1. THE LEARNER

2. AGE
Children (8-10)
Adolescents
Adults
Respond to meaning
Need to be valued
Find abstract rules
(grammar) difficult
Can discuss abstract
issues
Can engage with abstract
thoughts
Need individual
attention and approval
Need to be approved
(teacher, peers)
Know why and what they
want to learn
Learn indirectly
Are more disciplined
Enthusiastic and curious
about the world
Have expectations and
set pattersn for leaning
See, hear and touch
Own life experience
Like talking about
themselves
Critical of teaching
methpds
Have a limited attention
span
May be anxious or
under-confident
are good with
pronunciation
Fear their intellectual
powers may diminish

3. LEARNER DIFFERENCES
• Aptitude and intelligence
• Good learner characteristics
• Culture bound
• Learner styles and strategies
• Enthusiast
oracular
• Convergers
concrete learners
participator
rebel
conformists
communicative learners

4. NLP - Neuro-Linguistic Programming
VAKOG
• Visual
Olfactory
• Auditory
Gustatory
• Kinaesthetic

5. MI theory – Mutiple Intelligences
• Musical/Rythmical
• Verbal/linguistic
• Visual/spatial
• Bodily/kineasthetik

6. MI theory – Multiple Intelligences
• Logical/mathematical
• Intrapersonal
• Interpersonal
• Naturalistic
Emotional

7. Language Levels
• Beginner
• False beginner
• Real beginner
• Elementary
• Lower intermediate
• Intermediate
• Upper intermediate
• Mid intermediate
• Advanced

8. CEF – Common European Framework
A1 (elementary)
C2 (very advanced)
Levels described by ‘can do’ statements.
• How can we use our awareness of learner
differences in our lessons?

9. MOTIVATION
• Extrinsic Motivation
outside
• Intrinsic motivation
inside

10. Sources of Motivation
• Goal
• Society
• People around us
• Curiosity
• Affect
• Achievemnt
• Attitude
• Activities
• Agency