for both hypotheses.
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17. Conclusion
Μost of our respondents are suffering
from some form of DSPS
Other factors that may have a
relationship to DSPS
Implications: a change in the time classes
start? A campaign to change sleeping
habits?
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18. Limitations
Limited pool of samples: NUS students, mostly from FASS
Students from other faculties may have a different sleeping pattern
Only able to study how personal factors influences personal behavior (one aspect
of the SCT) but SCT has 3 components in total
Behaviour, personal factors, social factors
To derive at more measurements for DSPS
Wake time (later than desired norm)
Actual sleep time is the same every night
No difficulty in maintaining their sleep pattern
Ability to enforce a conventional sleep and wake times
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19. Future Directions
Social cognitive theory:
a. the relationship between an individual’s social
environment (friends and family) and an individual getting DSPS
b. the relationship between an individual’s social environment
and its influence on the individual’s behaviors and attitudes
The relationship between DSPS and its subsequent effect on
academic performance
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20. Group 1: Miranda Michael Nicholas Hui Qing Victoria
Thank You
The End
20

21. References
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2001). The international classification of sleep disorders, revised:
diagnostic and coding manual. Illinois, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2008). Social network sites: definition, history and scholarship. Journal of
computer-mediated communication, 13, 210 - 230. Retrieved from http://
web.ebscohost.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=8&sid=e213a797-f1e7-45f1-
b2e1-992ca576251a%40sessionmgr11&vid=4
Brown, C.F., Soper, B. & Buboltz Jr., W.C. (2001). Prevalence of delayed sleep phase syndrome in university
students. College Student Journal. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCR/is_3_35/
ai_80744660/?tag=content;col1
Chiu, C.-M., Hsu, M.-H., & Wang, E. (2006).
Understanding knowledge sharing in virtual communities: An integration of social capital and social cognitive
theories. Retrieved February 9, 2011 from Communications and Mass Media Complete
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22. References
Compeau, D., Higgins, C. A., & Huff, S. (1999). Social cognitive theory and individual reactions to computer technology: A
longitudinal study. MIS Quarterly, 23(2), 145-158. Retrieved February 9, 2011 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/249749 .
Hendriks, P. (1999) Why share knowledge? The influence of ICT on the motivation for knowledge sharing. Knowledge and
Process Management, 6 (2), 91–100.
Lin, S., Jin, X., Wu, S., et al. (2007). The Impact of Media Use on Sleep Patterns and Sleep Disorders among School-Aged
Children in China. SLEEP, 30(3), 361-367
Pajares, F. (2002). Overview of social cognitive theory and of self-efficacy. Retrieved February 9, 2011 from http://
www.des.emory.edu/mfp/eff.html
Spielberger, C. D. (2004). Encyclopedia of applied psychology. Retrieved February 13, 2011 from Google books
Whittacker, Z. April 24, 2010. 'Students addicted to social media': Oh c'mon, this again?. ZD Net. Retrieved from http://
www.zdnet.com/blog/igeneration/students-addicted-to-social-media-oh-cmon-this-again/4752
Young, K. (1998). Internet Addiction: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder. Cyberpsychology and Behaviour, 1(3),
237-244
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23. Appendix: Survey Questionaire
Survey Questionnaire
We are a group of students from NM4102 Advanced Research for Communications and New Media and we are conducting a survey to investigate National University of Singapore (NUS)
undergraduatesʼ sleeping habits and social media usage. Your response is greatly appreciated and we will ensure that all information will be kept strictly confidential. Thank you for your participation.
Section 1: Sleep Patterns
In this section, we would like to understand your personal sleeping habits as a student in NUS. Please read the questions carefully and check the answers that are most applicable to you.
1. On average, what time do you go to sleep?
o Before 9pm
o 9.01pm – 10pm
o 10.01pm – 11pm
o 11.01pm – 12am
o 12.01 am – 1am
o 1.01am – 2am
o 2.01am – 3am
o 3.01am – 4am
o After 4.01am
2. How many days a week do you sleep at this time (as mentioned in Qn1)?
o Less than 1 day
o 2 – 3 days
o 4 – 5 days
o 6 – 7 days
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24. Appendix: Survey Questionaire
3. What are some of the reasons that keep you from going to sleep? Please check all that are applicable.
o School work
o Talking on the phone
o Watching TV
o Reading leisurely
o Housework
o Using the internet for:
a. Social network (Facebook, Twitter, Four Square)
b. Streaming of entertainment programs
c. Online shopping
d. Checking emails
e. Others, please specify: ______________________________________________________________
Section 2: Your attitude towards Social Networking Sites
In this section, we would like to understand your use of social network sites. Recently, social networking sites has been a popular phenomenon. In this survey, social networking sites is defined as web-
based services that provide a virtual community in may communicate. Examples of SNSs include LinkedIn, Facebook, MySpace, Flickr, Foursquare, Twitter, Bebo, Blogs
4. What are the SNSs that you use?
Facebook
LinkedIn
Twitter
Myspace
Flickr
Foursquare
Blogs (e.g. Livejournal, Tumblr, Wordpress)
Others: please specify
5. How much time do you typically spend on SNS in a day?
Not at all
Less than 1 hour
1 - 2 hours
3 - 4 hours
5 - 6 hours
More than 6 hours
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25. Appendix: Survey Questionaire
Questions 6 AND 7. Please circle ONE of the numbers that best describes how you feel with 1 being STRONGLY AGREE and 7 being STRONGLY DISAGREE.
(Note: People who are important to me refers to friends, family member are people who I keep in contact with frequently)
6. If I use social networking sites...
...I will be able to stay in touch with the people who are important to me
Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree
...I will be kept up to date to with what people who are important to me are doing
Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree
...I will be seen highly by the people who are important to me
Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree
...I will be seen as more sociable by the people who are important to me
Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree
...People who are important to me will perceive me as highly competent
Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree
...I will be able to expand my social circle
Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree
7) I could use SNS...
...If there was no one to tell me how to use the social networking sites
Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree
...If I only had a brief idea of what the social networking sites does
Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree
...If I had seen someone using it before trying myself
Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree
...If someone had showed me how to use the social networking sites
Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly Disagree
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26. Appendix: Survey Questionaire
Section 4: Personal Details (Please select where applicable)
Gender: Male Female
Age: ___________
Year of Study:
Faculty:
This is the end of the survey. Thank you for your participation
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27. Appendix- Descriptive statistics
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28. Appendix- Descriptive statistics
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29. Appendix- Descriptive statistics
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