1.
Name : Md Toukir Shah
ID : 1802044
Section : A
Dept. : EEE
Prepared By
Turbines
&
Pumps

2.
Contents
 Definition of Turbine
 Working principle
 Classification of turbine :According to the action of water on moving blades:
 Impulse turbine
(i) PELTON TURBINE
 Reaction turbine
(i) KAPLAN TURBINE
(ii)FRANCIS TURBINE
Turbines

3.
What is a Turbine?
 A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts
energy from a fast moving flow of water, steam, gas, air,
or other fluid and converts it into useful work.
A turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving part
called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with
blades attached.
Turbine converts fluid energy into mechanical energy in
rotor. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move
and impart rotational energy to the rotor.
Turbine

4.
Working Principle
A hydraulic turbine converts the potential energy of a flowing liquid
to rotational energy for further use.
The working principle of the hydraulic turbine is, according to
Newton’s law- if there is any change in momentum of fluid then a
force is generated.
“A row of blades is fitted to some rotating shaft or plate in the
turbines. Water is then passed through the turbine over the blades,
causing the inner shaft to rotate. This rotational motion is then
transferred to a generator where electricity is generated.”

5.
Classification of Turbines
 According to the action of water on moving blades:

6.
What is Impulse Turbine?
 The impulse turbine is the simplest type of turbine.
It consists of a row of nozzles followed by a row of blades.
The gas is expanded in the nozzle, converting the high
thermal energy into kinetic energy.
In an impulse turbine, the fluid is forced to hit the turbine at
high speed. In an impulse turbine, fast moving fluid is fired
through a narrow nozzle at the turbine blades to make
them spin around.
The transfer of energy in impulse turbines is described
by Newton’s second law of motion
Impulse Turbine

7.
Main Parts of Impulse Turbine

8.
1.) Runner:
 It is a solid circular-disc with cylindrical shaft in the center.
 The shaft and the runner both are made from high strength
stainless steel where load on the turbine is considerably high.
 Runners are also made from cast iron where available water head
is a bit low, thus force on turbine is not that high.
2.) Buckets:
 Buckets are cup type hollow hemispherical structures, bolted on
the periphery of the runner.
 Jet strikes these buckets to rotate the runner.
 These are made either from stainless-steel or cast iron.

9.
3.) Nozzle and Spear:
 Nozzle directs the flow of water to the buckets, with an increased
velocity coming from a high head.
Spear is a conical structure which is moved in and out of nozzle to
regulate the flow of water striking the buckets.
4.) Casing:
 Casing of an impulse turbine is a preventive shielding over the
turbine, usually made of cast iron.
 It also prevents the water from splashing, and also guides it to the
spill way.

10.
Working Principle Impulse Turbine
 Impulse turbine works on the basic principle of
impulse.
 When the jet of water strikes at the turbine
blade with full of its speed, it generates a large
force which used to rotate the turbine.
 The force depends on the time interval and
velocity of jet strikes the blades.
 This turbine used to rotate the generator, which
produces electric power.

11.
Different Types of
Impulse Turbine
(1) Pelton Wheel Turbine
 Pelton wheel turbine is the most efficient turbine and widely
used turbine in the family of impulse turbines.
 It is best suitable when the available water head is too high.
 The buckets of pelton wheel have two hemispherical cups
attached to each other, in such a way that their attachment
point is a common edge (sharp) called splitter.
 Splitter splits the water jet into two parts, thus making it to
flow along the curved path of both the buckets, and transfer
the momentum of water to the runner.
 Pelton wheel turbine also has a breaking jet and a deflector
mechanism.

12.
Different Types of
Impulse Turbine
(2) Turgo Water Turbine
Turgo is another efficient turbine, it is
almost similar to Pelton wheel turbine the
only difference is that it has one
hemispherical bucket instead of two.
So water jets strikes this bucket at its center and
thus transfer the momentum of water to the
turbine.
Turgo water turbine is efficient for both
medium and high water head

13.
Different Types of
Impulse Turbine
(3.) Cross-flow Turbine
 This impulse turbine has cylindrical runner
with guide blades at its periphery.
 These blades are shaped like an arc of a
circle and extend along the length of a
runner. Water flows transversely through
the runner.
 As water runs through the runner, it passes
over the blades twice, thus increasing the
turbines efficiency.

14.
Applications of Impulse Turbine
It is used worldwide to produce electrical energy in a number of hydro-power
plants.
 It uses in the drinking water supply system.
 Turbochargers in automobiles use the pressure energy of exhaust gases
through impulse turbine. Here, hot and pressurized gases coming out of
exhaust are converted into high velocity jet by passing them through nozzle.
It is also used in reverse osmosis plant, where waste water jet velocity is used
to run turbine, thus acts as an energy recovery system.

15.
Reaction Turbines
What is Reaction Turbine?
 A reaction turbine generates torque in
response to the fluid’s pressure and weight.
 A reaction turbine has fixed rotor blades and a
rotating nozzle.
 Newton’s third law of motion (actions and
reactions are equal but opposite in direction)
describes the working of reaction turbine.
 It produces force due to the water movement on
the fixed blades.

16.
Reaction Turbine’s Construction
 A reaction turbine is constructed of rows of fixed blades
and rows of moving blades.
 The fixed blades act as nozzles.
 The moving blades move as a result of the impulse of
steam and also as a result of expansion and acceleration of
the steam relative to them.
 Main Components:
1. Spiral Casing
2. Guide Vanes
3. Runner Blades
4. Draft Tube

17.
Main Components of
Reaction Turbine
1. Spiral Casing
 It is a spiral casing, with uniformly decreasing
cross-section area, along the circumference.
 Its decreasing cross-section area ensures of
having a uniform velocity of the water striking
the runner blades since we have openings for
water flow in-to the runner blades from the
very starting of the casing.
 As a result, pressure would decrease and
velocity would increase as it travels along the
casing.

18.
Main Components of
Reaction Turbine
2. Guide Vanes
 Guide vanes are installed in the spiral casing.
 Their most important function is- to make sure that water striking the
runner blades must have a direction along length of the axis of turbine
otherwise the flow would be highly swirling when it moves through spiral
casing.
3. Runner Blades
 Runner blades are said to be heart of a reaction turbine.
 It is the shape of the runner blades which uses the pressure energy of
water to run turbine.
 Their design plays a major role in deciding the efficiency of a turbine.

19.
4. Draft Tube
 Draft tube connects the runner exit to the tail race.
 Its cross-section area increases along its length as the water
coming out of runner blades at considerably low pressure.
 Therefore, its expanding cross-section area helps it to recover
the pressure as it flows towards tail race.
Main Components of
Reaction Turbine

20.
The working methods of the reaction turbine can be
described by- taking a rotor having moving nozzles
and water of high pressure is coming out of the
nozzle.
As the water leaves the nozzle, a reaction force is
experienced by the nozzle. This reaction force
rotates the rotor at very high speed.
In the same way in turbine, a reaction force is also
generated by the fluid moving on the runner blades.
The reaction force produced on the runner blades
makes the runner to rotate.
Fluid after moving over the runner blades enters into
draft tube and finally to the trail race.
Working Principle of
Reaction Turbine

21.
Various Types of
Reaction Turbine
There are two types of Reaction Turbines:
1) Francis Turbine
2) Kaplan Turbine

22.
Francis Turbine
Francis turbine is a combination of both
impulse and reaction turbine, where the blades
rotate using both reaction and impulse force of
water flowing through them producing
electricity more efficiently.
 Francis turbine is used for the production of
electricity most frequently in medium or large-
scale hydropower stations.
 Francis turbines are the most favored hydraulic
turbines. These turbines are the most stable
workhorse of hydroelectric power stations because it
can work efficiently under a wide range of working
conditions.
What is Francis Turbine?

23.
Main Components of Francis Turbine
Major Components are:
1) Spiral Casing
2) Stay Vanes
3) Guide Vanes
4) Runner Blades
5) Draft Tube

24.
Main Components of Francis Turbine
1) Spiral Casing
 The spiral casing is the inlet medium of water to the turbine.
 The water flowing from the reservoir or dam is made to pass through
this pipe with high pressure.
 The spiral casing is used due to the circular movement of the water so
that it can lose its pressure.
2) Stay Vanes
 Stay and guide vanes guide the water to the runner blades.
 Stay vanes remain stationary at their position and reduces the
swirling of water due to radial flow, as it enters the runner blades,
thus, making the turbine more efficient.

25.
Main Components of Francis Turbine
3) Guide Vanes
 Guide vanes are not stationary, they
change their angle as per the
requirement to control the angle of
striking of water to turbine blades to
increase the efficiency.
 They also regulate the flow rate of
water into the runner blades thus
controlling the power output of a turbine
according to the load on the turbine

26.
Main Components of Francis Turbine
4) Runner Blades
 Runner blades are the heart of any Francis turbine.
 These are the centers where the fluid strikes and the tangential force of
the impact causes the shaft of the turbine to rotate, producing torque.
 The runner blades have two parts. The lower half is made in the shape of a
small bucket to rotate the turbine by using the impulse action of water.
While the upper part of blades uses the reaction force of water flowing
through it.
5) Draft Tube
 The water at the exit, cannot be directly discharged to the tailrace. A
tube or pipe of the gradually increasing area is used for discharging
water from the exit of the turbine to the tailrace. This tube of the
increasing area is called Draft Tube.

27.
Main Components of Francis Turbine
5.) Draft Tube
 One end of the tube is
connected to the outlet of the
runner. However, the other
end is submerged below the
level of water in the tail-race.
Runner Blades

28.
Working Principle of Francis Turbine
 The water is admitted to the runner
through guide vanes. The opening
between the vanes can be adjusted to
vary the quantity of water admitted to
the turbine. This is done to suit the load
conditions.
 The water enters the runner with a low
velocity but with an almost
considerable pressure. As the water
flows over the vanes the pressure head
is gradually converted into velocity
head.

29.
Working Principle of Francis Turbine
 This kinetic energy is utilized in rotating the wheel. Thus the
hydraulic energy is converted into mechanical energy.
 The outgoing water enters the tailrace after passing through the
draft tube. The draft tube enlarges gradually and the enlarged end
is submerged deeply in the tailrace water.
 Due to this arrangement a suction head is created at the exit of the
runner.

30.
Applications of Francis Turbine
 Francis turbine is the most widely used turbine in hydro-power
plants to generate electricity.
 It is efficient over a wide range of water head and flow rate.
 It is most efficient hydro-turbine we have till date.
 Large Francis turbine is distinctively designed for the site to
operate at the highest achievable efficiency, typically more than
90%.
 Mixed flow turbine is also used in irrigation water pumping sets
to pump water from ground for irrigation.

31.
 Kaplan Turbine is an axial flow reaction
turbine with adjustable blades. This turbine
was developed in the year 1913 by an Austrian
Professor Viktor Kaplan.
 It is also called as propeller turbine and evolved
from the Francis Turbine.
 It is capable of working at low head and high flow
rates very efficiently which is impossible with
Francis turbine.
 The working range of head at which the Kaplan
turbine works more efficiently is 10 to 70 m.
Kaplan Turbine
What is Kaplan Turbine?

32.
Main Components of Kaplan Turbine
Major Parts are:
1) Scroll Casing
2) Guide Vanes & Guide Mechanism
3) Runner & Runner Blades
4) Draft Tube

33.
Main Components of Kaplan Turbine
1.) Scroll Casing
 It is a spiral type of casing that has decreasing cross section area.
 The water first enters into the scroll casing and then it moves through it to
the guide vanes and finally to the runner blades.
 It protects the runner, runner blades, guide vanes and other internal
parts of the turbine from an external damage.
2.) Guide Vanes & Guide Mechanism
 Guide vanes are used to direct the water to the runner blades smoothly
by decreasing its swirl velocity.
 If guide vanes is absent than the turbine can not work efficiently and its
efficiency decreases.
 The guides are adjustable in Kaplan turbine. Its opening and closing
depends upon the demand of power requirement.

34.
Main Components of Kaplan Turbine
4) Runner & Runner Blades
 Runner is the rotating part of the turbine or we can say that it is the
heart of the Kaplan turbine.
 The runner of the this turbine has a large nose on which its blades
are attached and blades of the runner is adjustable to an optimum
angle of attack for maximum power output.
 The blades of the Kaplan turbine has twist along its length.
5) Draft Tube
 It is a tube which is used to increase the pressure of the fluid or
water that exits the turbine. It has increasing cross section area.
 It converts the kinetic energy of the water into pressure energy as
it passes through draft tube and the pressure of the water
increases.

35.
Working Principle of Kaplan Turbine

36.
Working Principle of Kaplan Turbine
 Firstly, the water from the pen-stock enters into the scroll casing.
 The water moves into the scroll casing and the guide vanes directs the
water from the casing to the blades of the runner.
 The vanes are adjustable and can adjust itself according to the
requirement of flow rate. As the water moves over the blades it starts
rotating due to reaction force of the water.
 From the runner blades, the water enters into the draft tube where its
pressure energy and kinetic energy decreases. Actually here the K.E. is
gets converted into pressure energy results in increased pressure of the
water.
 Finally the water discharged to the trail race.
 The rotation of the turbine is used to rotate the shaft of generator for
electricity production and for some other mechanical work.

37.
Applications of Kaplan Turbine
 Kaplan turbines are widely used
throughout the world for electrical
power production where water is
available at low head and at higher
flow rates.
 It can work more efficiently at low
water head and high flow rates as
compared with other types of turbines

38.
Limitations of Kaplan Turbine
The only disadvantage of Kaplan turbine is cavitation, which
occurs due to pressure drop in draft tube.
Use of draft tube and proper material generally stainless steel for
the runner blades may reduce the cavitation problem to a greater
extent.
What is Cavitation?
Difference in the pressure of water entering the turbine and that exists after
striking the runner blades is too high. Due to this pressure difference the air
molecules which are relatively at high pressure then water coming out, enters
the turbine casing in the form of bubbles. These bubble keeps on exploding
near the surface of the runner blades continuously causing a shock wave,
which producesa kind of defect at runners surface called cavitation

39.
Pumps
Contents
Centrifugal Pump
Submersible Pump

40.
Centrifugal Pump
 Centrifugal pump is a hydraulic machine which
converts mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy (i.e. pressure energy) by the use of
centrifugal force acting on the fluid.
 The centrifugal pump flows in a radial
outward direction. Therefore, the pump acts
like a reverse reaction turbine.
What is Centrifugal Pump?

41.
Main Parts of a
Centrifugal Pump

42.
Main Parts of a
Centrifugal Pump
The major parts of a centrifugal pump are:
1. Shaft
2. Impeller
3. Casing
4. Suction Pipe
5. DeliveryPipe
1) Shaft
 It is a central part of the pump which is rotating
with the impeller is connected.
 The shaft is coupled to the prime mover to get the power.
 The shaft fits with the ball bearing.
The major parts of a centrifugal pump are:
1. Shaft
2. Impeller
3. Casing
4. Suction Pipe
5. DeliveryPipe
1) Shaft
 It is a central part of the pump which is rotating
with the impeller is connected.
 The shaft is coupled to the prime mover to get the power.
 The shaft fits with the ball bearing.

43.
Main Parts of a
Centrifugal Pump
2) Impeller
 It consists of a series of backward curved vanes.
 It is mounted to the shaft of an electric motor.
 An impeller is a rotating part of the centrifugal pump.
 It enclosed in a watertight casing.
3) Casing
 It is an airtight passage surrounding the impeller.
 It is designed in such a way that the kinetic energy of the
water discharged at the outlet is converted into pressure
energy before the water leaves the casing and enters the
delivery pipe.
 The casing works as a cover to protect the system.

44.
Main Parts of a
Centrifugal Pump
4) Suction Pipe
 The suction pipe has two ends.
 One end is connected to the inlet of the pump and
the other dips into the water in a sump.
 A foot valve fits at the lower end of the suction pipe.
 The foot valve is one-way type of valve that only opens in an upward
direction.
 A strainer is also fitted at the end of the suction pipe to prevent the
entry of foreign bodies into the suction pipe.
5) Delivery Pipe
 The delivery pipe has two ends.
 One end is connected to the outlet of the pump and the other end
delivers the water at a required height.

45.
Working Principle of
Centrifugal Pump

46.
Working Principle of
Centrifugal Pump
 The pump works on the principle of the forced vortex flow.
 The forced vortex flow means when a mass of liquid is rotating by an
external torque, the rise in pressure head of the rotating liquid takes
place.
 The rises in pressure head at any point is directly proportional to the
square of the tangential velocity of the liquid at that point.
 Therefore, the rise in pressure head is more at the outlet of the impeller
and the liquid will discharge with a high-pressure head at the outlet.
 Due to this, the high-pressure head of the liquid can be lifted to a high
level.

47.
How Liquid is Lifted to High Level?
 At the outlet of the impeller, radius
is more and because of this the rise
in the pressure head also becomes
more.
 Hence, the liquid at the outlet
discharged with a high pressure
head.
 And because of this high pressure
head, the liquid can be lifted to a
very high level.

48.
Applications of
Centrifugal Pump
Agricultural and Irrigation purpose.
 In Petroleum Installation to pump oil.
 Hydraulic Control system.
 Transferring new material.
 Pumping of water in building.
 Fire Fighting.

49.
Submersible Pump
 A submersible pump is a mechanical equipment
that works by pushing the water toward the
surface instead of pulling it.
 It has a hermetically sealed motor connected to
the pump body that helps to push the fluid toward
the surface.
 It is a most famous type of the centrifugal pump.
 A submersible pump mainly uses to pump the
water from the wells.
What is a Submersible Pump?

50.
Construction of a
Submersible Pump

51.
Main Parts of a
Submersible Pump
The main parts are:
 Head
 Shaft
 Upper bearing
 Casing
 Impeller
 Diffuser
 Lower bearing

52.
Working Principle of
Submersible Pump

53.
Working Principle of
Submersible Pump
 A submersible water pump is a machine that is linked with a completely sealed
motor.
 It is a type of centrifugal pump and so its working is very similar to other types
of centrifugal pumps.
 Submersible pumps submerge entirely in the water. During the working of the
submersible water pump, it pushes the water toward the surface.
 As the water of well or reservoir enters into the pump by the foot valve, it
strikes the impeller. An impeller is a rotatory unit that has multiple fixed
blades.
 This impeller is connected with an electric motor through a shaft. The impeller
rotates with the rotation of the shaft.

54.
Working Principle of
Submersible Pump
 As the water strikes the blades of the impeller, the blades convert the water
kinetic energy into speed and increase the speed of the water.
 After passing through the impeller, the water enters into the diffuser, which
further transforms the speed of the water into pressure energy.
 In this way, the diffuser increases desired pressure of the water. After that,
pressurized water discharges through the outlet valve of the pump.
 In this way, submersible pumps push the water towards the surface.

55.
Applications of
Submersible Pump
 Submersible pumps are used for dewatering, oil production, drinking water
supply, irrigation applications.
 These pumps work in wells, drains, and wet wells. Multiple stage
submersible pumps are typically lowered down a borehole and most
typically used for residential, commercial, municipal and industrial water
extraction, water wells and in oil wells.
 This pump can also use in plants and pools. Pools usually use submersible
water pumps to pump sewage that enters homes and other buildings,
building lots, and sewers.