1.
Review of Related
Literature & Studies

2.
What is review of literature?
The literature review forms an
important part of the paper
where its purpose is to provide
the background to and
justification for the research
undertaken (Bruce, 1994).

3.
What is review of literature?
It involves locating, reading, and
evaluating research reports that are
related to the planned project. It is
aimed at obtaining a detailed
knowledge of the topic being
studied (Borg and Gall, 1998).

4.
Literature review provides the following information:
1. Background information about the problem and
related concepts
2. Theories that explain the existence of the problem
and the possible connection between certain factors
and the problem
3. Existence and seriousness of the problem
4. General and specific findings of related studies
5. Recommendations for further study

5.
Why review literature?
A review of literature is a must in research.
• Helps identify and define a research
problem
• Helps justify the need for studying a
problem
• Helps prevent unnecessary duplication of
the study

6.
Why review literature?
• Supplies theoretical basis for the study
• Helps conceptualize the problem and identify and
operationally define variables
• Provides basis for identifying and using appropriate
research design
• Helps formulate and refine research instruments
• Provides lessons for data analysis and interpretation

7.
When to start reviewing related
literature?
At problem conceptualization; at the
start of a research activity.

8.
Writing the literature review
1. Introduction. Briefly describes the nature of the
research problem and explains what led the
researcher to investigate the question.
2. Body. Briefly reports what experts think or what
researchers have found about the problem. Common
findings of several studies are summarized in one or two
sentences.

9.
Example:
“Several studies reported that educational attainment is
significantly associated with compliance to medical regimen
(Dela Cruz, 1999; Monteblanco, 1999). In her study of
myocardiac infarction patients, Dela Cruz found that college
educated patients had better compliance with medical
regimen, diet requirements, and exercise. Similarly,
Monteblanco (1999) observed that the high school-educated
elderly in Jaro, Iloilo City took their medications more
regularly than their less educated peers.”

10.
3. Summary/synthesis. “Ties together” the major
findings of the studies reviewed. It presents a general
picture of what has been known or thought of about
the problem to date. It points out similar results, as
well as conflicting findings.
4. Conclusion. Presents the course of action suggested
by the literature. Based on the state of knowledge
revealed by the literature, the researcher could further
justify the need for the study.

11.
What to review and where to get the materials
General References
 show where to locate other sources of
information related to a certain topic.
ex. Indexes, reviews and abstracts
- indexes are usually published by field of
education like Education Index and Dictionary of
Education Research.

12.
Primary sources
 published studies in journals are generally
written by those who actually conducted the
study, thus, they are called primary sources.
ex. Research Journal

13.
Secondary sources
 books, encyclopedia where authors
cite the work of others.
 good references in writing the
introduction/rationale.

14.
Writing the Review
Now the information that you have reviewed
and synthesized can be put into the review of
the literature…
For your literature review… it should be from
10 to 15 pages with a minimum of 10
references.

15.
Referencing
• When information is reported from a source, it must
be adequately referenced.
• Please use APA format.

16.
PLAGIARISM
• Using someone else’s ideas and words, and
presenting them as your own – even in part of the
thesis.
• It is not just cheating; it is stealing (Murray, 2011).

17.
Pecorari (2002) argues that unintentional plagiarism is still
plagiarism, and defined plagiarism as having six elements.
1.An object (language, word, text, diagram, graphs, ideas)
2.Which has been taken
3.From a source (books, journals, internet, not just text)
4.By an agent (person, student, academic)
5.Without adequate acknowledgement
6.And with or without intention to deceive

18.
Courtesy and ethics demand that any
borrowed information must be
acknowledged in writing, unless item is
of common knowledge.

19.
Every source used is documented
twice:
1. in the body of the paper
2. In the reference at the end of the
paper

20.
The APA style is used by the social sciences and other
fields, such as education, business, and nursing. The APA
style uses parenthetical citations within the text.
The emphasis on the author’ name and the date of
publication is justified by the nature of scientific research
which can quickly become obsolete.
American Psychological Association (APA)

21.
BOOKS
Author(s). (Year). Title of publication. Place
of Publication: Publisher.
PERIODICALS (journals, magazines, newsletters)
Author(s). (Month, Year). “Title of article”.
Name of Journal/Periodical Vol. No.
(Issue No.).

22.
RESEARCH REPORT
Author(s). (Year). Title of publication. Place of
Publication: Publisher/Implementing Agency.
THESES AND DISSERTATIONS
Author(s). (Year). “Title of Thesis/Dissertation”.
Unpublished undergraduate/graduate
thesis/Ph.D. Dissertation, University, Location
of University.

23.
PROCEEDINGS
Author(s). (Year). Title of proceedings. Place of
Publication: Publisher.
ARTICLE
Author(s). (Year). Title of article/paper. In: Title of
Proceedings, Place of Publication: Publisher.
INTERNET SOURCES
Author(s). (Year). Title of article/paper. Retrieved month,
day, year, from source

24.
Books
Bandura, A. J. (1977). Social learning theory.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).
(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Periodical
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Berry, A., & Harlow, T.
(1993). There’s more to self-esteem than
whether it is high or low: The importance of
stability to self-esteem. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 65, p. 1190 – 1204.

25.
Technical and Research Reports
Mazzeo, J., & Druesne, B. (1991). Comparability of
computer and paper-and-pencil scores for two
CLEP general examinations (College Board Rep.
No. 91-5). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing
Service.
Theses and Dissertations
Reyes, R. M. (2008). “Status and prospects of coconut
industry in Occidental Mindoro.” Unpublished
Master’s Thesis, Occidental Mindoro State
College, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro.

26.
Proceedings
Cynx, J., Williams, H., & Nottebohm, F. (1992).
Hemispheric differences in avian song
discrimination. In: Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, USA.
Internet Source
Crow, T. J. (2000). Did Homo sapiens speciate on the y
chromosome?. Retrieved October 26, 2012, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pr
e0030001a.html

27.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING! 