1. Hydrogen Fuel CellHydrogen Fuel Cell
VehiclesVehicles
By:By:
MANOJA M HMANOJA M H
manojamh333@gmail.commanojamh333@gmail.com
2. Very Relevant TopicVery Relevant Topic
The topic of alternative fuel vehicles isThe topic of alternative fuel vehicles is
especially relevant given the events of theespecially relevant given the events of the
last few weekslast few weeks
As gas prices continueAs gas prices continue
to rise this summer we’llto rise this summer we’ll
likely see this topic getlikely see this topic get
more and more attentionmore and more attention
3. Why Relevant?Why Relevant?
Gas prices/Oil MarketGas prices/Oil Market
Oil currently around $73/barrelOil currently around $73/barrel
Projections have oil hitting $90/barrel thisProjections have oil hitting $90/barrel this
summersummer
$4/gallon this summer? What about in 2010?$4/gallon this summer? What about in 2010?
How long will oil be around? What about easyHow long will oil be around? What about easy
to get to oil? Is it already gone?to get to oil? Is it already gone?
EnvironmentEnvironment
Bush’s April 25Bush’s April 25thth
“Plan”“Plan”
4. Alternate Fuel VehiclesAlternate Fuel Vehicles
HybridsHybrids
Here now, but stillHere now, but still
require gasrequire gas
Ethanol/E85Ethanol/E85
Pushed by GMPushed by GM
More expensive, justMore expensive, just
as dirty?as dirty?
5. Alternative Fuel VehiclesAlternative Fuel Vehicles
Internal CombustionInternal Combustion
HydrogenHydrogen
Slightly modified formSlightly modified form
of internal combustionof internal combustion
engineengine
Burns hydrogen,Burns hydrogen,
produces pure waterproduces pure water
exhaustexhaust
Serious rangeSerious range
problemsproblems
BMW has broken severalBMW has broken several
speed records forspeed records for
hydrogen cars and ishydrogen cars and is
banking on cars that canbanking on cars that can
run successfully on bothrun successfully on both
gas and hydrogengas and hydrogen
6. Hydrogen Fuel CellsHydrogen Fuel Cells
““An old idea whose time has come”An old idea whose time has come”
Fuel cells invented in 1838 by Swiss scientistFuel cells invented in 1838 by Swiss scientist
Christian Friedrich SchönbeinChristian Friedrich Schönbein
Aspects of engines as well as batteriesAspects of engines as well as batteries
No pollution emittedNo pollution emitted
PEM FCs ideal for light-duty vehicles,PEM FCs ideal for light-duty vehicles,
buildings & much smaller applicationsbuildings & much smaller applications
7. Hydrogen Fuel CellsHydrogen Fuel Cells
Fuel cells are similar toFuel cells are similar to
batteries, but designedbatteries, but designed
for continuousfor continuous
replenishment of energyreplenishment of energy
via external fuelvia external fuel
Many different types ofMany different types of
fuel cells, most commonfuel cells, most common
will likely be the PEM FCwill likely be the PEM FC
Hydrogen and oxygen in,Hydrogen and oxygen in,
water vapor and liquidwater vapor and liquid
water outwater out
Typical output is about .8Typical output is about .8
voltsvolts
8. Storage & EfficiencyStorage & Efficiency
Two storage optionsTwo storage options
1.1. Produce the hydrogen on the ground and then storeProduce the hydrogen on the ground and then store
it onboard the vehicle (theit onboard the vehicle (the direct hydrogen optiondirect hydrogen option))
2.2. Produce the hydrogen on the vehicle by means of aProduce the hydrogen on the vehicle by means of a
tiny onboard hydrogen plant (thetiny onboard hydrogen plant (the onboard fuelonboard fuel
processor optionprocessor option))
Hydrogen FC’s 2 times as efficient as internalHydrogen FC’s 2 times as efficient as internal
combustioncombustion
Internal combustion efficiency – 15-25%Internal combustion efficiency – 15-25%
Hydrogen FC’s – 50-60%Hydrogen FC’s – 50-60%
Estimates that FC Vehicles can achieveEstimates that FC Vehicles can achieve
equivalent of 80 miles/gallon gasoline.equivalent of 80 miles/gallon gasoline.
9. Fuel Cell StacksFuel Cell Stacks
In order to produceIn order to produce
enough voltage, cells areenough voltage, cells are
grouped into stacksgrouped into stacks
A hydrogen fuel cellA hydrogen fuel cell
automobile would have atautomobile would have at
least 45 cells in a stackleast 45 cells in a stack
Hydrogen is stored andHydrogen is stored and
injected in either liquid orinjected in either liquid or
gas formgas form
Many cells, but onlyMany cells, but only
output is still liquid andoutput is still liquid and
vapor watervapor water
10. Applications of Fuel CellApplications of Fuel Cell
TechnologyTechnology
CarsCars
BusesBuses
Space Travel & ExplorationSpace Travel & Exploration
AirplanesAirplanes
SubmarinesSubmarines
Off-grid Power SupplyOff-grid Power Supply
Combined Heat & PowerCombined Heat & Power
11. Fuel Cell VehiclesFuel Cell Vehicles
Being pushed by car companies themselvesBeing pushed by car companies themselves
DaimlerChrysler – Several test cars in Japan andDaimlerChrysler – Several test cars in Japan and
Singapore; UPS vans in 2003-04 in U.S.Singapore; UPS vans in 2003-04 in U.S.
Ford – 40-60 vehicles in Germany, Canada,Ford – 40-60 vehicles in Germany, Canada,
California; widespread production by 2010California; widespread production by 2010
GM – wants to be first company to sell 1M FCVGM – wants to be first company to sell 1M FCV
profitably; started with fuel cell backup systems inprofitably; started with fuel cell backup systems in
2005. Prototype is Hy-wire2005. Prototype is Hy-wire
Also Honda, Nissan, Toyota, Hyundai, VW, Mazda,Also Honda, Nissan, Toyota, Hyundai, VW, Mazda,
others have FCV prototypes on the roadothers have FCV prototypes on the road
Severing connection with gas prices?Severing connection with gas prices?
12. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle IssuesHydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Issues
Storage isStorage is
complicatedcomplicated
Limited rangeLimited range
Expensive fuelExpensive fuel
Still a fossil fuel?Still a fossil fuel?
Energy carrier, notEnergy carrier, not
energy sourceenergy source
*Infrastructure**Infrastructure*
14. Hydrogen Fuel Cell VehicleHydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle
InfrastructureInfrastructure
Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production
Almost all of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. todayAlmost all of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. today
is by steam reforming of natural gasis by steam reforming of natural gas
Produce hydrogen directly from new nuclear powerProduce hydrogen directly from new nuclear power
reactors?reactors?
R&D into several new methods:R&D into several new methods:
Biological Water SplittingBiological Water Splitting
Photoelectrochemical Water SplittingPhotoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Reforming of Biomass and WastesReforming of Biomass and Wastes
Solar Thermal Water SplittingSolar Thermal Water Splitting
Renewable ElectrolysisRenewable Electrolysis
15. Hydrogen Fuel Cell VehicleHydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle
InfrastructureInfrastructure
The Hydrogen HighwayThe Hydrogen Highway
World’s first hydrogenWorld’s first hydrogen
refueling station openedrefueling station opened
in Iceland in 2003in Iceland in 2003
California & Florida haveCalifornia & Florida have
both approved fundingboth approved funding
BC Hydrogen HighwayBC Hydrogen Highway
will link Vancouver &will link Vancouver &
Whistler by start of 2010Whistler by start of 2010
Winter Olympic GamesWinter Olympic Games
16. EnvironmentEnvironment
Why we are pursuing Hydrogen FCVs(?)Why we are pursuing Hydrogen FCVs(?)
Emissions freeEmissions free
There are costs associated withThere are costs associated with
environmentalenvironmental
damagedamage
17. EconomicsEconomics
Current projections – several times theCurrent projections – several times the
price of standard carsprice of standard cars
Flexibility of oil industryFlexibility of oil industry
Manipulation of supply to keep oil just cheapManipulation of supply to keep oil just cheap
enoughenough
At what point does it become worthwhile toAt what point does it become worthwhile to
consumers?consumers?
Cost of gas + environmental costs + dependencyCost of gas + environmental costs + dependency
costs (political, militarily, social) > Cost of fuel cellcosts (political, militarily, social) > Cost of fuel cell
cars + hydrogen fuel???cars + hydrogen fuel???
18. EconomicsEconomics
Only 2 ways to reduceOnly 2 ways to reduce
our dependence onour dependence on
foreign oilforeign oil
Increase productionIncrease production
Decrease demandDecrease demand
The push for hydrogenThe push for hydrogen
fuel cell technology infuel cell technology in
cars represents thecars represents the
secondsecond
19. PoliticsPolitics
Obvious connectionObvious connection
between currentbetween current
administration and oiladministration and oil
companies andcompanies and
certain oil producingcertain oil producing
companiescompanies
Some criticize a FCVSome criticize a FCV
push as a cynical ploypush as a cynical ploy
But…2006 State ofBut…2006 State of
the Union Addressthe Union Address
Also, the 2003Also, the 2003
AddressAddress
20. Legal EnvironmentLegal Environment
Energy Policy Act of 2005Energy Policy Act of 2005
§§ 721-723: Advanced Vehicles Demonstration &§§ 721-723: Advanced Vehicles Demonstration &
Pilot ProgramPilot Program
§ 743 – Fuel Cell School Buses§ 743 – Fuel Cell School Buses
§ 773 – Study of Reducing Use of Fuel for§ 773 – Study of Reducing Use of Fuel for
AutomobilesAutomobiles
§ 782 – Federal & State Procurement of FCVs and§ 782 – Federal & State Procurement of FCVs and
Hydrogen Energy SystemsHydrogen Energy Systems
§ 1341 – Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit & Fuel Cell§ 1341 – Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit & Fuel Cell
Motor Vehicle CreditMotor Vehicle Credit
§ 1342 – Alternative Fuel Cell Infrastructure Tax§ 1342 – Alternative Fuel Cell Infrastructure Tax
CreditCredit
§ 1825 – Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technology Study§ 1825 – Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technology Study
21. Other StatutesOther Statutes
Clean Air Act – 1990 AmendmentsClean Air Act – 1990 Amendments
§ 211 – Emission Standards for Moving Sources§ 211 – Emission Standards for Moving Sources
§ § 241-250 – Clean Fuel Vehicles§ § 241-250 – Clean Fuel Vehicles
Many other federal incentive programs, includingMany other federal incentive programs, including
IRS tax breaks for FCV purchasersIRS tax breaks for FCV purchasers
State Incentives & RegulationsState Incentives & Regulations
E.g. California:E.g. California:
15 different incentive programs for AFVs15 different incentive programs for AFVs
Hydrogen Energy PlanHydrogen Energy Plan
CA Hydrogen Highway NetworkCA Hydrogen Highway Network
Network of hydrogen refueling stations, safety standards,Network of hydrogen refueling stations, safety standards,
commercial availability by 2010commercial availability by 2010
22. So Where Are We At?So Where Are We At?
Hydrogen is only type of energy that can provideHydrogen is only type of energy that can provide
a wholesale substitute for foreign oil within aa wholesale substitute for foreign oil within a
decadedecade
Clean, twice as efficient as internal combustion,Clean, twice as efficient as internal combustion,
and plentifuland plentiful
But like manned space flight in early 60s,But like manned space flight in early 60s,
hydrogen fuel cells are proven but primitivehydrogen fuel cells are proven but primitive
Do we need a 10 year goal ala Kennedy?Do we need a 10 year goal ala Kennedy?
Currently several times (10x?) more expensiveCurrently several times (10x?) more expensive
23. RecommendationRecommendation
We should aggressively pursue hydrogen fuelWe should aggressively pursue hydrogen fuel
cell vehiclescell vehicles
There are definite issues, but nothing comparedThere are definite issues, but nothing compared
to the economic, political and environmentalto the economic, political and environmental
issues associated with being wholly dependentissues associated with being wholly dependent
on oil.on oil.
A Kennedy-type goal, combined with gas pricesA Kennedy-type goal, combined with gas prices
continuing to rise at the current rate could get uscontinuing to rise at the current rate could get us
there by 2010-15, possibly even sooner.there by 2010-15, possibly even sooner.
Americans will need to look beyond the stickerAmericans will need to look beyond the sticker
priceprice
24. Major SourcesMajor Sources
National Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy Laboratory
http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_production_delivery.hthttp://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_production_delivery.ht
mlml
DoE Alternative Fuels Data CenterDoE Alternative Fuels Data Center
http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/laws/epact_2005.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/laws/epact_2005.html
Hydrogen Fuel Cell RealmHydrogen Fuel Cell Realm
http://www.geocities.com/aardduck/fc_basic.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/aardduck/fc_basic.html
Wired Magazine –Wired Magazine – How Hydrogen Can Save AmericaHow Hydrogen Can Save America
Bosselman et al.,Bosselman et al., Energy, Economics and theEnergy, Economics and the
EnvironmentEnvironment
FuelCellWorks.comFuelCellWorks.com
Cnn.com, WikipediaCnn.com, Wikipedia
Editor's Notes
India & China are both building economies based on oil
Bush’s plan
Reserve – addition 30k barrels per day to a country that consumes 21 million per day will have no effect
Delaying clean burning additives – we’re really chasing the wrong target here – the additives have no effect on the worldwide price of oil
Like an engine, a fuel cell will run as long as fuel (hydrogen) is supplied. Like a battery, it produces electricity by electrochemical reactions
No pollution – only heat, electricity & pure water
PEM FC = Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. This is the type our book discusses.
On the anode side, hydrogen diffuses to the anode catalyst where it dissociates into protons and electrons. The protons are conducted through the membrane to the cathode, but the electrons are forced to travel in an external circuit (supplying power) because the membrane is electrically insulating. On the cathode catalyst, oxygen molecules react with the electrons (which have travelled through the external circuit) and protons to form water. In this example, the only waste product is water vapor and/or liquid water.
While fuel cells are potentially highly efficient, and working prototypes were made by Roger E. Billings in the 1960s, three major obstacles exist in the development of a fuel cell-powered hydrogen car. The first problem is that hydrogen has a very low density. Even when the fuel is stored as a liquid in a cryogenic tank or in a pressurized tank as a gas, the amount of energy that can be stored in the space available is limited, and hydrogen cars therefore have limited range compared to their conventional counterparts. Some research has been done into using special crystalline materials to store hydrogen at greater densities and with margins.
The second major problem that used to plague hydrogen fuel cells involves the high cost of making reliable fuel cells that would provide electric power in a hydrogen car. Scientists are also working hard to figure out how to produce inexpensive fuel cells that are also robust enough to survive the bumps and vibrations that all automobiles have to handle. Furthermore freezing conditions have to be handled because fuel cells do produce water and utilise moist air with varying water content. Most fuel cell designs are fragile and can't survive in such environments. Also, many designs require rare substances such as platinum as a catalyst in order to work properly, and the catalyst can be contaminated by impurities in the hydrogen supply. However, within the past few years, a nickel-tin catalyst has been developed which drastically lowers the cost of a hydrogen fuel cell car to make it an economically viable car.
The third "problem" is due to the fact that while hydrogen can be used as an energy carrier, it is not an energy source. It still must be produced from fossil fuels, or from some other energy source, with a net loss of energy (since the conversion from energy to hydrogen storage and back to energy is not 100% efficient). Hydrogen is nearly twice as efficient than traditional combustion engines, which only have an efficiency of 15-25%. Hydrogen has a thermodynamic efficiency of 50-60%. The percentage will never be 100% because of the second law of thermodynamics.
Hydrogen production
Almost all of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. today is by steam reforming of natural gas and for the near term, this method of production will continue to dominate.
Biological
Certain photosynthetic microbes produce hydrogen from water in their metabolic activities using light energy. Photobiological technology holds great promise, but because oxygen is produced along with the hydrogen, the technology must overcome the limitation of oxygen sensitivity of the hydrogen-evolving enzyme systems. Researchers are addressing this issue by screening for naturally occurring organisms that are more tolerant of oxygen, and by creating new genetic forms of the organisms that can sustain hydrogen production in the presence of oxygen.
Photoelectrical
The cleanest way to produce hydrogen is by using sunlight to directly split water into hydrogen and oxygen.
Biomass
Hydrogen can be produced via pyrolysis or gasification of biomass resources such as agricultural residues like peanut shells; consumer wastes including plastics and waste grease; or biomass specifically grown for energy uses.
Solar Thermal
highly concentrated sunlight can be used to generate the high temperatures needed to split methane into hydrogen and carbon.
Renewable electrolysis
Renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics (PV), wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal can provide clean and sustainable electricity for our nation. However, some types renewable energy are limited by the fact that they have intermittent and seasonal energy production. One solution to this problem is to produce hydrogen through the electrolysis of water and use that hydrogen in a fuel cell to produce electricity during times of low power production or during peak demand or to use the hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles.
Iceland station in Reykjavik serves 3 buses built by DaimlerChrysler; station produces hydrogen by itself with an electrolyzing unit and does not need refilling; has no roof so that any leaked hydrogen escapes into the atmosphere
Hydrogen production
Almost all of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. today is by steam reforming of natural gas and for the near term, this method of production will continue to dominate.
Iceland station in Reykjavik serves 3 buses built by DaimlerChrysler; station produces hydrogen by itself with an electrolyzing unit and does not need refilling; has no roof so that any leaked hydrogen escapes into the atmosphere
Is the environment the reason or is it the pinch we feel everytime we gas up?
Hopefully it’s at least partially the reason – because FCVs are MUCH more expensive than traditional cars currently
We’ve talked this semester about the flexibility of oil companies and how the long term price projections of major oil companies range down to $20/barrel
Example scenario – Saudis keep incrementally increasing production
In his 2006 State of the Union address, he announced the U.S. government's hydrogen fuel initiative, which complements the President's existing FreedomCAR initiative for safe and cheap hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. But Bushy is the former CEO of Harken oil.
In his January 2003 State of the UnionAddress, President Bush announced a new, five-year research initiative on hydrogen fuel and fuel cells.
- Unveiled $1.2B Hydrogen Fuel Initiative, seeks to develop hydrogen, fuel cell & infrastructure technologies needed to make it practical & cost-effective for large numbers of Americans to choose to use fuel cell vehicles by 2020.
721-723: competitive grant program for advanced vehicle demonstration projects. EPAct 2005 authorizes $200M for this program
743: $25M 2006-2009
773: study feasibility and effects of significantly reducing petroleum consumption by 2014, including impacts from FCVs
782: requires federal fleets to being leasing or purchasing FCVs & hydrogen energy systems by 1/1/2010. $15M 2008, $25M 2009, $65M 2010, “& such sums as are necessary for 2011-2015”
1341: tax credits for purchasers of new dedicated AFVs; can receive up to $40k.
1342: tax credit equal to 30% of the cost of alternative refueling property up to $30k.
1825: directs DOE to enter into a K with National Academy of Sciences; National Research Council provides budget roadmap for FCV and transition from petroleum to hydrogen in vehicles by 2020
IL seems to be banking more on ethanol (I WONDER WHY?!?)
- The Illinois Green Fuels Program recognizes and highlights retail or commercial fuel stations that implement E85, natural gas, propane, or other clean fuels for sale to the public or to surrounding fleets. The Illinois Green Dealers Program recognizes Illinois car dealerships that promote the sale of AFVs and educate their customers on the benefits of AFVs, including which vehicle models can use E85 and where the nearest E85 stations are located.