Coleccion bicentenario-libro-de-ingles-4to-ano

Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías
Comandante Supremo de la Revolución Bolivariana
Nicolás Maduro Moros
Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela
Jorge Alberto Arreaza Montserrat
Vicepresidente Ejecutivo de la República Bolivariana
de Venezuela
Maryann del Carmen Hanson Flores
Ministra del Poder Popular para la Educación
Maigualida del Valle Pinto Iriarte
Viceministra de Programas de Desarrollo Académico
Trina Aracelis Manrique
Viceministra de Participación y Apoyo Académico
Conrado Jesús Rovero Mora
Viceministro para la Articulación de la
Educación Bolivariana
Viceministro de Desarrollo para la Integración de la
Educación Bolivariana
Directora General de Currículo
Neysa Yrama Navarro
Directora General (E) de Educación Media y Técnica
Inglés
Cuarto Año
Nivel de Educación Media del Subsistema de Educación Básica
Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de este material sin
autorización del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación
DISTRIBUCIÓN GRATUITA
© Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación
www.me.gob.ve
Esquina de Salas, Edi8cio Sede, parroquia Altagracia,
Caracas, Distrito Capital
Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación, 2013
Primera edición: Mayo 2013
Tiraje: 400.000 ejemplares
Depósito Legal: lf51620134281791
ISBN: 978-980-218-364-7
República Bolivariana de Venezuela
Coordinación General de la Colección Bicentenario
Maryann del Carmen Hanson Flores
CoordinaciónPedagógicadelaColecciónBicentenario
Coordinación General Logística y de Distribución de la
Colección Bicentenario
Franklin Alfredo Albarrán Sánchez
Coordinación Logística
Deyanira D’Jesús Urbáez Salazar
Jhonny José Quintero Páez
Yrene Lucrecia Duarte Hurtado
Coordinación General de la serie Inglés
Rosa López de D’Amico
Coordinación Editorial
Isabel C. Faneyth Serrano
Autoras y Autores
Yvemar Peraza M.
Yvonne Saulny
Manuel Adrián Arrioja
Ligia Álvarez
Isabel Carrillo
Belkys Blanco
Gretel Hernández
Josil Jose8na Murillo
Asesoría Curricular
Jorge Enrique González
Andrés Carmelo Algara
Ligia Álvarez
Yvemar Peraza M.
Isabel Carrillo
Corrección de Lenguaje
Mark Gregson
Coordinación de Arte
Gilberto Abad VIvas
Diseño Grá8co
Gilberto Abad Vivas
Diagramación
Kelly Gerardin Calderón Labrador
Ilustración
Braulio González
José Alberto Lostalé
José Ángel Díaz
Julio César Aguiar
Morelys Rivas Fonseca
Rafael Pacheco Rangel
Rosanna Galucci
Samuel González
Víctor Silva
Yassamy Moreno Pérez
Suministro de papel: INVEPAL

A las y los docentes
My Fourth Victory es un libro hecho con mucho amor y profesionalismo, especialmente para
nuestras y nuestros estudiantes, así como también para ustedes estimadas y estimados colegas.
Como docentes especialistas en la enseñanza de idiomas modernos, nos ha preocupado la
enseñanza del idioma inglés, en nuestros centros educativos desde hace algún tiempo. Es por esto que nos
hemos esmerado en elaborar este hermoso material para ayudarles, junto con su experiencia y su bagaje
de conocimientos, a cumplir con esta ardua tarea, como es el enseñar un idioma extranjero. Es algo que
va más allá de plani8car las actividades, dar una clase, asignar una tarea, evaluar a través de una prueba,
de reunirse con las y los representantes para conversar acerca del rendimiento estudiantil. Se trata de que
a esta persona que tendremos en nuestras manos, la ayudemos a conocer sus talentos, a desarrollar sus
habilidades, a potenciar sus conocimientos, a valorar lo suyo y a trabajar para mejorarlo y hacerlo más
grande al pasar el tiempo. En este libro, creamos diferentes actividades y temas para lograr tales objetivos,
asumiendo que nuestras y nuestros estudiantes son cada vez más exigentes y que podemos hacerlos
conocedores de sus deberes y derechos, merecedores de lo mejor.
Cada tema introductorio fue seleccionado con tópicos interesantes para ser desarrollados con
sencillez en una discusión sana y enriquecedora, en la cual se promueva la exposición de opiniones con
respeto a las opiniones de los demás. La idea es que vean el idioma inglés como un medio para adquirir
conocimientos. Que podamos transmitirles el mensaje de que al hablar, entender, leer y escribir en inglés,
aumenta su nivel de comunicación, a tal punto, que puedan estar al día con lo que ocurre a nivel mundial
y a su vez puedan transmitir lo de su entorno a personas de otros países, pues este idioma nos abre las
puertas al mundo.
Así, pues, estimadas y estimados colegas, aquí está el fruto de un gran esfuerzo para contribuir en
esta loable labor de educar y formar al ciudadano que nuestra patria necesita, los cuales sean proactivos,
comunícativos, reMexivos, que amen y de8endan la patria venezolana, para hacerlo cada vez mejor,
tomando en cuenta lo importante que es el vivir bien.

A el (la) estudiante
Querido (a) estudiante:
Bienvenido a cuarto año! Un año maravilloso donde vas a continuar aumentando tu nivel de
conocimiento, conversarás sobre las diferentes carreras que te ofrece nuestro sistema de estudios y
de otros temas que ocurren a nivel mundial que nos afectan como habitantes de este planeta.
Este libro fue especialmente diseñado para ti con mucho amor y dedicación. Contiene temas
actuales, sencillos y sobre todo de interés para ti y para todos. Cada lección tiene el propósito de mostrarte
la información de manera sencilla para que accedas a los contenidos con facilidad. Podrás notar que se
presentan varios temas con diversos tipos de ejercicios que ayudan a desarrollar y 8jar cada situación.
El idioma inglés, como ya lo sabes, tiene varias características que debes recordar siempre para facilitar
su adquisición: se escribe de una manera y se pronuncia de otra, la(s) palabra(s) que describe(n) va(n)
delante del sustantivo, y algunas otras que seguramente ya has ido descubriendo. Lo que debes tener
presente es que es un medio para comunicarte diferente al tuyo. Y que como tal, debes familiarizarte con
todos los aspectos aunque te parezcan extraños. Solo ten en cuenta que son diferentes.
Este año que ya tienes conocimiento del idioma que has adquirido en primero, segundo y tercer
año, tenemos el GLOSSARY en inglés y unas interesantes lecturas adicionales al 8nal del libro. Todo esto
para complementar tu formación integral.
Esimportantequeestésenteradodetodaslasposibilidadesquetienescuandohablas,comprendes,
lees y escribes en inglés. Además de estar en armonía con tu entorno escolar, pues es una asignatura más,
estás en contacto con el mundo entero: puedes recibir y dar información a nivel mundial. Este es el idioma
que se usa para todas las transacciones comerciales, comunicaciones en el campo aeronáutico, cientí8co
y en todas las carreras donde pueda tener inherencia la tecnología actual. Así pues, te invito a aprovechar
disfrutar esta edición y, a la vez te exhorto a que te prepares cada vez mejor para que asumas tu rol en
la sociedad que tanto te necesita y espera por ti y tu aporte para hacer de esta una PATRIA GRANDE,
segura y productiva.

Índice
Lesson 6 - I haven t / She hasn t / I hadn t 48

CONTENIDOS Y PROPÓSITOS DE 4° AÑO
UNIDAD PROPÓSITOS LECCIONES GRAMÁTICA
1
I will…
REPASO DE 3er AÑO:
Futuro.
01- I’ll be a great…
Presente continuo.
Futuro “going to”. Will.
Cláusulas with “if” and “when”
Where…?I
What…?
Who did you… with?
Should
Have to…
02- I’ll be…if I…
03- My holidays…
2
…but not
anymore.
Hablar y escribir acerca de
eventos que solían llevarse
a cabo en el pasado, causa
y efecto, experiencias.
ReMexionar acerca de
experiencias y eventos del
pasado su relación con la
realidad y que podemos
hacer para transformarlo.
04- Did you know
what…?
Used to. Pasado simple.
Presente perfecto. Pasado
perfecto. Por qué…, porque…
Conjunciones: Conectores:
según su función: adición,
contraste, resultado, propósito.
Adverbs: ever, always, never, etc
Prepositions: for since
05- Joining…
06- I haven’t / She
hasn’t / I hadn’t…
3
Who…?
Comentar y escribir acerca
de conMictos comunes
entre padres e hijos.
Valorar la buena
comunicación en la familia
y la comunidad para
fortalecer valores de amor
y respeto hacía una cultura
de paz
07-…by yourself.
Pronombres: reMexivos,
posesivos, objetivos, etc.
Adjetivos.
Pronombres relativos: who,
which, where, whose, etc. Primer
condiciona:
If I… verb (present tense) …I
will+verb (base form)…
Cláusulas negativas y
a8rmativas. Preguntas (simples
y de información), respuestas.
08- He is the one
who…
09- Who…?
4
Connditions…?
ReMexionar acerca de
situaciones probables y
condiciones.
Comentar y escribir
oraciones acerca de
situaciones imposibles
de modi8car pues ya
ocurrieron
Analizar y buscar posibles
soluciones a situaciones
presentadas que
puedan contribuir con
la transformación de la
realidad.
10- If I…
Segundo condicional:
If … +verb (past form)…, …
would+verb (base form)…
Review of past tense verbs.
Review of past participles.
Tercer condicional If …had
+verb (past participle form)…,
… would have +verb (past
participle form)…
11- What would…
if…?
12- It wouldn’t have
happened if I…

CONTENIDOS Y PROPÓSITOS DE 4° AÑO
5
It…
Utilizar Valorar el uso“it”en
expresiones que muestran
habilidad, percepción,
arrepentimiento y acuerdo.
Utilizar otros usos de“it”en
diálogos y párrafos cortos.
13- It’s easy for me
to…
It+verb to be+adjective to…
It +verb+to me(that)
It+verb to be+adjective/ adverb.
It+verb to be+adjective
What is the weather like?
14- It seems to me
(that)..
15- It’s sunny.
6
Actions
Utilizar estructuras en
forma tanto oral como
escrita con verbos seguidos
de:
-in8nitivo
-nombre o pronombre
-verbo-ing
16- She oWered to…
…o.er to (verb)…
…makes me to (verb)…
…mind verb-ing …
17- He wants me
to…
18- We enjoy reading
…
7
…,right?
Usar preguntas de
con8rmación al 8nal de la
oración.
19-…,are you?
…,aren’t you? …,are you?
…,is she? …,isn’t she?
…,don’t you? …,do you?
...haven’t you?´…,hasn’t she?
…will you? …,won’t you?
Todos los tiempos verbales
estudiados.
20-…,do you?..
21-…,have you?
8
…built by…
Utilizar la Voz Pasiva en
conversaciones y párrafos
para relatar hechos que
“alguien”lleva a cabo.
Asimismo, contrastar con
Voz Activa.
22- …is made by… …is made by…
It is made of…
…is being made by…
was made by…
…was being made by…
…has been made by…
…willl be made by…
Is … made by…?
Was… made by?
(Todos los cambios en los
tiempos verbales señalados)
23- …was made
by…
24- …willl be made
by…

Unit One: I will...8
Read the following paragraph
“The future starts today, not tomorrow”.
When choosing a career, students should consider certain aspects related to their interests, abilities, and
working preferences. Therefore when selecting a career, students should not choose a career at random
or based on tradition. It must be the result of a reMection about knowing themselves, the current study
opportunities locally and nationally, motivation, awareness of the occupational world, and so on. When
choosing a career, they are also deciding what their future job will be and how they will be part of the
working force for the development of their country. For further information they can visit the web site of
the National Universities Council in which they could 8nd the universities, careers and national training
programs available in Venezuela.
http://loeu.opsu.gob.ve/
AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE
1. When choosing a career you should follow your abilities.
2. You have to ask your friends for their preferences, when choosing a career.
3. You have to study the most common career in your country.
4. There are two areas of knowledge.
5. There is no webpage information about careers in your country.
6. The study opportunities information in Venezuela is restricted.
Basic Sciences
Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Based on the previous paragraph, write T (True) or F (False) in the following statements. Correct the false
ones. Support your statements.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
Sea and Agro Sciences
Health Science
Education Science
Social Science
Humanities, Letters and Arts
Science and Military Arts
B. ACTIVATING YOUR MIND

Unit One: I will... 9
Alicia I really don’t know what to study.
Diego Where would you like to work?
Alicia You mean, where will I work?
Diego Yes, where do you see yourself in the future?
Alicia Um… I am curious about oil. I’d like to work at PDVSA.
Diego Good point! Now, there are many working areas in
PDVSA.
Alicia Where can I get that information?
Diego Check the webpage of PDVSA and later visit the
webpage of the OPSU study opportunities book.
Read the dialogue. Practice it with a partner.
PURPOSE EXPLANATION
1. PREDICTIONS
WILL + VERB is used for predictions or statements of facts
about the future.
2. INTENTIONS
BE + GOING TO + VERB is used in talking about a plan for
the future that somebody had in mind.
3. ARRANGEMENTS
BE + VERB-ING is used in talking about a plan for the future
that somebody discussed with someone else.
C. NOW LET´S PRACTICE
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS: FUTURE TENSES

10 Unit One: I will...
EXAMPLES
1.Will all the students register at the OPSU national
university entry system by the end of this week?
- Yes, they will. They will register in the OPSU web
page.
- No, they won’t. They will do it next week.
2. Are you going to study engineering?
- Yes. I am going to study chemical engineering.
- No, I am not. I’m going to study law.
3. Are you doing anything special tomorrow?
- Yes I’m taking the vocational test tomorrow
morning.
- No, I’m not. I’m staying home.
Some Technical Careers
Air tra>c controller
A person who controls the Mow
of airplanes in an airport.
Aeronautical Station Operator
They receive and send messages
in the airport.
Search and Rescue O>cer
Theyorganizespecialoperations
of rescue after an air accident.
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions. ReMect about it
There many universities and technical
institutes in Venezuela where you can
study many diWerent careers. They are
classi8edinpublicandprivateuniversities
/ institutes. The list is extensive and
you can 8nd them in the OPSU study
opportunities book. You will be surprised
by the variety that you can 8nd there.
UBV – UCV – UNERG – UPEL – UNEFA
- UCLA - UNES ULA – UNELLEZ – LUZ
– UDS – UNEY – UNEXPO – IUAC – UC
– USB - UMC – CULTCA – UNA – UPT –
UNESR – CUC – UDO -UMBV – UNEFM
– UNEG – UNEARTE – IUTB – IUTET –
CUHELAV
Why do think people study short or long careers?
What does each acronym stand for?
F. READING AND REFLECTING
E. VOCABULARY

11Unit One: I will...
Complete the following statements with a career and the name of the university or institute.
1. I am going to study _______________ at __________________________.
2. Berta is going to study _______________ because she is good at_______.
3.Elviswillstudy_______________because__________________________.
4. Luis is checking the web page for technical careers. He’d like __________.
Inés Will you take the vocational test?
Alberto Vocational test? What test is that?
Inés It is the test that helps us to identify our abilities!
Alberto Really? How come?
Inés It is an electronic test with items that will show your
tendency for a speci8c area of knowledge.
Alberto That will be helpful. I’ll take it.
Inés We all have to take it!
G. LET’S APPLY
According to a report by UNESCO, Venezuela has
Latin America’s second-highest rate of enrollment in
higher education: 83 percent. This 8gure rivals that
of developed countries like Finland (92 percent).The
average rate of enrollment for the region stands at
29.6 percent.
http://venezuela-us.org/educacion-en-numeros/
H. DISCUSS AND REFLECT

Complete the chart in your notebook. Write the statement in the required tense.
FUTURE GOING TO SIMPLE FUTURE
1. I’m going to study Chemistry. 1.
2. 2. She will enroll in UNEARTE.
3. He is going to study at the Venezuela Military
Academy.
3.
4. 4. They will study environmental engineering.
Listen to the teacher and identify the statements according to the purpose of the speaker.
Prediction Intention Arrangement
Check about Venezuelan’s universities in the
following link.You will 8nd a list of public and
private universities / institutes.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Universidades_
de_Venezuela
I. ACTIVATING YOUR MIND
J. ALL EARS

Medicine
TelecommunicationsEngineering
SpecialEducation
InternationalStudies
PoliticalScience
ComputerScience
ManagementDisaster
Sports Science Sociology
InternationalBusiness
CivilEngineering
PhysicalTherapy
PhysicalEducation
SocialWork
Law
Biology Architecture Languages Arts
Journalism Psychology Veterinary English
Education Biochemistry Pharmacy History
Economy Administration Mathematics Statistics
Nursing Accounting Nutrition Geology
Agriculture Management Dentistry Music
Choose one of these careers and write about it. Then report to the class.
In your notebook, write questions to the following answers.
1. _______________? 1. I’ll study in my hometown.
2. _______________? 2. He’s going to study to be a 8re8ghter.
3. _______________? 3. Yes. She is going to choose accounting.
4. _______________? 4. No, they won’t. They will study hospitality and tourism.
L. ASK ME...
K. LET S CREATE

Read the proverbs and talk about them. Support your statements.
LET´S HAVE FUN
b. Taxi driver d. Fishermanc. Hairdresser
g. Cook h. Tailor
e. Seamstress
i. Plumber j. Farmer
a. Homemaker
f. Janitor
“Whatever your life’s work is, do it well. A man should do his job so well that the
living, the dead, and the unborn could do it no better”.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
“Work digni8es a person’s life, or at least it should”
Proverb.
Match the pictures with the jobs. Write the letter on the line given.

16
Look at the mind map.
“A sound mind in a sound body”.
“Mens sana in corpore sano”.
“The greatest wealth is health”
Virgil
Health is the general condition of a person’s mind and body, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury
or pain (as in“good health”or“healthy”).TheWorld Health Organization (WHO) de8ned health in its broader
sense as“a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
or in8rmity”. Health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of
health science, but also through the eWorts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society.
The main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment,
and the person’s individual characteristics and behavior.
What is this reading about?
Now answer these questions.
1. What does it mean to be in good health?
2. Are you in good health?
A. LET’S EXPLORE!

Jorge Lifestyle is very important to have quality of life.
Josil What do you mean?
Jorge We need to practice exercise, eat healthy food and have
a positive attitude.
Josil So if we eat healthy food and exercise regularly we will
have good health.
Jorge It does help, but there are other elements.
Josil Like what?
Jorge You have to reduce stress and get enough sleep at night.
Read the dialogue and practice it with a partner
CONDITIONAL IF CLAUSE
Type I: condition possible to ful8ll
if clause main clause
Simple Present will-future (or Modal + verb)
EXAMPLES
1. Will you change your eating habits if your doctor asks you to go on a healthy diet?
Yes. If my doctor asks me to go on a healthy diet I will change my eating habits.
2. What will you do if you want to lose weight very soon?
If I want to lose weight very soon, I will start doing regular exercise .
QUESTION
Will + subject+ verb + complement if + subject + verb + complement?
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

Read the following quote.
Live in rooms full of light
Avoid heavy food
Be moderate in the drinking of wine
Take massage, baths, exercise, and gymnastics
Fight insomnia with gentle rocking or the sound of running water
Change surroundings and take long journeys
Strictly avoid frightening ideas
Indulge in cheerful conversation and amusements
Listen to music.
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
What elements do you need to consider if you want to have a healthy life according to Cornelius? Is there
a balance in the activities he mentions?
E. VOCABULARY

Read the following clauses. In your notebook write the other clause to get meaningful statements.
1. If I want to be healthy,
________________________ .
2. Will you exercise daily
________________________ ?
3. If Thomas gets enough sleep every night,
________________________ .
4. What leisure activity will you do
________________________?
Look at the picture. Read the following quote.
“Everyone should be his own physician. We ought to assist and not force nature.
Eat with moderation what agrees with your constitution. Nothing is good for the
body but what we can digest. What medicine can produce digestion? Exercise.
What will recruit strength? Sleep. What will alleviate incurable ills? Patience”.
Voltaire
Why do you think Voltaire refers to nutrition, exercise and patience as related to health? Support your
statements.
G. LET’S APPLY

The groundwork of all happiness is health.
James Leigh Hunt
To keep the body in good health is a duty,
otherwise we shall not be able to keep our
mind strong and clear.
Buddha
“If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not
too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health.”
Hippocrates
“Lack of activity destroys the good condition of every human being, while movement
and methodical physical exercise save it and preserve it.”
Plato
“The doctor of the future will no longer treat the human frame with drugs, but rather
will cure and prevent disease with nutrition.”
Thomas Edison
Translate the following quotes into spanish. Discuss them. In your notebook, write a list of the pieces of
advice they suggest.
Dictation
Listen to your teacher carefully and write the sentences in your notebook.
J. ALL EARS

Key determinants of an individual’s health.
Lifestyle: personal decisions that can be said to
contribute to balance, or lead to unhealthy imbalance.
Environmental factors: all those related to health
external to the human body and over which the
individual has little or no control;
Biomedical factors: all aspects of health, physical
and mental, developed within the human body as
inMuenced by genetic characteristics.
In your notebook, write a dialogue based on the following quote.
“If you have health, you probably will be happy, and if you have health and
happiness, you have all the wealth you need, even if it is not all you want.”
Elbert Hubbard
K. LET’S CREATE

In your notebook write three questions related to the following passage.
Recreation is an activity of leisure (or free time, which is spent away from business, work,
and domestic chores). It also excludes time spent on necessary activities such as eating,
sleeping and, where it is compulsory, education. Recreation is an essential element of
human being. Recreational activities are often done for amusement, or pleasure.
Read the following rhyme and practice it with your partner.Then create or 8nd a rhyme based on the topic
of this lesson.
The best six doctors anywhere
And no one can deny it
Are sunshine, water, rest, and air
Exercise and diet.
These six will gladly you attend
If only you are willing
Your mind they’ll ease
Your will they’ll mend
And charge you not a shilling.
Nursery rhyme quoted by Wayne Fields, What the River Knows, 1990.
L. ASK ME...
LET´S HAVE FUN

24
Lesson 3
My holidays...
I will...
“Actions speak louder than words”.
Look at the following words.
RELIGIOUS CELEBRATION OCTOBER 12th
FUN VACATION
EASTER MARCH 19th
CARNIVAL NICE JAN 1st
MAY 1st
JUNE 24th
JANUARY 15th
COOL MARCH 8th
TRAVEL PUBLIC HOLIDAYS SHARE DEC. 31st
JULY 5th
APRIL 19th
AUGUST 3rd
ENJOY APRIL 23rd
NATIONAL DAY DECEMBER 17th
RELAX APRIL 22nd
NOV. 18th
FEB. 12th
JULY 24th
SLEEP CHRISTMAS
Read the passage and answer the questions below
A holiday is a day set aside by custom or by law in which normal activities, especially business or work, are
suspended or reduced. Generally holidays are intended to allow individuals to celebrate or commemorate
something of cultural or religious signi8cance. Holidays may be designated by governments, religious
institutions, or other groups or organizations. The concept of holidays has most often originated as
religious observances. The intention of a holiday was typically to allow individuals to tend to religious
duties associated with important dates on the calendar. In most modern societies, holidays serve as much
of a recreational function as anything else.
What is a holiday?
Who designates a holiday?
What was the purpose of celebrating a holiday in the past?
What do people do on holidays?
What do they suggest to you?
A. LET’S EXPLORE!

Practice the following dialogue with a partner.
Alex Where did you go on your last vacation?
Yanire I went to Mochima National Park.
Flor Cool! In my case I went to the Andes.
Ciro How nice! We breathed pure air in Canaima.
Alex Great! You all had time to visit nice places. We went to the Capanaparo river.
Ciro If I have the chance next year, I’ll go there. I love rivers.
INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH IF CLAUSE TYPE I
WH - WORD + WILL + SUBJECT + VERB + IF CLAUSE?
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

1. What will you see if you go to the Capanaparo River?
If you go to the Capanaparo River, you will see a very diverse
fauna and the Marisela monument, the one from the famous
Rómulo Gallegos’novel.
EXAMPLES
2. Where will you go for carnival if you have the opportunity
to decide?
If I have the opportunity to decide, I will go to El Callao to
enjoy the famous carnival.
3.What will Henry have to do if he wants to get to the highest
station in Merida’s cable car?
If he wants to get to the highest station, he will have to
remember to slow down the pace to get used to the altitude.

Now, let’s learn about the diWerent holidays we celebrate in our country.
Read the following passage about the classi8cation of holidays.
National holidays: Nations and
territories observe holidays based
on events of signi8cance to their
history. For example, Venezuelans
celebrate Independence Day, on
July 5th
with military parades.
Secular holidays: Several secular
holidaysareobserved,suchasEarth
Day or Arbor Day, internationally,
and across multi-country regions,
ofteninconjunctionwithinternational
organizations. But they are not
strictly holidays as time oW work
is rarely given. E.g., World Physical
Activity day is April 6th
Religious holidays: Many holidays
are linked to faith and religion.
Christian holidays are de8ned as
part of the liturgical year.The main
ones are Easter and Christmas.
Name some other holidays in Venezuela, when and how we celebrate them.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate information.
1. If you go to La Victoria, Aragua State on February 12th
, you ________(see) the parade.
2. We will participate in La Paradura del Niño if you __________ in The Andes on February 2nd
.
3. If people want to ________the beach for carnival, they will have to plan it in advance.
National holidaySecular holiday Religious holiday
April 19th
,1810
Independence day.
Woman’s day March 8th
The Nativity scene / The Manger
(Christmas) December 25th
E. VOCABULARY
G. LET’S APPLY

‘holiday’Etymology:
The word holiday is derived from the
notion of“Holy Day”.
It originally referred to special religious
days. In modern use, it means any special
day of rest or relaxation, as opposed to
normal days away from work or school.
In your notebook, translate the following statements into English.
1. ¿Dónde está el aeropuerto más grande de Venezuela?
2. ¿Tomará usted un vuelo si tiene que viajar a Puerto Ayacucho?
3. ¿Cuándo tomará usted sus vacaciones?
4. Si desea acampar en nuestro hermoso país, usted encontrará magní8cos parques nacionales.
Some people inVenezuela like to travel by plane
when they go on vacation. So they use our
modern airports very often. We have national
and international airports. Our biggest one is
Simón Bolívar International Airport in Maiquetía.
Butwealsohaveothersthatreceiveinternational
and national Mights such as Santiago Mariño,
Arturo Michelena, La Chinita, Jacinto Lara, to
mention but a few.
Now it is your turn to share information about
other airports in our country.

Dictation
Listen to your teacher carefully. And write the dictation in your notebook.
In English we can 8nd two connotations of
the word‘holiday’:
a.‘a day oW’. July 5th
is a National Holiday.
b. ‘vacation’. Where will you go on summer
holiday this year?.
Petrica Let’s go to FITVEN this afternoon.
Aníbal FITVEN? What does FITVEN stand for?
Petrica It stands for Venezuela’s International Tourism Fair!
Aníbal Tourism? I didn’t know anything about it.
Petrica It’s wonderful! ______________________________.
Aníbal If I go there, what ___________________________?
Petrica If you go there, you will _______________________.
Aníbal __________________________________________
Read the following conversation and complete the missing information.
J. ALL EARS
K. LET’S CREATE

In your notebook, write questions to the following answers.
1. ____________________________________________________________?
Yes, it is. Recreation is very important for our health.
2. ____________________________________________________________?
Leisure activities provide relaxation and happiness.
3. ____________________________________________________________?
No, we won’t. We will travel by bus.
4. ___________________________________________________________ ?
One of the goals of FITVEN is bringing together an exhibit of all of the Venezuelan cultural diversity
and the warmth of our people in one place.
Write an acrostic poem.
H-
O-
L-
I-
D-
A-
Y-
L. ASK ME...
LET´S HAVE FUN

Unit Two: ...but not anymore.32
“The past remembered is a good guide for the future”.
Look at the picture. Read the following dialogue.
Did you know that Venezuela’s 8rst name was the United States of Venezuela?
Wow! I didn’t know that.
Yes. And did you know that we used to have more land than what we have now?
Really? How is that?
Well, in 1941, President Eleazar López Contreras signed a land border treaty with
the president of Colombia and we lost 108,000 km ².
That’s a pity!
Map of Venezuela of 1890
1. ____________________________________________________________?
Venezuela’s 8rst name was the United States of Venezuela.
2. ____________________________________________________________?
We lost 108,000 km ² of land.
3. ____________________________________________________________?
Eleazar López Contreras was.
Write the questions to the following answers.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!
Isabel:
Diana:
Isabel:
Diana:
Isabel:
Diana:
Eleazar López Contreras

Unit Two: ...but not anymore. 33
Manuel: Did you know that Venezuela used to have a diWerent
constitution?
Daniel: Yes, the one from 1961.
Manuel: Yes, but there used to be others.
Daniel: Really? How many constitutions have we had?
Manuel: We have had 20 constitutions.
Daniel: Wow, that’s too many!
Manuel: Yes, I know.
Read the dialogue and practice it with a partner.
Constitution of the States of Venezuela
First Federal Constitution
December 21 1811
USED TO
EXAMPLES
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
used to + in8nitive
didn’t use to + in8nitive
Did + subject + use to + in8nitive
Used to:
to talk about a habit or regular activity in the past that doesn’t happen now.
to describe situations in the past which don’t exist now.
Abrmative: Venezuela used to have another name.
Negative: Venezuela didn’t use to be the size it is now.
Questions: Did we use to have another constitution?
He used to collect stamps.
Our Mag and shield used to be diWerent.
There used to be less trabc than today.

34 Unit Two: ...but not anymore.
This used to be the Manzanares River in the 1900s.
Essolene used to bring gasoline to Venezuela.
Caracas used to have a trolley.
E. VOCABULARY

35Unit Two: ...but not anymore.
Read the paragraph and complete the sentences.
The United States ofVenezuela was the obcial name of the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela between 1864
and 1953. In 1830, when it is separated from Great Colombia, the country’s obcial name is identi8ed with
the Republic of Venezuela. Its 8rst capital was Valencia and its 8rst president, José Antonio Páez. In 1864,
with the triumph of Federalism, the obcial name became that of the United States of Venezuela, and
remained so until 1953, year in which it retook the name of Republic of Venezuela. In the government
of Hugo Chávez Frías, the name of the nation became Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
1. The 8rst capital of the Republic of Venezuela was____________________.
2. The obcial name of Venezuela in 1864 used to be____________________.
3. Venezuela separated from Great Colombia in_____________________.
ReMect about:
What other things did Venezuela used to have besides a diWerent name?
1.____________________________________________________________.
Abrmative
2.__________________________________________________________.
Negative
3.__________________________________________________________.
Question
G. LET’S APPLY
Follow the instruccions below and write three statements in your notebook.

Roberto: I didn’t know Venezuela’s Mag used to have seven stars.
Susana: Yes. Venezuela also used to be diWerent.
Roberto: What do you mean?
Susana: I mean, it didn’t use to have so much trabc.
Roberto: Yeah, I know. It didn’t use to be so noisy.
Susana: What about what people used to eat then?
Roberto: I don’t know. I guess they used to eat the same food we
eat now.
1863 1905
Great Eastern State (consisted of Barcelona, Cumaná an
Maturin).
Great Guzmán Blanco State (Bolívar, Guárico, Guzmán
Blanco and Nueva Esparta.
Great Carabobo State (Carabobo and Nirgua).
Great State of Los Andes of North West (Barquisimeto
and Yaracuy except the department of Nirgua).
Great State of South West (Cojedes, Portuguesa and
Zamora (Barinas).
Great State of Los Andes (Mérida, Tachira and Trujillo).
Great State of Bolívar (Guayana and Apure).
Great Satate of Falcón Zulia (Zulia and Falcón).

Match the sentences on the left with the sentences on the right. Write the letter on the line given.
1. I used to eat a lot of chocolate but ___ a. now she works in Maracay.
2. Caracas used to have a trolley but___ b. now it has 8.
3. When I was younger, I didn’t use to eat cheese but ___ c. I often used to go to the theater.
4. Venezuela’s Mag used to have 7 stars but ___ d. now it has a subway.
5. When I lived in the city ___ e. now I eat it a lot.
6. Carmen used to work in Caracas but__ f. now I’m on a diet.
Listen carefully and 8ll in the blanks.
Mr. Sánchez ______ ______ collect Venezuelan stamps. He _____ _____ put them in a _______, and his
wife ______ _____ throw them away. Mr. Sánchez _______ them out of the garbage and _______ them
back in the drawer one day _____ ______ to put them in the scrapbook left some ordinary pieces of paper
and his wife ______ _____ them ______. That was the end of this story.
“Used to”vs. Simple Past
Both Simple Past and “Used to” can be used to describe
past habits, past facts and past generalizations; however,
“used to” is preferred when emphasizing these forms
of past repetition in positive sentences. On the other
hand, when asking questions or making negative
sentences, Simple Past is preferred.
Examples:
used to play the piano.
you play the piano when you were young?
did not play the piano when you were young.
J. ALL EARS

Estefanía and Pablo used to go out together. But then Estefanía got tired of Pablo. Describe how things
have changed.
1. __________________________________________________________.
2. __________________________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________________________.
4. __________________________________________________________.
Write questions to the following answers.
1. ___________________________________________________________?
Venezuela used to have eight major states.
2. ___________________________________________________________?
No, she didn’t. My grandmother didn’t use to drive.
3. ___________________________________________________________?
She used to work for PDVSA.
LET´S HAVE FUN
I used to
But now
I always
But I never
I once
But now I
If I could
I would
I never
But I might
I can't
But I can
I won't
But I might
I used to
But now I
Write your own‘used to’poem
L. ASK ME...
K. LET S CREATE

“There’s no place like home.”
Read the f
According to the reading, are the following statementsTrue (T) or False (F)? Correct the false ones. Support
your ideas.
1. Venezuela is mostly bilingual.
2. In addition to Spanish, the Constitution recognizes three indigenous languages.
3. Arab people, in addition to Spanish, speak Italian.
4. Less than 1% of the population speaks indigenous languages.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!

Complete the sentences with these linking words: as a result, so, but, also.
1. I would like to see an old Venezuelan map, _______ let’s go to the library.
2. We want to go around Venezuela; _______ we don’t seem to 8nd the time.
3. Venezuela lost some land. _______, today’s map is diWerent.
4. Our country _______ experienced immigration from other Latin American countries.
Expressing Contrast But, however, although, though, even though, in spite of.
Stating Results Thus, as a result, so.
Adding Further Support Besides, also, moreover, in addition to.
Providing Reasons Because, in order to, so that, since, as, for this reason, therefore.
EXAMPLES
Expressing contrast Although Venezuela lost part of its border, it still has a lot of land.
Stating Results Venezuela is divided into 8 regions As a result, the Mag has 8 stars.
Adding Further Support
In addition to the 23 states, Venezuela has 12 Federal
Dependencies.
Providing Reasons
The stilt houses reminded Américo Vespucio of the city of Venice.
For this reason he named the region Veneziola.
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

Read the paragraph and answer the questions below.
Hinterland is a tributary region, either rural, urban or both, that is closely linked economically with a
nearby town or city. The term is also used to refer to the rural area around a city or town. It is characterized
by a less dense population and infrastructure. In shipping usage, a port’s hinterland is the area that it
serves, both for imports and for exports. The size of a hinterland can depend on geography, but also on
the ease, speed, and cost of transportation between the port and the hinterland. George G. Chisholm
(Handbook of Commercial Geography, 1888) transcribed the German word hinterland (land in back of), as
hinderland, and used it to refer to the backcountry of a port or coastal settlement. By the early 20th century
the backcountry or tributary region of a port was usually called its hinterland.
http://www.britannica.com
1. How is a hinterland linked to a city?
____________________________________________________________.
2. How is the word hinterland used in shipping?
____________________________________________________________.
Which areas does Venezuela have as hinterlands?
Complete the following sentences in your notebook..
1. President Chávez changed the Constitution although…
2. The Constitution says that justice is important as well as…
3. The state is committed to not only protect, but…
4. In addition to the usual three powers, legislative, executive and judiciary, the new constitution adds…
G. LET’S APPLY

The fauna of Carabobo state mainly inhabits the tropical forests, surrounding grassland and mountainous
landscapes. Though a richly inhabited land, the pollution of many of its lakes and rivers has caused the
wildlife of Carabobo to be transformed and mutilated, adapting itself in order to survive. The vast majority
of wildlife that remains is predominately birds due to their ability to be able to My in search of cleaner water.
What can you do in order to save Valencia lake?
Nueva Esparta State (“New Sparta”) is named
for the heroism shown by its inhabitants
during the Venezuelan War of Independence,
deemed similar to that of the Spartan soldiers
of Ancient Greece.

In your notebook, translate the following sentences into English.
1. Además de Los Roques, Venezuela tiene otras islas.
___________________________________________________________.
2. La gasolina en Venezuela es barata porque está subsidiada.
___________________________________________________________.
3. Aunque Venezuela tiene mucha tierra desocupada, la mayoría de su gente vive en Caracas.
___________________________________________________________.
Dictation
Listen to your teacher carefully. Write the sentences in your notebook.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.
Linking words for comparison
as well as, both... and, compared to,
in the same way, likewise, as well, by
comparison, similarly.
Example: Carabobo State is a Central
State as well as Aragua State.
J. ALL EARS

Use the linking words: although, therefore, because, in addition to, besides, but, as a result and so, to write
a paragraph in your notebook about Venezuela.
1. ____________________________________________________________.
No, I don’t. Although I live in Venezuela, I don’t know my territory well.
2. ____________________________________________________________.
In addition to oil, we also export plantain.
3. ____________________________________________________________.
In the 17th century, indigenous people lived in Venezuela as well as many Europeans.
4. ____________________________________________________________.
Venezuela changed as a result of the expansion of the colonial system.
K. LET S CREATE
L. ASK ME...

“No bees, no honey; no work, no money”.
Read the following dialogue.
Renato is having an interview about a job at a restaurant.
Answer these questions about the interview in your notebook.
What jobs are available at the restaurant?
____________________________________________________________.
What position does Renato want to apply for?
____________________________________________________________.
Has Renato had any experience as a waiter?
____________________________________________________________.
What is the main requirement to get the job?
____________________________________________________________.
Interviewer:
Renato:
Interviewer:
Renato:
Interviewer:
Renato:
Interviewer:
Renato:
Interviewer:
Renato:
So, you´re here to apply for the cashier’s position.
Actually, Mr. González, I’d prefer the waiter’s
position, instead.
Have you worked as a waiter before?
Yes. I’ve worked at some restaurants and cafes
around here.
Have you taken any courses related to it?
No, but I’d be willing to.
Well, 8rst of all you need to update your food
handling course. Then we’ll talk again.
Do you mean you’ll hire me?
Only if you have taken the course. Come back as
soon as you do that.
Thank you.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!

Read the dialogue and practice it in groups of three.
Renato is talking to a couple of friends about the job interview he had.
Carlos: Hey! There you are. Where have you been? We’ve been looking for you high and low!
Renato: Hi, Carlos. Hi, Miguel. Really? I had told you about the interview for the part-time job, guys.
Miguel: That’s true! We forgot that. How did it go?
Renato: Not bad. But I have to do a food-handling course before applying for the waiter position.
Carlos: Waiter? I thought you wanted the cashier’s position.
Renato: I made up my mind. I’d like to work in something more dynamic where I can be closer to people.

Present Perfect
Have / Has + past participle
A>rmative form Negative form Interrogative form
You have
done it.
You haven’t
done it.
Have
I
you
done it?
He
She
it
has
He
She
it
hasn’t Has
he
she
it
We
You
They
have
We
You
They
haven’t Have
we
you
they
Examples
A: Where have you worked?
B: I have worked in some hotels since I turned 16. What about Tina? Has
she ever worked?
A: No, she hasn’t. She has only helped me at the restaurant for a couple of
weeks.
Past Perfect
Had + past participle
A>rmative form Negative form Interrogative form
I
You
He
She
it
We
You
They
had done it.
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
hadn’t done it Had
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
done it.
Examples
A: What had you done when our boss arrived?
B: I had changed the beds sheets. What about you? Had you done
everything?
A: No, I hadn’t. I had only watched TV since I arrived.
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

Some part hospitality time jobs
Chef F&B Supervisor Housekeeper Sales assistant
Read the following text and answer the question.
Centros de Capacitación Turística Regionales (CCTR)
CCTR are training centers created by the Bolivarian Government of Venezuela aimed at strengthening
the skills and practical knowledge of the workers of the tourism and hospitality industry. They provide
the tourism system with the necessary improvements to achieve high quality services outside and inside
the country, through hands-on courses, in both operational and administrative areas, such as: cuisine,
room service, marketing and sales, information management, entertainment and recreation, personnel
management and operational training. CCTR oWer their courses in the following State-run hotels:
Hotel Venetur Maracaibo in Zulia
Hotel Venetur Puerto La Cruz in Anzoátegui.
Hotel Venetur Margarita in Nueva Esparta.
Hotel Venetur Alba Caracas in Distrito Capital.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate tense.
1. Renato _____________ (8nish) his food handler course already.
2. He _______________ (study) there since Mr. González ____________ (interview) him.
3. Mr. González wanted to hire him that day, but he __________ (not/take) the course when he had
the interview.
4. He _________ (think) about taking a cooking course the following month.
E. VOCABULARY
G. LET’S APPLY

Here are some of the reasons why a career in hospitality is great. Read the six ones that are given and say
what the last two refer to.
Reasons why hospitality jobs are great
You make people’s day
Your business is all about people. It’s about making people happy.
It’s creative
Hospitality is creative. You are creating a product — be that food,
drink, or an experience — and there’s always new ways of making
it more enjoyable for your customers.
It opens a door to the world
Every country has a hospitality industry, and the skills you learn
here are readily transferable, meaning that a career in hospitality
can very easily be the key to discovering new countries, new
culture and new people.
There’s no need to get stuck
In the space of a few years, you may move between receptionist
jobs, reservations manager to concierge and beyond. Where else
could you get that sort of variety?
You can take on early responsibility
If you work hard, acquire your quali8cations, get on with customers
and colleagues, and show initiative, very soon you’ll 8nd yourself in
a senior position managing people and projects.
Not 9-5
It involves a great deal of variety, not only in terms of the hours you
work, but also the work you do during those hours.
Explain:
Great atmosphere
It’s a safe bet
(Retrieved from: http://www.caterer.com/careers-advice/life-at-work)

Venezuela is one of South America’s most diverse
countries, featuring 25 diWerent eco-systems
that encompass mountains, rain forests, savanna
and coastal reefs. The Amazon and the Orinoco,
two of the world’s major rivers, are in our blessed
country, too.
In your notebook, translate the following statements into English.
1. ¿Dónde has trabajado?
___________________________________________________________.
2. Reina había decidido optar por el cargo de Gerente de Mercadeo y Ventas.
___________________________________________________________.
3. Él ha contratado tres personas a medio tiempo.
___________________________________________________________.
4. ¿Qué hace un camarero?
___________________________________________________________.
Listen to the order in the description of these jobs and number them.
Housekeeper
FB manager
Sales Assistant
Chef
J. ALL EARS

Present perfect:
An action that started in the past and continues to
the present:
I have lived in this city for six months.
An action that happened before now (unspeci8ed
time)
I have been to Japan twice.
Past perfect:
An action that happened before a time in the past
This morning, I discovered that I had left my
computer on the night before.
In pairs, write your own conversation in your notebook. You are in a job interview for a FB position at a 5
star hotel.
Write questions to the following answers in your notebook.
1. ___________________? Yes. I have taken some hospitality training courses.
2. ___________________? He’d like to apply for the cashier’s position.
3. ___________________? No, she has never worked.
4. ___________________? Because he hadn’t taken the food-handling course.
5. ___________________? I like the marketing and sales area.
L. ASK ME...
K. LET’S CREATE

Who?
Unit Three: Who?56
Lesson 7
By yourself
Problems between parents and children education begins at home and all the family can solve them. Some
years ago children who are now parents were mastered, controlled and manipulated by a punitive force.
But today things have changed. Nowadays, communication can help us to solve conMicts.
ConMicts between parents and children are dibcult to control. Many parents recognize that the old
methods of punishment based on fear, domination and guilt do not work. Parents who allow too much to
their children do not oWer the parental control that they need.When children have the control they get out
of the parents’hands.
ConMicts betweenparents and children can have diWerent side eWects and the children of today are much
more sensitive than the previous generations were as they are capable of more, but they are negatively
inMuenced by the methods of education such as shouting, physical punishment, humiliation, shame and
prohibition. In the past, punishing children with physical punishment for fear leads them to know and
respect the rules. Today, physical punishment causes the exact opposite eWect and children respond to
violence with violence.
http://whatafy.com/conMicts-between-parents-and-children.html

Unit Three: Who? 57
Answer the following questions related to the text above.
1. Where do problems of parents and children begin?
2. Where must these problems be solved?
3. Who can solve such problems?
4. Is there any diWerence between children’s control today and yesterday?
5. What are the methods of punishment mentioned in the text?
6. What kind of eWects can physical punishment have?
Read the following dialogue. Then practice it with a partner.
MOTHER Good morning, Mr. Rondón. I have an appointment with you today.
COUNSELOR Yes, Mrs. Mijares. We have to talk about your son’s school performance.
He has gotten bad grades during this term. He is neither studying nor
doing his homework.
MOTHER I don’t know what to do. I have scolded and punished him but he hasn’t
changed his behavior. He is at the computer until late at night every
day. He isn’t getting enough sleep, either.
COUNSELOR First of all, it is necessary to speak to him. Don’t either scold or punish
him. He needs help. Let me talk to him.
MOTHER Thank you very much, Mr. Rondón. I am really worried about him.
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

Unit Three: Who?58
PRONOUNS
PERSONAL OBJECT POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE
SINGULAR
I ME MINE MYSELF
YOU YOU YOURS YOURSELF
HE HIM HIS HIMSELF
SHE HER HER HERSELF
IT IT ITS( UNUSUAL) ITSELF
PLURAL
WE US OURS OURSELVES
YOU YOU YOURS YOURSELVES
THEY THEM THEIRS THEMSELVES
EXAMPLES
1. Juan gave the pen to Paola.
2. Rodolfo looks at Betty with love.
3. Loida is doing her homework.
4. The house is Carlos and Miriam´s.
5. This is Roberto and Christian´s house.
He gave it to her.
He looks at her with love
She is doing it.
This house is theirs.
This is their house.
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

Unit Three: Who? 59
6. Emilia and I look at ourselves in the mirror
before leaving home.
7. Give the piece of paper to Pedro and me.
8. This is her dictionary.
9. Whose pencil is this?
We look at ourselves in the
mirror before leaving home.
Give it to us.
This is hers.
It´s mine.
My mother has too much
work, so all of us are
going to help with the
household.
We have to turn oW theTV
when we are doing our
homework in order not to
lose concentration.
The Moras are moving
to a new house. All the
family, including the dog,
is helping.
The children don’t want to
help with the chores.That’s
whytheparentsarewriting
a schedule showing each
shift.
E. VOCABULARY

Unit Three: Who?60
Read the following paragraph.
Helping out at home is a way of contributing to improve our family union. Our home is like a team, and
in order to have it run well, it is necessary that all its members help. You can help in the following tasks at
home:
Going to the grocery store, folding and putting away clean clothes, setting and clearing the table, washing
and putting away the dishes, feeding and walking family pets, etc.
Do you help at home?
What speci8c tasks do you do?
What can you do to improve family life?
Substitute the underlined words for the corresponding pronouns.
María always helps her parents in the housework.
Mildred sets and clears the table at dinner time.
Pedro folds clean clothes.
Manuel feeds and walks the dog.
These clothes are my mother´s
Chores
Set the table Clear the table
Rake the leaves in
the yard
Water the plants
G. LET’S APPLY

Unit Three: Who? 61
Having lunch
Communicationamongfamilymembersisreallyimportant.
If one of the members has a problem, this problem will be
less heavy if it is shared. Eating together sets the stage for
conversation and sharing. While eating, it is advisable to
turn oW the TV and enjoy the meal. If schedule permits,
talk and enjoy the conversation. This must become a
sacred ritual and in this way, parents and children will
communicate with each other.
Does your family eat together? When? (every day/on the
weekend / once a month)
1. Usualmente ayudo a mis padres en los quehaceres del hogar.
2. Después de estudiar y hacer mis tareas tengo un poco de diversión.
3. La comunicación familiar es realmente importante para nosotros.
4. Los problemas de mis hermanos y hermanas son míos también.
Add three more of your own.

Unit Three: Who?62
With your teacher, write a dialogue in your notebook about the following situation: The Peñas are going
to move out next week. Mr. Peña got a new job in another city. Ramón and Blanca are brother and sister,
aged 15 and 16 respectively, who don’t want to move, because they think they will lose their friends. Their
parents are trying to convince them that they won’t lose friends but will make new ones.
1. Yes, communication among family members is really important.
2. Going to the grocery store, taking out the garbage, and setting and clearing the table are some
of our tasks.
3. No, it’s not yours. It’s mine.
Write these sentences in your notebooks. Listen to your teacher and 8ll in the blanks with the word(s)
you hear.
To avoid that a ______gets worse when people are too ____to listen to one another, it’s necessary to pay
attention to these suggestions:
Try to_______.
Put _____aside.
Don’t _______the other person while he / she is speaking.
Listen to ____________and try to understand what they mean.
Communicate ____________.
J. ALL EARS
L. ASK ME...
K. LET’S CREATE

Lesson 8
He is the one who...?
64
Who?
Unit Three: Who?
“A trouble shared is a trouble halved”.
A Problem is something which is dibcult to deal with.
Having problems is part of the community. If you
want to 8nd a good solution, it is necessary to analyze
troubles. Dibculties sometimes begin at home and
their solution has to come from home too. But when
these problems aWect a community, solutions have to
come from an organized group of people. They are the
ones who will face the problem. Analyzing community
problems means to think carefully about reasons why
they exist and then identify possible solutions and a
plan for improvement. These are the actions which will
lead to community coexistence.
Circle true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones
T F
1 Problems don’t have solutions.
2 A 8rst step to solve problems is to identify how they are solved.
3 To solve a problem we have to identify why they exist.
4 Problems never begin at home.
5 Solving problems in a community will make its people get along well.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!

65Unit Three: Who?
Read the following dialogue. Then practice it with your partner.
Mother Do you want to talk to me?
Neighbor Oh, Yes! We are having some trouble in the community!
Mother Yes? Well, you know, I work all day. What is happening?
Neighbor We have loud neighbors.
Mother Really? Fortunately, they haven’t bothered me because I’m always out.
Neighbor But the music comes from your house.
Mother From my house?
Neighbor Yes, it’s your son’s music. When he returns from school he plays it too loud. You
have to talk to him because he is the person that is disturbing the community.
Mother Oh! I’m very sorry. I didn’t know anything. I will talk to him right away.

Unit Three: Who?66
EXAMPLES
She is the mother who / that works all day.
That is the house whose residents play music with loud bass.
Were these chairs the ones which / that I brought for the meeting?
The following actions lead to a better community coexistence.
He doesn’t park his motorcycle
on the sidewalk.
He gives her seat to the
elderly on the bus.
When playing music, I use a
reasonable volume level.
RELATIVE CLAUSES
RELATIVE CLAUSES give additional information by using relative pronouns
Relative pronouns
Who is used for people Which is used for animals or things
That is used for people, animals and things
Whose is used to indicate possession
E. VOCABULARY
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

Unit Three: Who? 67
Read the following text and think about it.
Education begins and ends at home. A child’s 8rst teachers and guidance-counselors are his / her parents.
The teacher in school is his / her second teacher. Mom and Dad are primary 8gures in the children’s life at
home.
Sometimes, the youth of today think that if adults misbehave, then they have the right to imitate them, so
it is convenient that adults give their children good examples.
What’s your opinion about the topic of this text?
Fill in the blanks with who / whose / which.
1. This is the girl ____________speaks English very well.
2. That’s the teacher ___________started the Conversation Group Match in fourth year.
3. That’s the leading group __________works for our community.
4. Are these the people ________ are going to be responsible for applying the project?
5. Those were the colors _________ we used to paint the classrooms last year.
There cannot be life or human existence without struggle and
conMict. ConMict is part of our conscience. Denying conMict, we
ignore even the most common aspects of our vital and social
experience. Trying to escape conMict, we preserve the status quo.
None of this is easily accomplished, and I would not like to leave
readers with the impression that wanting is enough to change the
world. Desire is fundamental, but it is not enough. It is also necessary
to know how to want, to learn how to want, which implies learning
how to 8ght politically with tactics adequate to our strategic dreams.
Adapted from: (pages 50-51) Paulo Freire’s EducationalTheory. Analyst:
John Lyons http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Freire.html
Are conMicts necessary?
What’s important about them?
What’s your opinion about this reading?
G. LET’S APPLY

Unit Three: Who?68
1. Aquellas son las personas que saben convivir en su comunidad.
2. Aquellos son los jóvenes que protegen a los animales en este lugar..
3. Esta es la comunidad que da el ejemplo de buen comportamiento.

Unit Three: Who? 69
Dictation
Listen to your teacher carefully. Write the sentences in your notebook.
In your notebook, write your own conversation based on the following situation: Pedro is a widower who
works all day long. His neighbors are complaining about his son because the boy plays music with loud
bass at home while he’s absent. He talks to him to make him understand that his behavior is not correct. He
oWers to spend more time with him.
J. ALL EARS
K. LET’S CREATE

1. No, he’s not the one that makes too much noise.
2. She is the one who gave her seat to that old woman.
3. Yes, this parrot is the one which sings songs.
Add three more on your own.
Read and enjoy the following poem.
I Cultivate a White Rose
By Jose Marti
I cultivate a white rose
In July as in January
For the sincere friend
who gives me his hand frankly.
And for the cruel person who tears out
the heart with which I live,
I cultivate neither nettles nor thorns:
I cultivate a white rose.
a. Find a sentence with a relative pronoun.
b. Translate the poem.
c. What’s the message of the poem?
L. ASK ME...
LET´S HAVE FUN
Unit Three: Who?70

Lesson 9
Who...?
72
Who?
Unit Three: Who?
“No man is an island”.
Can you take William and me to the movies on Saturday?
No, dear. I will be busy. But I think you are old enough to go to the movies by yourselves.
Really? That’s great! Then, if I 8nish my homework, can we go today after class?
Don’t push it, my dear. Today is Thursday and you have a math test tomorrow morning.
Tina:
Mother:
Tina:
Mother:
ReadthefollowingsentencesandselectTforTrueandFforFalse.Correctthefalseones.Useyournotebook.
1 The girl asks her mother if she can go to the movies by herself.
2 The girl is old enough to go to the movies by herself.
3 The mother says that she can go to the movies any day.
4 She can go to the movies with her friend.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!

73Unit Three: Who?
Read the following dialogue in pairs. Practice it with a partner.
Teenage boy Dad, are we going to go to the baseball game next week?
Father Maybe, if you pass your English test and 8nish all your work at home.
Teenage boy Why are you concerned? I know I will pass the test.
Father I am worried because your grades are very low this term. So, if you work hard
and pass the test and 8nish your work here, we’ll go to the game.
Teenage boy I see, dad. I’ll do my best. You’ll be proud of me.
Father I am already proud of you. I just want you to be aware that your family and
your studies are your priorities.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1
A conditional sentence type 1 has two clauses:
The if- clause and the main clause
If + present tense + will / can / may / must + verb
It is used when a situation is real or when it can be possible.
Conditional sentences can be declarative, negative and interrogative.
Declarative sentence: If you pass the subject, we will go to the baseball game.
Negative sentence: If I don’t go to the game, I will have to wait for one year.
Interrogative sentence: What can you do, if you want to improve your English?
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

Unit Three: Who?74
EXAMPLES
If I have money, I’ll visit my grandparents next week.
If Leo doesn’t call you, you can call him.
If you practice a lot, you may become a member of the team.
If it rains, we must wear our raincoats and boots and take our umbrellas.
Will you come back tomorrow if he is busy now?
Worried / ConcernedSatisRed
Tidy / Neat Messy
Proud
E. VOCABULARY

Unit Three: Who? 75
Read the following text and think about it.
If you think about relationships in your life, you will realize that you don’t just have a boyfriend / girlfriend.
You have a mother and a father, brothers and sisters, neighbors, teachers, classmates and many others.
Some relationships are good and positive; others, unfortunately, are negative or dibcult. If you have a
good relationship, you will have respect, care, support and trust. If you are in a negative relationship, you
will 8nd bullying, pressure, lack of con8dence, and abuse.
What kind of relationships are you in, good or bad?
In your notebook, change the following sentences into the negative form.
If she works hard, she will pass the English test.
If you have positive relationships with your parents, you will be successful.
If we respect our friends, we will be respected too.
Mom, I want to talk about a very important thing.
I’m worried. What happened?
Nothing really. If I get a tattoo, will you get mad at me?
A tattoo? This is a very important decision. You have to consider that it will be permanent and
dangerous for your health. Tattoos can cause problems in your future: you will never be able to
donate organs, if you want to. Besides, some academies don’t accept people with tattoos. And
there are some other things.
Really? I didn’t know that. I will 8nd out a little bit more before making a decision.
Thanks for asking and considering my opinion.
Girl:
Mother:
Girl:
Mother:
Girl:
Mother:
G. LET’S APPLY

Unit Three: Who?76
Match the de8nition with the appropriate word. Write the letter of the word on the line given.
a) tidy - b) satisRed - c) worried - d ) proud
1. Pleased because you have achieved something. _______
2. Feeling pleased and satis8ed about something that you own or have done. _______
3. Thinking about unpleasant things that have happened or that might happen. _______
4. Arranged neatly and in order. _______
Dictation
Listen to your teacher and write the sentences in your notebook.
J. ALL EARS

Unit Three: Who? 77
In your notebook,
a. Change the following sentences to zero conditional.
1. She’ll be grounded for a month if she gets bad grades this term.
2. You will be respected if you show respect for the people here.
3. If I want to learn about technology I will read more research papers.
b. Write four sentences on your own: two with zero conditional and two with conditional type 1.
1. Teenagers ask their parent if they can get home late.
2. No, parents should not abuse their adolescent children.
3. If parents and children communicate, they will have good relationships.
Add two more of your own.
L. ASK ME...
K. LET’S CREATE

Read and enjoy the following poem.
For Whom The Bell Tolls
John Donne
No man is an island,
Entire of itself.
Each is a piece of the continent,
A part of the main.
If a clod be washed away by the sea,
Europe is the less.
As well as if a promontory were.
As well as if a manner of thine own
Or of thine friend’s were.
Each man’s death diminishes me,
For I am involved in mankind.
Therefore, send not to know
For whom the bell tolls,
It tolls for thee.
LET´S HAVE FUN

Lesson 10
If I...
Conditions...?
Unit Four: Conditions...?80
“We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children”.
Look at the pictures. Describe them.
Planet Earth is our home, and people are damaging it, ignoring the consequences of their actions. The
planet is home to millions of species of life, including humans. It means that the damage they cause
aWects everything.The human perspective regarding the Earth is widely viewed from a globally integrated
perspective. This is reMected in a growing environmental movement that is concerned about humankind’s
eWects on the planet. There are serious environmental issues we are facing. Ignorance may be bliss, but it’s
getting increasingly dibcult to ignore the damage we are doing to the environment, especially when we
see and feel the eWects so close to us. These are some of the biggest environmental threats that Mother
Earth and consequently society is facing: a) Climate Change; b) Deforestation; c) Pollution; d) Loss of
diversity; e) Melting Polar Ice-Caps and Rising Sea Levels; f) Oceanic Dead Zones; g) Explosive Population
Growth.
Answer the following questions:
1. What consequences of climate change do you know?
2. Why is it important to know about the melting polar Ice-caps?
A. LET’S EXPLORE!

Unit Four: Conditions...? 81
Read the following dialog and practice it.
César Did you watch the news about global warming?
Lina Yes, I did. I was surprised to know about that phenomenon.
César Now I know why we had such heavy rains.
Lina Yes, precipitation increased across the globe, on average.
César Besides, ice is melting worldwide.
Lina How does it impact us in Venezuela?
César The sea level gets higher and impacts the coastal area.
Lina If we knew about this issue, we would be more careful on how to use our
resources.
IF CONDITIONAL TYPE II
If clause Main clause
Simple past form +
would
+ verb (base form)could
might
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

82 Unit Four: Conditions...?
EXAMPLES
1. If we knew about climate change, we would make a campaign about it.
What would you do if you knew about climate change?
2. The teacher could explain about global warming this week to the class if she had time.
When could the teacher explain about global warming to the class?
3. Yes. If people stopped throwing trash in the sea, diversity loss might decrease.
Might diversity loss decrease If people stopped throwing trash in the sea?
Greenhouse gasses
It is a gas in an atmosphere that
absorbsandemitsradiationwithin
the thermal infrared range.
CFC - ChloroMuorocarbon
It is an organic compound that
containscarbon,chlorine,hydrogen
andMuorine,producedasavolatile
derivative of methane and ethane.
Ice-cap
It is an ice mass that covers less
than 50,000 km² of land area.
Compact Muorescent light bulb Fossil fuels
E. VOCABULARY

83Unit Four: Conditions...?
Look at the picture. Read the passage and discuss it with your partners.
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Warming
of the climate system is unequivocal, and scientists are almost 95% certain that it is primarily caused by
increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of
fossil fuels and deforestation. Most countries are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change. The 8nal objective of the Convention is to prevent dangerous human interference of the
climate system.
Now that you know about global warming, please 8nd out about its eWects.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given in parenthesis.
1. If people _______ (replace) regular light bulbs with
compact Muorescent light bulbs, they would save energy.
2. Would you ________ (turn oW) the TV if you were not
watching it?
3. If we _______ (plant) more trees, we might have better
possibilities of breathing clean oxygen.
4. If you drove less, you ______ _______ (crate) fewer
emissions.
G. LET’S APPLY

Read the passage, discuss with your partner
As the past two decades have shown, trying to get global agreement
on tackling climate change seems to be futile. By comparison,
more focused and limited interests of elites, however, are easier
to push through, such as wars based on geopolitical threats (real
and imaginary), or economic crises (where banks and other elites
most responsible for the crises are bailed out by ordinary citizens).
Furthermore, as the West has generally shown in the past decade
or more (even when their economies were doing well) paying now
for something that seems to be a problem in the future is hard to
accept. It is easier, therefore, to stall and keep blaming China, India
and other emerging nations despite the historical inequality of those
emissions. But ignoring that makes it easier to hope these emerging
nations will pick up the burden of addressing emission rises.
Doha 2012. 18th annual United Nations Climate Change Conference
http://www.globalissues.org/article/801/cop18-doha-climate-
conference
a. Based on the readings, debate the topics in small groups.
b.ListrecommendationstoavoidtheeWectsoftheenvironmentalthreats.

Listen to your teacher carefully and mark T (true) or F (false). Correct the false ones. Remember to use your
notebook.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Discuss the meaning of the following proverbs. Then write your own reMection
“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.”
Mahatma Gandhi
Only when the last tree has died and the last river been poisoned and the last 8sh
been caught will we realise we cannot eat money.
Indian Proverb
J. ALL EARS
K. LET’S CREATE

In your notebook translate the following answers in English. Then write the questions.
1. Muchas personas están preocupadas por los daños al ambiente.
2. Si, estamos sufriendo el aumento de la temperatura en el planeta.
3. En la convención del cambio climático las naciones toman decisiones.
4. Si. El aumento de los gases causa incremento en la temperatura.
5. El objetivo de la convención es prevenir la contaminación del planeta.
Read and discuss the following sayings. Practice them. Then, write one of your own.
“Green revolution a best solution to arrest pollution”.
“Modern technology owes ecology an apology”.
L. ASK ME...
LET´S HAVE FUN

Lesson 11
What would...if...?
Conditions...?
“We never know the worth of water till the well is dry”.
Read the following passage.
Water is essential for all dimensions of life. Over the past few decades, the use of water has increased, and
in many places water availability is falling into crisis levels. More than eighty countries, with forty percent
of the world’s population, are already facing water shortages, while by year 2020 the world’s population
will double. The costs of water infrastructure have risen dramatically. The quality of water in rivers and
underground has deteriorated, due to the pollution by waste and contaminants from cities, industry
and agriculture. Ecosystems are being destroyed, sometimes permanently. Over one billion people lack
safe water, and three billion lack sanitation; eighty per cent of infectious diseases are waterborne, killing
millions of children each year.
Taken from Water Policy Reform Program, 1999
Were you aware of this situation?
A. LET’S EXPLORE!

Please write (T) for true or (F) false to the following statements.
1. Water is an essential element for human survival.
2. The world water crisis just started.
3. Millions of children die because of poor sanitation.
4. The quality of water in river has got better.
Read and practice the following dialogue
Antonio I didn’t know that there was a global water crisis.
Yanire How come? It has been on TV.
Antonio But I watch TV and I haven’t seen anything about tha
Yanire Well, the crisis is not just with water, our planet Earth has been
aWected by human beings wrong doings.
Antonio So, it is something to worry about, because we live in it
Yanire Of course, it is a serious concern.
Antonio So we’d better start taking care of it as we do with our plan
IF CONDITIONAL TYPE III
If clause Main clause
If …had +verb (past participle
form)… +
would
have + verb (past participle
form)
could
might
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

EXAMPLES
1. If we had known about the water crisis, we would have made a campaign at school.
What would you have done if you had known about the water crisis before?
2. Governments worldwide could have prevented water pollution if they had controlled
industries’waste disposals long ago.
What could governments have done to prevent water pollution?
3. Yes. If people had had better living conditions, sanitation might have been improved.
Might sanitation have been improved if people had had better living conditions?
SANITATION
It refers to the provision of facilities and
services for the safe disposal of human
urine and feces. It also refers to the
maintenance of hygienic conditions,
through services such as garbage
collection and wastewater disposal.
(Adapted from WHO) http://www.who.
int/topics/sanitation/en/
These are systems that protect human health, through
prevention of human contact with the risks of wastes as well
as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater.
If we hadn’t had the appropriate care with the sanitation
service, we would have been openly exposed to risks that
can be physical, microbiological, biological or chemical
agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems
include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic
wastewater, industrial wastes and agricultural wastes.
What would have happened in the world if we hadn’t had sanitation service?
E. VOCABULARY

Read the following facts.
Taken from United Nations report (2015)
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml
What does the article say about drinking water and sanitation facilities in our planet? Do you have this
service in your neighborhood?
Target 7.C: (Millennium Development Goals)
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and
basic sanitation.
!

source of drinking water and, at the current pace, 605 million people will still lack coverage in 2015.

developing regions as a whole. The greatest progress was achieved in Eastern and Southern Asia.
-

Complete with the appropriate verb form.
Water ________ (cover) 71% of the Earth’s surface.
On Earth, 96.5% of the planet’s water is _______ (8nd) in oceans,
1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and in the ice caps of
Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water
bodies, and 0.001% in the air and precipitation.
Only 2.5% of the Earth’s water is _________ (consider) freshwater,
and 98.8% of that water is _______(locate) in ice and groundwater.
Less than 0.3% of all freshwater _____(be) in rivers, lakes, and the
atmosphere.
Discuss the following two ideas.
1.“Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink”.
We are surrounded by things you cannot make use
of. (There is so much salt water that you can’t drink.
Freshwater is only 2.5%. Out of it just 1.3% is surface
water, which serves most of life’s needs).”
“More than one-half of the world’s major rivers are
being seriously depleted and polluted, degrading and
poisoningthesurroundingecosystems,thusthreatening
the health and livelihood of people who depend upon
them for irrigation, drinking and industrial water”
Serageldin - Chairman of the World Commission on
Water for the 21st Century - (1999)
Write two conclusions. Report to the class.
G. LET’S APPLY

a. Based on the readings debate the topics in small groups.
b. List recommendations to have a rational use of water.
Listen to your teacher carefully and mark T (true) or F (false). Correct the false ones.
1.
2.
3.
4.
J. ALL EARS

Write a short dialog based on the video suggested below.
Translate the proverbs and its meanings. Then write a question to each one.
Blood is thicker than water.
(Family is more important than anyone or anything
else).
In deep water.
(In a place you are not feeling comfortable).
He is wet behind the ears.
(He still has a lot to learn about life).
To discover warm water.
(Something that is very obvious).
To be in troubled waters.
(To be in a dibcult position).
To have water up to the throat.
(To have few chances to succeed).
“Water is too precious to be wasted”(41”)
What can we do?
Translate these sayings. Can you 8nd a similar one in your own language?
“They are like water and 8re/ They are like devil and holy water”.
(These two people are absolutely contrasting).
“It is raining cats and dogs”.
It is raining heavily.
L. ASK ME...
K. LET’S CREATE
LET´S HAVE FUN

“I make green look good because I recycle, reduce reuse.”
Look at the pictures and read the passage.
The world population is growing, and currently each
human being adds signi8cant waste to the planet over
his or her lifetime. The natural resources on our planet
earth are limited so we must do our best to conserve,
recycle and reuse whenever possible. Not only are
natural resources limited, but recycling eWorts can
signi8cantly reduce additional waste that will not only
harm the planet today, but future generations as well.
The danger of global climate change has forced people
to take drastic measures to cut down on pollution levels
to slow down since we haven’t been able to eradicate this
phenomenon. In view of this serious situation, necessary
targets for recycling are also being set by governments
around the world.
Adapted from
http://www.earthsfriends.com/why-recycling-important
Are you familiar with the term recycling?
Do you recycle?
Please write (T) for true or (F) false to the following statements. Correct the false ones. Support your
statements.
1 The world population is getting smaller
2 There is not much waste.
3 Natural resources are limited.
4 Recycling is a way to cut down pollution.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!

Read and practice the following dialogue.
Luisy What is recycling?
Lina Recycling is to reduce trash?
Aless Well, it is a process to change materials into new products to prevent waste of
potentially useful materials
Luisy But it is something very complex.
Lina No, it isn’t. Anybody can recycle.
Aless If we wanted we could recycle materials made of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles.
Luisy I understand, so recycling could be done at home but also industries could do it.
Alex If everybody had participated in recycling activities and programs, our planet would
have been in better conditions.
“IF”CONDITIONAL TYPE 2 “IF”CONDITIONAL TYPE 3
if + Simple Past, main clause with Conditional I
(= would + In8nitive)
if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have +
Past Participle)
Example: If I knew about recycling, I would recycle
all the material I have at home.
Example: If I had had known about recycling, I
would have recycled all the material I had at home.
It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition
will be ful8lled.
It is impossible that the condition will be ful8lled
because it refers to the past.
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

Exceptions for Conditional Sentences
EXAMPLES
Condition refers to: IF Clause Main Clause
future action Simple Present If they want paper…
Future I …they will get it.
Imperative …get it.
Modal Auxiliary …they can get it.
action going on now
Present
Progressive
If Felix is taking a
rest, …
Future I …I won’t talk to him
now.
Imperative …don’t talk to him
now
Modal Auxiliary …you cannot talk to
him now.
8nished action Present Perfect
If Laura has got a
new job,
Future I …I will call her
Imperative …call her.
Modal Auxiliary …we can call her.
improbable action should + InRnitive
Should Henry pass
math this term, …
Future I …I will help him.
Imperative …help him
Modal Auxiliary …we can help him
present facts Simple Present If I get a good grade, Simple Present …I am happy.
Conditional Sentences Type I (likely)
Conditional Sentences Type II (unlikely)
past Simple Past
If I had a lot of
time, …
Conditional I …I would help him.
consequence in the
past
Simple Past If I saw her, … Conditional II …I would greet her.
Conditional Sentences Type III (impossible)
past Past Perfect If I had had them, … Conditional III …I would have
handed them out.
past Past Perfect
If Ann had studied
more
Conditional III …she would have
passed the test.

The word WASTE
Uncultivated land Gradual loss or decrease by
use, wear, or decay
Garbage, rubbish, excrement
—often used in plural.
1. Bring your own reusable cloth
bag to purchase groceries. If you
forget it, insist on paper, and pack
as many goods in one bag as
possible.
2. Try to reduce the amount of
packagingyoupurchasebybuying
products in bulk.
3. Have any paper statements
that are normally mailed to you
such as bills, 8nancial statements,
newsletters, etc, e-mailed to you,
instead.
4. Buy products that are packaged
incardboardorpaperboardinstead
of Styrofoam.
5. Try to avoid disposable items,
such as paper plates, cups, and
utensils.
6. When wrapping presents, opt
for reusable gift bags instead of
wrapping paper - or maybe even
reuse wrapping paper.
Ways to reduce the amount of trash we create
E. VOCABULARY

In your notebook, complete the sentences using “If” conditional II or III, according to the situation.
1 They are ecologists, so if they sent you a present, they …
2 If I had known about the damage caused by plastic bags, I …
3 I would have bought just recycle products if I…
4 If I had known that so many tress were being cut I …
Live green
Love green
Be Green
We are just mankind…without
the earth we’re nothing.
“OneMan’sWasteCanbeAnother
Man’s Treasure”.
G. LET’S APPLY
Read the poem. Talk about it.

Watch the following videos and write your impressions.
The origin of stuW (7’35”) Part 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgZY78uwvxk
The origin of stuW (9’13”) Part 2 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHIO0in4vtg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgAU6ZdK4hU
What did you know about the story of things?
What do you think about the story of things?
Dictation
Listen to your teacher carefully. And write the dictation in your notebook.
J. ALL EARS
Write your own conversation
There are many things we can recycle. Look at the following videos:
How To Recycle HDPE Plastic (High Density Polyethylene) - a simple
method (14’56”)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_XUJwINdLw
1000 creative ideas to recycle plastic bottles
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wU94rL6M-Cs
K. LET’S CREATE

In your notebooks, write questions to the following answers. Then translate them into Spanish.

.

.
The following stanza belongs to the song‘Is this the world we created...?’It was written by Freddie Mercury
Brian May. What do you think it is about?
Is this the world we created
What did we do it for
Is this the world we invaded
Against the law
So it seems in the end
Is this what we’re all living for today
The world that we created.
You can listen to the whole version in the following link:
L. ASK ME...
LET´S HAVE FUN
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MF9xu1UbFw

104 Unit Five: It...
“Step by step, one goes a long way.”
When you decide to practice a sport you have to
evaluatewhatkindofskillsyoupossess.Youcanpractice
sport for recreational or competitive purposes. Many
competitive sports begin at early ages. For instance,
gymnastics is a sport that girls begin when they are
4 or 5 years old and practice it for about ten or more
years. There are diWerent disciplines within this sport
such as: artistic gymnastics (men women), rhythmic
gymnastics, trampoline, aerobics, and acrobatics.
In artistic gymnastics it’s easy for a gymnast to do
wonderful exercises for example: cartwheel, round oW,
Mic-Mac, and so on. In our country gymnastics has had an
interesting history since the 1960s. In the last Olympic
Games in London 2012, Jessica Lopez, from Venezuela,
was the only Venezuelan gymnast in this event.
For more information check http.//www.mindeporte.
gob.ve
Read the following passage …
Read the following sentences about the previous paragraph and write in your notebooks“T”for True or“F”
for False. Correct the false ones. Support your answers.
1. Children begin to practice gymnastics at the age of 2
2. Gymnasts do Mic-Mac.
3. There are no disciplines in gymnastics.
4. Skills are not important to practice a sport.
A. LET’S EXPLORE!

105Unit Five: It...
Complete the following paragraph.
Jessica López practices _______________. Gymnastics is divided in diWerent disciplines such as:
____________________, ________________________, ________________, _________________ and
________________________. Some exercises in artistic gymnastics are: ___________________________
, _____________________ and ___________________. Jessica participated in ____________ Olympic
Games in 2012. She is from ________________.
USE OF“IT”IN IMPERSONAL STATEMENTS
IT+VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE + FOR +PRONOUN / NOUN+ TO+
VERB TO BE+ IT+ FOR+ PRONOUN/NOUN+TO+?
IS IT EASY FOR YOU TO PRACTICE GYMNASTICS?
NO+ IT+VERB TO BE+ NOT+ADJECTIVE+FOR+PRONOUN / NOUN+ TO
NO, IT IS NOT EASY FOR ME TO PRACTICE GYMNASTICS.
EXAMPLES
1. Is it easy for you to practice gymnastics?
2. It`s not easy for me to practice gymnastics. It`s dibcult.
3. Is it easy for a fencer to play table tennis?
4. No, it`s not easy for him to play table tennis.
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

Dalia Contreras -Taekwondoist Andreina Pinto - Swimmer Fabiola Ramos - Table tennis player
Daniela Larreal - Cyclist Alejandra Benítez - Fencer Leidys Brito - Archer
Angel Aponte - Karateka Oscar Monterola -
Paralympic runner
Paralympic athletes
E. VOCABULARY

107Unit Five: It...
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
In our country there are several sports that athletes are practicing in all states. Some sports are more
popular than others; they could be practiced for recreational purposes or competitive ones if you want
to get to international level competitions or even the Olympic or Paralympic Games. Some sports are:
gymnastics (rhythmic and artistic), archery, swimming, fencing, table tennis, tae kwon do, boxing, athletics,
cycling, and so on. To practice a sport you need skills and dedication. Sometimes when friends are having
holidays you are training in the morning and in the afternoon. It’s normal for high performance athletes
to do their trainings but it’s dibcult for their friends to understand it. But the satisfaction the athlete feels
when representing his/her country is unique!
1. Is it easy to practice an Olympic or a Paralympic sport?
2. Do you think that practicing a competitive sport is easy?
3. Are you interested in practicing a sport that includes trainings six days a week?
4. Would you like to become an Olympic athlete?
1. – It’s _______for Jessica to take a 4 hour gymnastics training a day.
2. - It`s ______for a swimmer to train every day.
3. - It`s easy for a _______________ to use a sword, but it`s ______________ for her to practice archery.
4. - ______ easy for Dalia to practice taekwon do, but it`s ______________for her to swim.
Valeria Do you practice a sport?
Juan José Yes, I love swimming. And you?
Valeria I practice gymnastics. I’m training hard because I have a competition
next month.
Juan José Really? You are a talented girl.
Valeria Well, It’s easy for me to train gymnastics every day, but it`s dibcult for
me to play volleyball.
Juan José Ha, ha, ha. It’s easy for me to swim, but it’s dibcult for me to practice
archery.
Valeria Ha, ha, ha! For me too.
G. LET’S APPLY

Naomi Soazo is the 8rstVenezuelan woman to compete
in the Paralympic Games and win a Gold medal! She
competed in judo events for the visually impaired and
blind.
She is so far the only Venezuelan, in any sport, to have
won a gold medal at the Paralympic Games.
Beijing 2008
Read the information above again and then, in your notebook, write:
a. questions with“what”,“when”,“where”.
b. a short paragraph about the athletes who participated in the Olympics.
Listen to your teacher and the select the appropriate option.
1 Swimmer ____ Player ____ Judoka _____
2 Fencing_____ Cycling ____ Wrestling_____
3. Cyclist _____ Archer___ Taekwondoist___
J. ALL EARS

109Unit Five: It...
Rubén Limardo in 2012 won Venezuela’s second gold medal
in the Olympic Games. He competed in the individual épée
competition winning Venezuela’s 8rst ever fencing medal.
Write about any of these athletes.
Medal Name Games Sport Event
3 Bronze Arnoldo Devonish 1952 Helsinki Athletics Men’s triple jump
3 Bronze Enrico Forcella 1960 Rome Shooting
Men’s 50 metre riMe
prone
1 Gold Francisco Rodriguez 1968 Mexico City Boxing Men’s light Myweight
2 Silver Pedro Gamarro 1976 Montreal Boxing Men’s welterweight
2 Silver Bernardo Piñango 1980 Moscow Boxing Men’s bantamweight
3 Bronze Marcelino Bolivar 1984 Los Angeles Boxing Men’s light Myweight
3 Bronze Omar Catari 1984 Los Angeles Boxing Men’s featherweight
3 Bronze Rafael Vidal 1984 Los Angeles Swimming Men’s 200m butterMy
3 Bronze Adriana Carmona 2004 Athens Taekwondo Women +67 kg
3 Bronze Israel Jose Rubio 2004 Athens Weightlifting Men’s featherweight
3 Bronze Dalia Contreras 2008 Beijing Taekwondo Women −49 kg
1 Gold Rubén Limardo 2012 London Fencing Men’s épée
K. LET’S CREATE

1. _______________? 1. Noemi Soazo.
2. _______________? 2. Judo.
3. _______________? 3. Fencing.
4. _______________? 4. He won a Gold medal.
Find the following sports: fencing, cycling, football, swimming, gymnastics, table tennis, archery, tae kwon
do in the alphabet soup. Good luck.
G Y M N A S T I C S
F H T V P W C T E I
O E K A Y I Y A Q O
O B N R U M C B Z U
T L P C K M L L I L
B Z S H I I I E Y J
A C J E N N N T P T
L Q W R B G G E L E
L Y C Y I S T N F R
X T A E K W O N D O
G Y H N J O T I C S
P H G S X C L S N V
L. ASK ME...
LET´S HAVE FUN

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