2. The term-Novel
The word ‘novel’ was not used until the end of the 18th
century
An English transliteration of the Italian word ‘novella’-
French word- nouvelle
Used to describe a short, compact, broadly realistic
tale popular during the medieval period
eg. Boccaccio’s Decameron
The desire to depict and entertain the human
character
Deeper perception of life & its problem
3. Definition
The Shorter Oxford
Dictionary defines a
novel as
“a fictitious prose
narrative of
considerable length, in
which characters and
actions representative
of real life are
portrayed in a plot of
more or less
complexity”.
Plot- What happens in
the story
Characters-Who is
involved in what
happens in the story
Point of view- how the
story is told
Setting- When & where
the story takes place
Novelist’s criticism-the
interpretation or
philosophy of the writer
4. Hybrid genre
The novel
is the loosest form of literary art
encompasses many different sub-genres
is always in search of a definition
battled with other genres from the very
beginning
Very effective medium of the portrayal of
human thought and action
Often contains letters, dialogues, narration,
poetry etc.
5. The precursors of novel
Medieval European Romances Arthurian tales
culminating in Malory’s Morte D Arthur
Prose romances
John Lyly-Euphues,The Anatomy of wit(1578)
Robert Greene- Pandosto(1588)
Thomas Lodge- Rosalynde(1590)
Philip Sidney- Arcadia(1590)
Thomas Nashe’s The Unfortunate Traveller(1594)
Deloney’s Jack of Newbury(1626)
John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress (1678)
6. Only Connect ... New Directions
The increase of the reading public in the Augustan Age was due to
the growing
importance
of the middle class
the individual’s
trust in his own
abilities
the practice of
reason and self-
analysis
Most readers were
middle-class women
They used to borrow books
from circulating libraries
The rise of the novel
The novel
7. Major types of novel
Epistolary
Picaresque
Experimental
Novel of manners
Sentimental
Gothic
Historical
Social Realism
Psychological- Stream of consciousness
8. Epistolary novel
Novels in which the
narrative is told in
letters by one or more
of the characters
Allows author to
present feelings and
reactions of characters
allows multiple points
of view
Psychological realism
Samuel Richardson,
(1689-1761)
Pamela (1740)
Clarrisa (1748)
9. Picaresque Novel
Derives from Spanish picaro: a rogue
A usually autobiographical chronicle of a rascal’s travels
and adventures as s/he makes his/her way through the
world more by wits than industry
Episodic, loose structure, usually a first person narrative
Cervantes- Don Quixote(1605), the first modern European
novel
Daniel Defoe- Robinson Cruisoe(1719)& Moll Flanders
(1722)
Lacked in character development-advanced the narrative
side
10. Masters of picaresque novel
Henry Fielding (1707-1754)
Shamela (1741)
Joseph Andrews (1742)
Tom Jones (1749)
Sir Walter Scott -‘the father of
English Novel’
Tobias Smollett(1721-1771)
Roderick Random (1748)
Peregrine Pickle(1751)
• Markedly different in his
humor
• Realistic style & wry sense
of humor
• The comedic misadventure
of unscrupulous vagabond
11. Experimental novel (meta-novel)
Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)
Tristram Shandy 1759- in nine volumes
One of the greatest comic novels in English
Rambling plot
Meddling and maddening third person narrator
Digressions as important as main plot
A forerunner for many modern narrative devices
stream of consciousness
self-reflection
modernist and postmodernist writing
12. Sentimental novel
A heightened emotional response to events
Self-indulgence and elevated feeling
Conventional situation, stock characters & rhetorical
devices
Oliver Goldsmith- The Vicar of the Wakefield
Emotion is touted as superior to reason
Extremely moral & didactic
13. Gothic novel
Magic, mystery & horror
Exotic setting- medieval, oriental etc
Horace Walpole’s Castle of Ortanto(1764)
Guise of a translated lost manuscript on the day of
wedding
Fantastic romance
Blended two kinds of romance- the ancient and the
modern
14. Historical novel
Novels that reconstruct a past age, often when two
cultures are in conflict
Fictional characters interact with historical figures in
actual events
Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832),the father of the historical
novel:
The Waverly Novels (1814-1819)
Ivanhoe (1819)
Evokes the atmosphere of a vanished era
15. Social realism
Social or Sociological novels deal with the nature,
function and effect of the society which the characters
inhabit – often for the purpose of effecting reform
Social issues came to the forefront with the condition
of laborers in the Industrial Revolution and later in the
Depression: Dickens’ Hard Times, Gaskell’s Mary
Barton; Eliot’s Middlemarch; Steinbeck’s Grapes of
Wrath
Slavery and race issues arose in American social
novels: Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 20th c. novels by
Wright, Ellison, etc.
16. Stream of Consciousness novel
Narration that mimics the ebb and flow of thoughts of
the waking mind
Uninhibited by grammar, syntax or logical transitions
A mixture of all levels of awareness – sensations,
thoughts, memories, associations, reflections
Emphasis on how something is perceived rather than
on what is perceived
James Joyce, Dorothy Richardson, Virginia Woolf,
Thomas Wolfe, William Faulkner
17. Stream of Consciousness Ulysses- the master piece
written in a number of
differing literary styles,
ranging from internal
monologue to first-person
speculation to question-
and-answer
During the twenty four
hours of narrative time, the
characters move through
their day in Dublin,
interacting with a stunning
variety of individuals
James Joyce
1882-1941
The Dubliners
Portrait of an Artist
Ulysses
Finnegan’s Wake
Virginia Woolf
1882-1941
To the LightHouse
The Waves
Mrs. Dalloway
Orlando