Brazil investing

2. Private Equity Review Seventh Edition Editor Stephen L Ritchie lawreviews Reproduced with permission from Law Business Research Ltd This article was first published in April 2018 For further information please contact Nick.Barette@thelawreviews.co.uk © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

3. PUBLISHER Tom Barnes SENIOR BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MANAGER Nick Barette BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MANAGERS Thomas Lee, Joel Woods ACCOUNT MANAGERS Pere Aspinall, Sophie Emberson, Laura Lynas, Jack Bagnall PRODUCT MARKETING EXECUTIVE Rebecca Mogridge RESEARCHER Arthur Hunter EDITORIAL COORDINATOR Gavin Jordan HEAD OF PRODUCTION Adam Myers PRODUCTION EDITOR Anna Andreoli SUBEDITOR Simon Tyrie CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Paul Howarth Published in the United Kingdom by Law Business Research Ltd, London 87 Lancaster Road, London, W11 1QQ, UK © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd www.TheLawReviews.co.uk No photocopying: copyright licences do not apply. The information provided in this publication is general and may not apply in a specific situation, nor does it necessarily represent the views of authors’ firms or their clients. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any legal action based on the information provided. The publishers accept no responsibility for any acts or omissions contained herein. Although the information provided is accurate as of March 2018, be advised that this is a developing area. Enquiries concerning reproduction should be sent to Law Business Research, at the address above. Enquiries concerning editorial content should be directed to the Publisher – tom.barnes@lbresearch.com ISBN 978-1-912228-21-8 Printed in Great Britain by Encompass Print Solutions, Derbyshire Tel: 0844 2480 112 © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

4. THE ACQUISITION AND LEVERAGED FINANCE REVIEW THE ANTI-BRIBERY AND ANTI-CORRUPTION REVIEW THE ASSET MANAGEMENT REVIEW THE ASSET TRACING AND RECOVERY REVIEW THE AVIATION LAW REVIEW THE BANKING LITIGATION LAW REVIEW THE BANKING REGULATION REVIEW THE CARTELS AND LENIENCY REVIEW THE CLASS ACTIONS LAW REVIEW THE CONSUMER FINANCE LAW REVIEW THE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REVIEW THE CORPORATE IMMIGRATION REVIEW THE DISPUTE RESOLUTION REVIEW THE DOMINANCE AND MONOPOLIES REVIEW THE EMPLOYMENT LAW REVIEW THE ENERGY REGULATION AND MARKETS REVIEW THE ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE LAW REVIEW THE EXECUTIVE REMUNERATION REVIEW THE FOREIGN INVESTMENT REGULATION REVIEW THE FRANCHISE LAW REVIEW THE GAMBLING LAW REVIEW THE GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT REVIEW THE HEALTHCARE LAW REVIEW THE INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS LAW REVIEW THE INSOLVENCY REVIEW THE INSURANCE AND REINSURANCE LAW REVIEW THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND ANTITRUST REVIEW THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY REVIEW THE INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION REVIEW THE INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS REVIEW lawreviews © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

5. THE INTERNATIONAL INVESTIGATIONS REVIEW THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW REVIEW THE INVESTMENT TREATY ARBITRATION REVIEW THE INWARD INVESTMENT AND INTERNATIONAL TAXATION REVIEW THE ISLAMIC FINANCE AND MARKETS LAW REVIEW THE LENDING AND SECURED FINANCE REVIEW THE LIFE SCIENCES LAW REVIEW THE MERGER CONTROL REVIEW THE MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS REVIEW THE MINING LAW REVIEW THE OIL AND GAS LAW REVIEW THE PATENT LITIGATION LAW REVIEW THE PRIVACY, DATA PROTECTION AND CYBERSECURITY LAW REVIEW THE PRIVATE COMPETITION ENFORCEMENT REVIEW THE PRIVATE EQUITY REVIEW THE PRIVATE WEALTH AND PRIVATE CLIENT REVIEW THE PRODUCT REGULATION AND LIABILITY REVIEW THE PROJECTS AND CONSTRUCTION REVIEW THE PUBLIC COMPETITION ENFORCEMENT REVIEW THE PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP LAW REVIEW THE REAL ESTATE LAW REVIEW THE REAL ESTATE M&A AND PRIVATE EQUITY REVIEW THE RESTRUCTURING REVIEW THE SECURITIES LITIGATION REVIEW THE SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS AND ACTIVISM REVIEW THE SHIPPING LAW REVIEW THE SPORTS LAW REVIEW THE TAX DISPUTES AND LITIGATION REVIEW THE TECHNOLOGY, MEDIA AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS REVIEW THE THIRD PARTY LITIGATION FUNDING LAW REVIEW THE TRADEMARKS LAW REVIEW THE TRANSFER PRICING LAW REVIEW THE TRANSPORT FINANCE LAW REVIEW © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

6. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A&L GOODBODY ADVOKATFIRMAET STEENSTRUP STORDRANGE DA ALLEN & OVERY BAHR CAMPOS MELLO ADVOGADOS CAREY CUATRECASAS ENSAFRICA GILBERT + TOBIN GOODMANS LLP HAN KUN LAW OFFICES J&A GARRIGUES, SLP KING & SPALDING LLP KIRKLAND & ELLIS LLP KRAMER LEVIN NAFTALIS & FRANKEL LLP LEGANCE – AVVOCATI ASSOCIATI LENZ & STAEHELIN MAPLES AND CALDER MCMILLAN LLP MEYERLUSTENBERGER LACHENAL NADER, HAYAUX Y GOEBEL, SC NAGASHIMA OHNO & TSUNEMATSU The publisher acknowledges and thanks the following law firms for their learned assistance throughout the preparation of this book: © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

7. Acknowledgements ii PHILIPPI PRIETOCARRIZOSA FERRERO DU & URÍA PWC ROJS, PELJHAN, PRELESNIK & PARTNERS O.P., D.O.O. SCHINDLER ATTORNEYS SHARDUL AMARCHAND MANGALDAS & CO SOŁTYSIŃSKI KAWECKI & SZLĘZAK TRILEGAL URÍA MENÉNDEZ VON WOBESER Y SIERRA, SC WONGPARTNERSHIP LLP © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

8. iii PREFACE��vii Stephen L Ritchie Part I Fundraising Chapter 1 AUSTRALIA��1 Deborah Johns and Muhunthan Kanagaratnam Chapter 2 AUSTRIA��10 Martin Abram and Clemens Philipp Schindler Chapter 3 BRAZIL��18 Marcus Vinicius Bitencourt, Alex Jorge, Renata Amorim, Marcelo Siqueira and Tatiana Pasqualette Chapter 4 CANADA��41 Leah Boyd, Resa Jacob and Kenneth Saddington Chapter 5 CAYMAN ISLANDS��51 Nicholas Butcher and Iain McMurdo Chapter 6 CHINA��61 James Yong Wang Chapter 7 COLOMBIA��72 Hernando A Padilla and Pedro Arango Chapter 8 GERMANY��83 Felix von der Planitz, Natalie Bär and Maxi Wilkowski Chapter 9 INDIA��97 Raghubir Menon, Ekta Gupta, Deepa Rekha and Srishti Maheshwari CONTENTS © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

9. iv Contents Chapter 10 ITALY��114 Enzo Schiavello and Marco Graziani Chapter 11 JAPAN��129 Keiko Shimizu Chapter 12 LUXEMBOURG��138 Frank Mausen, Peter Myners, Patrick Mischo and Jean-Christian Six Chapter 13 MEXICO��144 Hans P Goebel C, Héctor Arangua L, Adalberto Valadez and Lorenza Molina S Chapter 14 NORWAY��156 Klaus Henrik Wiese-Hansen and Stig Nordal Chapter 15 POLAND��166 Marcin Olechowski, Wojciech Iwański and Mateusz Blocher Chapter 16 SAUDI ARABIA��177 James Stull, Macky O’Sullivan and Sayf Shuqair Chapter 17 SLOVENIA��184 Gregor Pajek and Urh Šuštar Chapter 18 SOUTH AFRICA��193 Johan Loubser, Magda Snyckers and Lorica Elferink Chapter 19 SPAIN��209 Jaime Bragado Yturriaga, Francisco Martínez Iglesias, José Luis Ortín Romero and Álvaro Manteca Rodríguez Chapter 20 SWITZERLAND��219 Fedor Poskriakov, Maria Chiriaeva and Isy Isaac Sakkal Chapter 21 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES��230 James Stull, Macky O’Sullivan and Sayf Shuqair Chapter 22 UNITED KINGDOM��236 Jeremy Leggate, Prem Mohan and Ian Ferreira © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

10. Contents v Chapter 23 UNITED STATES��251 Kevin P Scanlan Part II Investing Chapter 1 AUSTRALIA��265 Tim Gordon, John Williamson-Noble and James Campisi Chapter 2 AUSTRIA��272 Florian Cvak and Clemens Philipp Schindler Chapter 3 BRAZIL��281 Marcus Vinicius Bitencourt, Luiz Augusto Osorio and Laura Angrisani Chapter 4 CANADA��291 Michael P Whitcombe and Charles Chevrette Chapter 5 CHILE��303 Andrés C Mena, Francisco Guzmán and Arturo Poblete Chapter 6 CHINA��313 Xiaoxi Lin Chapter 7 COLOMBIA��342 Hernando A Padilla and Pedro Arango Chapter 8 INDIA��354 Nishant Parikh Chapter 9 IRELAND��366 David Widger Chapter 10 JAPAN��380 Kei Asatsuma, Ryo Okubo and Yasuhiro Kasahara Chapter 11 LUXEMBOURG��389 Frank Mausen, Peter Myners, Patrick Mischo and Jean-Christian Six Chapter 12 MEXICO��397 Andrés Nieto Sánchez de Tagle © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

11. Contents vi Chapter 13 NORWAY��407 Peter Hammerich and Markus Heistad Chapter 14 POLAND��418 Marcin Olechowski, Borys D Sawicki and Jan Pierzgalski Chapter 15 PORTUGAL��429 João Mattamouros Resende and Francisco Santos Costa Chapter 16 SINGAPORE��439 Andrew Ang, Christy Lim and Quak Fi Ling Chapter 17 SLOVENIA��456 Gregor Pajek and Aljoša Krdžić Chapter 18 SPAIN��466 Christian Hoedl and Diana Linage Chapter 19 SWITZERLAND��477 Alexander Vogel, Andrea Sieber and Samuel Ljubicic Chapter 20 UNITED STATES��486 Paul Anderson Appendix 1 ABOUT THE AUTHORS��499 Appendix 2 CONTRIBUTING LAW FIRMS’ CONTACT DETAILS��529 © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

12. vii PREFACE The seventh edition of The Private Equity Review follows a turbulent and at times nerve- wracking 2017. It was also a year in which private equity demonstrated its strength as an asset class in spite – perhaps because – of that turbulence. Deal activity and fundraising were strong in almost every major market despite fierce competition from public strategic buyers and strong returns in other asset classes, demonstrating private equity’s ability to adapt quickly to changing conditions to find profitable investment opportunities. As a result, we expect private equity will continue to play an important role in global financial markets, not only in North America and Western Europe, but also in developing and emerging markets in Asia, South America, the Middle East and Africa. In addition, we expect the trend of incumbent private equity firms and new players expanding into new and less-established geographical markets to continue, although recent protectionist trends remain a risk factor. While no one can predict how 2018 will unfold, one can confidently say that private equity will continue to play an important role in the global economy, and will likely seek to expand its reach and influence. It remains to be seen how local markets and policymakers respond. Private equity professionals need – now more than ever – guidance from local practitioners about how to raise money and close deals in multiple jurisdictions. This review has been prepared with this need in mind. It contains contributions from leading private equity practitioners in 27 different countries, with observations and advice on private equity deal-making and fundraising in their respective jurisdictions. As private equity has grown, it has also faced increasing regulatory scrutiny throughout the world. Adding to this complexity, regulation of private equity is not uniform from country to country. As a result, the following chapters also include a brief discussion of these various regulatory regimes. I want to thank everyone who contributed their time and labour to making this seventh edition of The Private Equity Review possible. Each of them is a leader in his or her respective market, so I appreciate that they have used their valuable and scarce time to share their expertise. Stephen L Ritchie Kirkland Ellis LLP Chicago, Illinois March 2018 © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

14. 281 Chapter 3 BRAZIL Marcus Vinicius Bitencourt, Luiz Augusto Osorio and Laura Angrisani1 I OVERVIEW i Deal activity In recent years, Brazil’s economic growth has slowed while the country has been suffering a period of political instability. Due to the political and economic crisis, major projects across numerous sectors were frozen and domestic companies suffered a credit crunch, which, in some cases, even resulted in shutdowns. In this scenario, Brazil’s economy has suffered a severe backlash in the first half of this decade. The gross domestic product had the worst figures ever; two-digit inflation became a serious concern; the market shrank compared to last decade and in addition to this grave situation, credit availability severely decreased. Nevertheless, after changes in the government’s direction in the past couple of years, there is increased confidence in Brazil’s commitment to performing the necessary measures for its recovery and the economy has started to slowly move forward once again. Although the currency has experienced a smooth appreciation during 2016 and remained relatively stable during 2017, the hefty devaluation of the Brazilian real in the previous years along with its potential competitiveness and broad market maintains Brazil as an attractive destination for international private equity investments. Not surprisingly, it has been noticed signs of an effective potential economic recovery in the year of 2017, as we can observe an increase in 6 per cent of the mergers and acquisitions transactions held from January to October 2017 compared to the same period in 2016. The growth was most noticeable on the IT, mining and retail sectors.2 In terms of total investments, data from the Brazilian Association of Private Equity Venture Capital (ABVCAP) and KPMG3 indicates that private equity investment in Brazil during 2016 amounted to US$3.41 billion,4 a decrease of 38.7 per cent compared with 2015.5 Despite the decrease in the total amount of investments in 2016, the number of invested companies remained fairly stable. The transactions performed in 2016 were different 1 Marcus Vinicius Bitencourt and Luiz Augusto Osório are partners and Laura Angrisani is an associate at Campos Mello Advogados. 2 Information from PwC: ‘Fusões e aquisições no Brasil’, October 2017. Available at www.pwc.com.br. 3 ‘Consolidação de Dados da Indústria de Private Equity e Venture Capital no Brasil – 2012/2013/2014/ 2016’. ABVCAP and KPMG. 4 The monetary values mentioned herein have been converted from Brazilian reais to US dollars at the exchange rate for 31 December 2017, as published by the Brazilian Central Bank. 5 Variations considering the amounts in Brazilian reais. © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

15. Brazil 282 from those that occurred in 2017, as they mainly occurred in the real estate and construction industry, retail, food and beverages, financial services and energy sectors, which combined represented 60 per cent of the private equity investments made in 2016. The same study indicates that, the amount of divestment transactions in Brazil in 2016 were reduced by 14 per cent in comparison with 2015. According to data from BMF Bovespa,6 10 IPOs occurred in 2017, a significant increase in relation to 2016, when only one company went public. However, even with the recent positive results verified in comparison to previous years, the expectation for 2018 is that the number of IPOs will decrease, which is very common during presidential election years. The market will probably be more active in the first semester to avoid the volatility before the elections that will occur in October and resume more intense activity in 2019. A broader analysis, that contemplates investments and divestments by private equity funds through MA transactions, shows that these funds participated in 128 transactions from January to October 2017, representing more than 24 per cent of the announced MA deals during such period7 and an increase of 23 per cent compared with the same period of 2016. Of the MA deals in Brazil announced from January to October 2017, more than 59 per cent involved acquisitions of control. ii Operation of the market Brazilian practice draws a distinction between the portfolio manager and administrator of investment funds. The activity of both entities, regardless of the level of effort made in raising resources, is subject to the rules issued by the Brazilian Securities Commission (CVM). The operation of private equity funds is thus subject to the rules of CVM. Foreign private equity funds are not subject to the CVM’s rules when investing in Brazil. They are simply classified as foreign investors, and as such are subject to the general rules on registration of capital invested in Brazil issued by the Central Bank. Therefore, since this work already suitably covers other jurisdictions, here we focus on private equity activities in which the portfolio manager is located in Brazil. Brazilian private equity funds are subject to registration with the CVM and must have an administrator, which must be a financial institution authorised to function by the Central Bank, and a manager. The manager exercises the most relevant function, as it is directly responsible for managing the portfolio, including investment and divestment decisions. It is important to note that the administrator and the manager can be the same entity.8 According to data announced by the Brazilian Association of Financial and Capital Market Entities (ANBIMA),9 in November 2017 the largest private equity fund managers in Brazil in terms of net assets were BB DTVM SA, Bradesco, Itaú Unibanco SA, Caixa and Banco Santander (Brasil SA). 6 Information available at www.bmfbovespa.com.br. 7 Information from PwC: ‘Fusões e aquisições no Brasil’, October 2017. Available at www.pwc.com.br. 8 CVM Instruction 558/15, in force since 4 January 2016, rules the activities related to the securities portfolio administration. 9 Ranking of investment fund managers, available at www.anbima.com.br. © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

16. Brazil 283 The CVM’s rules basically allow an administrator and manager to obtain remuneration in two formats, through administration and performance fees, to be divided between the administrator and manager as agreed between them. The administration fee is charged on a monthly basis as a percentage of the net assets. The performance fee, in turn, is only paid by the investor at the moment of redeeming an investment, as a percentage of the gain, calculated according to the criteria established at the time of registering the fund with the CVM. In general, the manager’s remuneration is substantially higher than the administrator’s, given that the latter usually only distributes the shares and takes care of treasury matters, while the former manages the portfolio by making the investment and divestment decisions. Average administration fees are historically around 2 per cent a year of the net assets or committed capital. In turn, the performance fees can largely vary but they are commonly around 20 per cent of the profit generated above a benchmark rate of return set in the fund’s by-laws. These fees are paid at the time of redeeming the investment, after adjusting for inflation.10 In many cases, the fund names a representative to hold an executive position with the most important investee companies. In this situation, the person in question can receive a stock option plan or other incentive, with the cost in the final analysis passed through to the fund’s investors in proportion to the holding in the company in question. With respect to the purchase or sale of an equity stake, the standard procedure includes the following steps: a negotiation of the terms of the deal, with the signing of an MoU or term sheet; b carrying out of a due diligence process by the potential buyer. Tax and labour liabilities are usually the most sensitive concerns; c negotiation of the definitive documents, including the share purchase agreement and shareholder agreement (as the case may be); d signing; e submission to the Administrative Council for Economic Defence (CADE) if the deal is subject to antitrust notification; and f closing. This process can vary according to the complexity of the deal and other particularities. The average time between the term sheet and closing is around four months if the deal is not subject to approval by CADE. The rules of CADE are broad enough to cover a good part of private equity transactions. In such cases, the acquisition documents are signed under condition and the closing can only occur after CADE’s approval. Another common way to sell a corporate stake when there are various interested parties is by competitive bidding. In this case, the negotiation starts with several interested parties, who analyse the preliminary data on the company and submit proposals. Those with values below the expectation of the sellers are eliminated from the running, after which only the prospective buyers with the highest valuations continue the negotiation process, until a final buyer is identified. 10 Information from a report of ABVCAP in partnership with Insper. © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

17. Brazil 284 II LEGAL FRAMEWORK i Acquisition of control and minority interests Private equity funds domiciled in Brazil are set up in the form of equity investment funds (FIPs) and are subject to the regulations of the CVM.11 FIPs must invest their assets in shares, subscription warrants, debentures and other securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of corporations, both listed and unlisted, as well as securities that represent quotas of limited liability companies, which is the most common company type in Brazil, especially for start-ups. Since FIPs are subject to the rules of CVM, they must submit all their relevant documents, such as balance sheets and portfolio composition, as well as report any intention to issue new quotas of the fund, replace the administrator or amend the by-laws, and of any pending spin-off, merger, consolidation or liquidation. The rules on FIPs historically require their active participation in the decision process of the portfolio companies, with effective influence in defining management strategy and policy. This is generally achieved by appointing members to the board of directors. The right of the FIP to take part in the decision-making process can also occur in one or more of the following ways: by holding shares in the controlling block; through a shareholder or voting agreement; or by any other agreement that assures the fund effective influence. The investee companies also must satisfy certain corporate governance requirements.12 Therefore, the standard investment model of the FIP is to acquire shareholding control or a relevant stake in the controlling block. Control in Brazilian law is defined as holding rights that assure, on a permanent basis, the majority of the votes in the decisions of the general meeting and the power to appoint the majority of the administrators (directors and officers). Participation in the controlling block is defined as being a party to a shareholder or voting agreement that guarantees influence in the decisions of the company. Nevertheless, according to the CVM Instruction 578 of 30 August 2016 (CVM Instruction 578), FIPs are exempted from the requirement of participating in the decision-making process if the investment is reduced to less than half of the original amount invested and constitutes rate below 15 per cent of the company’s corporate capital; or the book value of the investment is reduced to zero. Foreign private equity funds can set up a FIP in Brazil as a vehicle to make investments. As for any other foreign investment, the capital must be registered with and follow the rules of the Brazilian Central Bank.13 Income arising from investment in FIPs and gains arising 11 CVM Instruction 578, mentioned below. 12 Namely: they may not issue founders’ shares or have any such securities outstanding; they must call for a unified term of one year for all directors; they must disclose the terms of contracts with related parties, shareholder agreements and stock options and other similar programmes; they must pledge to resolve corporate disputes by arbitration; in the event of going public, they must undertake to the fund to adhere to a trading segment of an exchange or organised over-the-counter market that requires enhanced corporate governance, as per the preceding items; and their annual financial statements must be audited by an independent auditor registered with the CVM. 13 Resolution 4,373 of 29 September 2014, from the National Monetary Council. © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

18. Brazil 285 from the sale or amortisation of FIP quotas by non-resident investors that are not resident or domiciled in a favourable tax jurisdiction14 is currently taxed at zero per cent, provided that the following requirements are met: a the non-resident investor does not hold, individually or with related parties (as defined by the applicable legislation),15 40 per cent or more of all shares issued by the fund (shareholding test) or does not have the right to receive 40 per cent or more of the total income generated by the fund (economic test); b the fund does not have in its portfolio, at any time, debt securities in an amount exceeding 5 per cent of its net worth, except if such securities correspond to convertible debentures, subscription warrants or public bonds; c the fund is compliant with additional portfolio requirements provided by CVM regulations, which currently require that at least 90 per cent of the portfolio of the FIP to be composed of shares, subscription warrants, simple debentures, other securities convertible or exchangeable securities into shares issued by corporations, either closely held company or publicly held company, as well as securities representing equity participation in limited liability companies, provided that the FIP participates in the decision-making process of the investee companies, with effective influence on the definition of their strategic policies and management; and d in addition to the provision mentioned in item (c) above, at least 67 per cent of the FIP’s portfolio is composed of shares of corporations, debentures that are convertible into shares and subscription warrants (allowed assets).16 Additionally, all gains, including capital gains paid, credited, delivered or remitted to beneficiaries resident or domiciled outside Brazil (except if situated in a favourable tax jurisdiction) that are produced by investment funds are exempt from income tax if the 14 Brazilian law defines more than one concept of favourable tax jurisdiction. However, the concept that matters for this particular analysis refers to foreign investments in the Brazilian financial and capital markets pursuant to CMN Resolution 4,373/14. Accordingly, the applicable concept of favourable tax jurisdiction refers to a country that does not tax income or that taxes income at a rate lower than 20 per cent or does not provide information regarding the equity partners of legal entities, its owners or the beneficial owner of the income paid to non-residents. The standard tax rate of 20 per cent to identify privileged tax regimes is reduced to 17 per cent if the country follows the international standards of tax transparency (Ordinance MF 488/14), as established by the RFB. The Brazilian tax authorities have listed some jurisdictions as favourable tax jurisdictions. Historically the tax authorities have viewed such list as being a numerus clausus list, namely, any jurisdiction not appearing on the list will not be deemed as a favourable tax jurisdiction. In 2017, Costa Rica, the Island of Madeira and Singapore were removed from the referred list. 15 Such 40 per cent ceiling considers the following related parties of the investor of the FIP: (a) regarding individuals, (1) its relatives up to the second degree, (2) company controlled by the investor or by any of its relatives up to the second degree and (3) partners or managers of the company controlled by the investor or its relatives up to the second degree; and (b) regarding legal entities, the one that is its controller, controlled or affiliated. 16 Section 11 of recently enacted Provisional Measure No. 806/2017 revoked such requirement which, in our understanding (see below), is expected to be in force as of 1 January 2019. © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

19. Brazil 286 following general cumulative requirements are met (but an analysis per asset to be invested is advisable): a the quotaholders must be exclusively non-residents; and b the fund regulations must provide that its fund application is made exclusively in:17 • assets required by tax legislation; • cash deposits; • assets that are also exempt from income tax, or taxed at a zero per cent rate, when the beneficiaries of the gains derived from such assets are residents or are domiciled outside Brazil (except if situated in a favourable tax jurisdiction); or • assets traded in financial and capital markets that are exempt from taxation, provided that they are negotiated by the funds under the same terms and conditions set forth by law for the enjoyment of the tax exemption. In addition, foreign exchange transactions carried out in Brazil are subject to the tax on financial operations regarding exchange agreements (IOF) for inflow and outflow. The standard rate is currently 0.38 per cent for most foreign exchange transactions. IOF is levied at a zero per cent rate on the inflow and outflow of remittances into related investments made by non-Brazilian residents in the Brazilian financial and capital markets. There are other specific rates or exemptions that may apply to certain transactions. Although unlikely in the current economic scenario, the IOF rate, due to its regulatory purpose rather than budgetary, may be increased at any time to a maximum of 25 per cent by the government. Notwithstanding the tax benefits listed above, the requirement to engage an administrator and manager approved by the CVM to structure a local FIP prompts most international private equity players to choose an offshore structure to invest directly in Brazil, outside the capital market. This means that the investment will be classified as a foreign direct investment, regulated by Law 4,131/62. A foreign direct investment can occur by incorporating a new company or investing in an existing one (limited liability company or corporation). In some cases, the direct investment involves setting up a joint venture with a Brazilian company or other investors, and the signing of shareholder agreements, investment agreements or loan contracts, among other mechanisms. In addition, for foreign direct investment both the foreign investor and the receiving company in Brazil must be registered with the Central Bank. Finally, it is also worth mentioning that recent amendments to the Brazilian Federal Revenue Rule No. 1634, as of 6 May 2016 (IN 1634/2016), which governs the registration of national and foreign entities with the Federal Taxpayers’ Registry of Legal Entities of the Ministry of Finance, has established the obligation of foreign shareholders of Brazilian entities and also the Brazilian entities18 to provide the Brazilian Federal Revenue with the information on the relevant corporate chain, including trusts and foundations, up to the individuals deemed as their ultimate beneficial owners, defined, with a few exceptions, as the (1) the individual or individuals who either, directly or indirectly, own, control or 17 If the fund regulations restrict its quotaholders to non-resident individuals only, the fund is also allowed to invest in assets whose gains will be exempt from individual income tax under Section 3 of Law 11,033/2004 (e.g., certificates of real estate receivables (CRIs), real estate investment funds (FIIs)). 18 This obligation was also applied to the Brazilian entities by means of the enactment of the Declaratory Executive COCAD Act No. 9, as of 23 October 2017, issued by the Brazilian Federal Revenue. © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

20. Brazil 287 significantly influence19 the legal entity; or (2) the individual under whose name a given transaction is performed. Such obligation shall be complied with during any update of any data of the Brazilian or foreign entity’s registry before the Brazilian Federal Revenue, or if no update occurs, until 31 December 2018. Such rule also presents some exceptions to the compliance of such obligation, such as the case of (1) a publicly held corporation incorporated in Brazil or in other jurisdiction that requires the public disclosure of all the shareholders considered relevant and that are not located in jurisdiction with a favourable taxation nor under a privileged tax regime; and (2) the Brazilian investment funds that are regulated by the CVM, provided that the Brazilian taxpayers’ number of all the shareholders of the funds are duly informed by the portfolio administrators to the Brazilian Federal Revenue. It is important to clarify that this is a very recent obligation and even the authorities are still uncertain on their requests for documents and information. ii Fiduciary duties and liabilities FIP administrators and managers must observe the standards of conduct established by the CVM and are liable for losses caused to investors when they act with intentional misconduct or culpability (defined as negligence, imprudence or malpractice) in violation of the law, CVM rules or the FIP’s by-laws. The CVM has also issued specific rules for portfolio managers of funds,20 and any infractions subject them to penalties if they are found guilty in an administrative sanction proceeding conducted by the CVM. Complementary to the CVM’s rules, ABVCAP and ANBIMA have issued the ABVCAP and ANBIMA Code for Regulation and Best Practices for the FIP Market with the aim of raising fiduciary standards and promoting best practices, to allow the gradual integration of the Brazilian investment fund market with the international private equity market. Adherence to this Code is mandatory for those members of ABVCAP and ANBIMA that engage in administration and portfolio management activities. Representatives of the manager named as directors, officers or to other executive positions in the investee companies also have the duties to the company required of administrators in general by the Law of Corporations. Accordingly, they must employ, in the exercise of their functions, the same care and diligence as all active and honest people employ in handling their own affairs, following the law and the company by-laws; they must always act in the company’s best interests; and they must satisfy the greater public good and the social function of the company. The fund administrators or managers must also observe the duties attributed by the Law of Corporations to shareholders. Accordingly, they must exercise the right to vote in general meetings in the interest of the company and can be held liable for any damages caused in exercising their voting right. 19 Pursuant to Article 8º §2º of the Brazilian Federal Revenue Rule No. 1634, as of 6 May 2016 a significant control or influence is presumed whenever the individual (1) holds, directly or indirectly, more than 25 per cent of the entity’s corporate capital, or (2) holds, directly or indirectly, the power to control the entity’s corporate decisions and to appoint the majority of its managers. 20 CVM Instruction 558/15, in force since 4 January 2016, sets forth the conduct rules that administrators and portfolio managers are subject to in the performance of their duties. © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

21. Brazil 288 III YEAR IN REVIEW i Recent deal activity As mentioned in Section I, signs of a potential economic recovery in 2018 are being seen, after important private equity deals were carried out during 2017. In the education sector, the Group SEB – Sistema de Ensino Brasileiro acquired 80 per cent of COC Florida, an institution based in the south of Brazil, in Santa Catarina, that acts in the secondary school and in pre-college preparatory courses. In May 2017, Brazilian wealth manager Gavea Investimentos Ltda purchased an undisclosed majority stake in local indoor services group GPS Group for an undisclosed sum. Amongotherimportanttransactionscarriedoutin2017,Chinesemobiletransportation company Beijing Xiaoju Technology Co Ltd has acquired a controlling share in Brazilian mobile phone taxi-hailing application developer 99Taxis Desenvolvimento de Softwares Ltda (99 Taxis) for around US$960 million, Brazilian business news magazine Exame reported. Also in 2017, Alpargatas SA, the producer of Havaianas flip flops, announced that Brazilian holding company JF Investimentos SA has agreed to sell its 54.23 per cent stake of the company’s total capital stock for 3.5 billion reais. The buyers are Brazilian holding companies Brasil Warrant Administração de Bens e Empresas SA and Itausa Investimentos – Itau SA and the local private equity firm Cambuhy Investimentos Ltda. The acquisition was concluded in September 2017. ii Financing The scenario for financing of private equity changed substantially in 2016, due to the issuance of CVM Instruction 578,21 which aimed to unify and modernise the rules about the incorporation, operation and management of FIPs, also consolidating previous amendments to the provisions that rule the structure and guidelines for FIPs. Among the main changes promoted by the Instruction, FIPs are now able to (1) invest on limited liability companies and in non-convertible debentures;22 (2) invest up to 20 per cent of their net equity in offshore private equity assets; and (3) have authorised capital, which means that the administrator may issue new quotas in FIPs without requiring a new investors’ approval. The Instruction also created different categories of FIPs, such as the FIP – seed capital, which allows the use of FIPs under certain conditions as a vehicle to invest in start-ups companies. Furthermore, the administrator may create different classes of quotas that may have different rights, permitting differentiation as to, among other things: hurdle rates; management fees and performance fees; the timing of capital calls, amortisation and redemption; and veto rights and the appointment of members of committees. In order to harmonise the Brazilian accounting principles with international standards, FIPs qualified as investment entities shall mark the portfolio assets according to their fair value, while FIPs that do not qualify as investment entities shall register their investments in accordance with the rules applicable to affiliates of publicly traded companies and are now 21 Although the referred CVM Instruction was enacted in August 2016, the FIPs had until August 2017 to adapt the new rules. 22 Previously, according to CVM Instruction 391, FIPs could only invest in corporations and not in limited liability companies. Additionally, FIPs could not invest in non-convertible debentures, but only in the convertible ones. © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

22. Brazil 289 required to prepare and submit audited financial statements whenever there is a material change in the fair value of the investment company during the fiscal year. In this regard, CVM Instruction 579 was issued on 30 August 201623 creating new rules for the provision of financial statements of FIPs, outlining the accounting methods for the classification of assets and liabilities. iii Key terms of recent control transactions Acquisitionsofcontrolarecharacterisedbythesigningofdocumentsthatprotectthepurchaser from possible liabilities not reflected on the balance sheet at the time of closing, including instruments to adjust the price, escrow accounts and similar arrangements. Additionally, with the alteration of the rule for prior submission of transactions involving a change in control to CADE, the moment of closing now occurs in some cases several months after execution of the binding documents. This makes it more necessary than ever to include protective clauses covering price adjustment and material adverse change. In cases where a particular shareholder has great importance in the development of the company’s business plan, a lock-up clause can be used, by means of which this shareholder cannot sell the respective shares during a certain period, to assure that the transition to management by the new controllers will occur as smoothly as possible. In transactions involving listed corporations, the transfer of control can only be contracted under the condition that the purchaser launches a public tender offer to acquire the shares of the other owners.24 iv Exits As previously explained, divestment via an IPO and follow-on sale of shares was the exit strategy most often used in the Brazilian market until the first years of this decade. One example is BR Investimentos’ investment in Abril Educação, a publisher. In July 2010, BR Investimentos, through its funds BR Educacional FIP and FIP Brasil de Governança Corporativa, invested about US$98.18 million to acquire a 24.7 per cent stake in Abril Educação. In July 2011, one year after the capitalisation of BR Investimentos and after various acquisitions, Abril Educação held an IPO on the BMF Bovespa, and in April 2013, a follow-on offering in which the funds of BR Investimentos sold approximately 45 per cent of their interests. The funds remained with a combined stake of about 8.5 per cent in the company.25 The expectations to the year of 2018 are high: the market has already in its pipeline a list of six companies that may become public shortly before the end of the first semester of the year. The companies want to do their offers before the electoral timetable affects the pockets of national and foreign investors. 23 The referred CVM Instruction became applied to accounting periods initiated in or after January 1st, 2017. 24 Article 254-A of the Law of Corporations determines that the buyer must launch a public tender offer to acquire the voting shares owned by the other shareholders at a price per share of at least 80 per cent of that paid for the shares in the controlling block. In the case of companies listed in the Novo Mercado and Level 2 trading segments of the BMF Bovespa (the top two enhanced governance segments), the public offer must target all the remaining shares, for the same price paid to those of the controlling block, to assure equal treatment between minority and controlling shareholders. 25 ‘Cases de Private Equity e Venture Capital: Construindo empresas para o futuro’, ABVCAP. October 2013. © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

23. Brazil 290 IV REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS Private equity deals can be carried out by means of offshore structures, with capital raising and legal structuring done outside the country, resulting in a foreign direct investment from the standpoint of the Central Bank; or through transactions carried out by funds domiciled in Brazil, subject to the rules of the CVM. Besides issuing rules on the capital market and investment fund industry, the CVM oversees the activities of players and enforces rules through investigations and administrative proceedings. Punishments for wrongdoing range from a formal warning to the application of fines and even a prohibition on operating in the capital market. In addition to this, many sectors of the Brazilian economy are subject to the specific oversight of regulatory agencies. There are currently 10 such agencies, all established between December 1996 and September 2001: the National Telecommunications Agency; the National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency; the National Electric Energy Agency; the National Supplementary Health Agency; the National Sanitary Surveillance Agency; the National Water Resources Agency; the National Cinema Agency; the National Waterway Transport Agency; the National Land Transport Agency; and the National Civil Aviation Agency. Some of these agencies regulate MA transactions, enforcing respective technical, legal and financial requirements to be observed by the parties involved, and must also be consulted before concluding changes of control, meaning that their approval must be obtained before closing a deal. In such cases, both the regulatory agency and CADE have the power to block transactions. V OUTLOOK The private equity industry in Brazil has been growing strongly in the last couple of decades, and there is great demand for investments in various sectors of the economy, especially in Brazil’s infrastructure, and in the petroleum and hospitality sectors. The environment for private equity investments has also been continuously modernising and adjusting to the reality of the international markets. Other measures to expand the private equity market are being put in place, such as specific rules for investments in special segments or in organised over-the-counter markets. Some important challenges to investments in the country need to be overcome, such as the complex and burdensome tax system and the high level of regulation of the economy. It is thus necessary to retain specialist advisers before making investments in Brazil. © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

24. 499 Appendix 1 ABOUT THE AUTHORS MARCUS VINICIUS BITENCOURT Campos Mello Advogados Marcus Vinicius Bitencourt is a partner and co-head of the corporate area of Campos Mello Advogados. Having joined the firm in 2005 as an associate, he became a senior associate in 2008, a partner in 2012 and co-head of the corporate area in 2017. Mr Bitencourt graduated with a BA in law from the University Candido Mendes in 2002; a postgraduate qualification in business law from the Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV) in 2005; a specialisation in corporate and capital markets law from FGV in 2007; and a certificate in investment banking from the School of Continuing and Professional Studies, New York University, 2009. He has an extensive practice in the areas of corporate law, securities and MA, offering legal advice in all investment operations and directing Brazilian and foreign investors in mutual funds, investment companies and share portfolios. His experience also encompasses assistance with planning and structuring of business transactions and corporate activities, including incorporation; corporate reorganisations and restructurings; and assembly of joint ventures, consortiums, associations, foundations, partnerships and other methods of organising businesses, activities and enterprises. LUIZ AUGUSTO OSORIO Campos Mello Advogados Luiz Augusto Osorio is a partner at Campos Mello Advogados, based in Rio de Janeiro. Having joined the firm in 2005 as an intern, he became a senior associate in 2012 and a partner in 2018. He graduated with a BA in law from the Pontifícia Universidade Católica PUC-Rio in 2005, and gained a postgraduate qualification in private and property law from the Pontifícia Universidade Católica PUC-Rio in 2008, as well as a specialisation in accountancy from FGV in 2009. He practises in the areas of corporate, securities, mergers and acquisitions and contracts © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

25. About the Authors 500 LAURA ANGRISANI Campos Mello Advogados Laura Angrisani is an associate in the corporate area of Campos Mello Advogados. She graduated in Law in the Pontifícia Universidade Católica of Rio de Janeiro in 2015. She has also taken a course of Commercial Law at Kings College London in 2013. She has practised in the areas of corporate law, mergers and acquisitions operations, and associations in general and corporate governance. Her experience also encompasses assisting with foreign investments in Brazil and corporate reorganisations and restructurings. She is a member of the Rio de Janeiro section of the Brazilian Bar Association. CAMPOS MELLO ADVOGADOS Av Pres Juscelino Kubitschek, 360 10th Floor, Vila Nova Conceição 04543-000 São Paulo Brazil Tel: +55 11 3077 3500 Fax: +55 11 3077 3501 Rua Lauro Müller, 116 25th Floor, Botafogo 22290-906, Rio de Janeiro Brazil Tel: +55 21 3262 3000 Fax: +55 21 3262 3011 mbitencourt@cmalaw.com www.cmalaw.com © 2018 Law Business Research Ltd

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