weapons Factories POF

August 6, 2015 [INTERNSHIP REPORT]
POF [Weapons] Page 1
Internship Report
Pakistan Ordnance Factories
Raheel
raheel_siddique@outlook.com
August 23, 2015

Internship Report
Introduction
Weapons Factory of Pakistan Ordnance Factories is the biggest industrial complex in
Pakistan. The demands are mainly from the armed forces but in some cases other domestic
dealers have contacted POF for weapon supplying.
The weapons factory manufactures parts of a weapon, machining of the parts, finishing of
the parts, fitting or assembly of the weapon and proof testing of the weapon in a closed and
safe environment. The shops visited, in our one week of internship in the weapons factory,
are as follows:
o C-24 (Press and Welding Shop)
o C-23 (Barrel Shop)
o C-26 (Plastic Shop)
o C-20 (Woodwork Shop)
o C-22 (Machine Shop)
o C-21 (Heat Treatment Plant)
o B-20 (Assembly and Proofing Shop)
o B-22 (CNC Shop)
The manufacturing of some weapons were presently taking place but this factory does
manufacture, assemble and test for weapons such as:
o SMG - PK1
o SMG – PK
o MP5 P3
o MP5 A2
o POF EYE
o AZB (DMR)
o SMG PK (7.62 x 51 mm)
o G3A3
o MG3
o POF – 4 Pistol
o POF – 5 Pistol
o .308 Win Sportier

C-24 (Press and Welding Shop)
The processes that take place from sheet metal to finished byproduct in this shop
are Shearing, Blanking, Bending, Piercing, Stamping and Bending, Piercing and Cutting,
Trimming, Bending, Folding Front, Folding Rear, Final Piercing and Stamping. In this order
the processes take place. Some processes are repeated using the same machinery but
different punch and die or geometry and dimensions.
The machines that perform these processes are as follows:
Welding
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials by causing coalescence. This
is often done by melting the work pieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten
material that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes used in conjunction
with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld.
Oxyacetylene Welding and Cutting is relatively inexpensive and simple, generally
employing the combustion of acetylene in oxygen to produce a welding flame temperature of
about 3100 °C. The flame, since it is less concentrated than an electric arc, causes slower
weld cooling, which can lead to greater residual stresses and weld distortion, though it
eases the welding of high alloy steels. A similar process, generally called oxy-fuel cutting, is
used to cut metals.
Spot Welding is a process in which contacting metal surfaces are joined by the
heat obtained from resistance to electric current flow. Work-pieces are held together under
pressure exerted by electrodes. Typically the sheets are in the 0.5 to 3 mm thickness range.
The process uses two shaped copper alloy electrodes to concentrate welding current into a
small "spot" and to simultaneously clamp the sheets together. Forcing a large current
through the spot will melt the metal and form the weld.
Drilling Machine
The processes of drilling and boring take place on this machine. The difference between
drilling and boring is that when a hole is made all the way through the work piece it is known as
drilling otherwise it is known as boring. Drill bits of different sizes are present and are fitted into the
machine manually according to the requirement of the hole diameter. The work piece is held in place
using a vice or using T-slots.

Press Machine
The press machine uses press tool which mainly consist of a punch and die of the
desired geometry. There are presses ranging from one ton to nine hundred ton press load
capacity. There are two types of presses present; Hydraulic and Pneumatic Press. The
hydraulic press having greater accuracy due to the application of load gradually results in
accurate processing. Thus the hydraulic press is preferred instead of pneumatic when
making parts having delicate geometry. The process occurring on this machine are notching,
bending, piercing etc.
So as to prevent the work piece from breaking in the press machine, annealing is
done. This softens the material, as it is heated and then cooled. After the processes have
taken place they are fed into the tumbling machine. The vibratory and rotator tumblers clean
the work piece and remove the weld marks giving the work piece a finished look.
C-23 (Barrel Shop)
In this shop the barrel of G3A3, G3S and 10 mm Pistol is manufactured. The raw
material used is 28 mm diameter Chromium Steel Alloy 32 CRMOV 1210 rods.
The machinery used in the manufacturing is as follows:
Lathe Machine
The processes of facing, turning and threading take place on the lathe machine. In
this machine the work piece is rotating and the tool is stationary. The tool is given feed using
the carriage and cross slide and thus work is done on the work piece. Carriage lathe is a
slightly different type of lathe machine. This consists of a separate chuck which can hold a
job of up to 45 inches in diameter. This machine is mainly used for cutting internal as well
as external diameters. The jaws of an ordinary lathe machine are set using a key, controlling
the jaws (3 jaws or 4 jaws) of the chuck simultaneously or separately but in the case of
carriage lathe, the work piece is secured via tightening of various nut and bolts along the
perimeter of the work piece. Each part of the lathe machine has a specific duty.
The feed rod is used to start the machine and moves the carriage on the guide
ways parallel to the work piece. The lead screw is used when threading process occurs as

this process can properly take place only when the machine is set on auto. Human error may
cause irregular thread forming. Mandrels are used to hold the job internally so as to provide
stability and support to reduce vibrations produced during process. A single point cutting
tool is mostly used which is held in the tool holder attached on top of the cross slide. The
speed of the chuck can be adjusted according to the material of the work piece being
worked upon. Coolant used is soluble oil to prevent over heating (causes wear) and reduce
friction between work piece and tool.
Multi-Spindle Lathes
It has more than one spindle and automated control (whether via cams or CNC).
They are production machines specializing in high-volume production. They are usually
called automatic chucking machines. These machines automatically chuck up individual
blanks from a magazine. Typical minimum profitable production lot size on a screw machine
is in the thousands of parts due to the large setup time. Once set up, a screw machine can
rapidly and efficiently produce thousands of parts on a continuous basis with high accuracy,
low cycle time, and very little human intervention. These machines can possess from single,
six up to 8 spindles.
Turret Lathes and Capstan Lathes
There are members of a class of lathes that are used for repetitive production of
duplicate parts. It evolved from earlier lathes with the addition of the turret, which is an
index able tool holder that allows multiple cutting operations to be performed, each with a
different cutting tool, in easy, rapid succession, with no need for the operator to perform
setup tasks in between or to control the tool path.
First machining of barrel is done via auto lathe machine and then transferred to the
capstan lathe for second machining.
Milling Machine
Horizontal, vertical and universal milling machines are the types. These machines
are consisting of many parts contributing to making different parts. One such part is the gear
train which is used to make spiral bevel gear. Milling machine may be defined as the type of
machine in which the metal is removed by causing the job to be fed against a revolving
cutting tool called the milling cutter, which has one or more cutting edges.

The principle parts of milling machine are as follows:
Base:
The base of the machine serves as a foundation member for all the other parts
which rest upon it. It carries the column at its one end. In some machines, it works as a
reservoir for coolant fluid.
Column
The column is the main supporting frame mounted vertically on the base. It
houses all the driving mechanisms for the spindle and table feed. The top of the column is
finished to hold an over-arm that extends outward at the front of the machine.
Knee
The knee is the part that slides up and down on the vertical way of the column
face. The adjustment of height is effected by elevating screw on the base that also supports
the knee. The knee houses the feed mechanism of the table, and different controls to
operate it.
Table
A lead screw under the table engages a nut on the saddle to move the table
horizontally by hand or power. The circular base maybe graduated in the degree.
Over hanging arm
Over hanging arm is mounted on the top of column extending beyond the column
face and serves as a bearing support that may be provided nearest to the cutter. More than
one bearing support may be provided for the arbor.
Spindle
The spindle of the machine is located in the upper part of the column and receives
power from the motor through belts, gears and clutches and transmits it to the arbor at the
front end of the spindle and it is provided with a tapered hole into which various cutting tools
and arbors may be inserted. The accuracy in metal machining by the cutter depends on
primarily accuracy, strength and rigidity of the spindle.

Arbor
An arbor is considered as an extension of the machine spindle on which cutters are
securely mounted and rotated. The arbors are made with taper shanks for proper
alignments with machine spindles having taper hole on their noses. The taper shank of the
arbor conforms to the self-releasing taper.
Gun Drill
Gun drills are straight fluted drills which allow cutting fluid (cutting oil) to be injected
through the drill's hollow body to the cutting face. They are used for deep drilling. Gun
barrels are the obvious example; hence the name. The coolant provides lubrication and
cooling to the cutting edges and removes the chips from the hole. Modern gun drills use
carbide tips to prolong life and reduce total cost when compared to metal tips. Speed of
drilling depends on the material being drilled, rotational speed, and the drill diameter. It is
used to drill the barrel’s 7.73 mm diameter bore. The oil is pumped with a pressure of 50
bar so as the oil operates as a coolant and lubricant as well as a means to remove the chips
discarded/removed during deep drilling.
Reaming is done after drilling so as to provide a proper finishing to the holes made
during drilling.
Honing
Honing is an abrasive machining process that produces a precision surface on a
metal work piece by scrubbing an abrasive stone against it along a controlled path. Honing
is primarily used to improve the geometric form of a surface, but may also improve the
surface texture .Honing process is done using diamond ledges to create internal slots and
internal profile. When the honing tool is inserted into the work area, the ledges come
outwards and when coming back out, the ledges retract into the tool.
Cold Tube Forging Machine
Also known as hammering, this process is used to make the outer as well as inner
profile of the work piece according to requirements. The work piece is rotated at 40 rpm and
4 vibrating hammers perform the cold forging process while a mandrel (grooving tool) is
used to create the internal grooves (12 grooves). The distance between the hammers is set
so the work piece comes out as required. For the case of G3A3 the 8 mm diameter barrel is
processed to 7.62 mm and as its bore decreases its length increases, whereas for the MG
weapon the barrel is processed from 8 mm to 7.46 mm along with a 0.03 mm taper on both
guns. In the case for G3A3, a force of 250-350 kN is applied by the hammers whereas in the
case of the MG the force applied by the four hammers is 350-400 kN.

Serration
A total of 12 teeth are made. The tool mounts in the lathe’s turret and forms the
serrations in successive strokes along the work piece. At the beginning of the process, the
spindle remains stationary while the tool makes three passes that form the first five teeth in
progressive stages of development and a fully formed sixth tooth. Then the spindle indexes
to the next tooth location, where the first five teeth are increasingly formed and the last
tooth is completed. Each time the spindle indexes to the next tooth position and the turret
strokes the part, one tooth is completed. The process continues until the part indexes full-
circle and the serrations are completely formed.
Broaching
Broaching is a machining process that uses a toothed tool, called a broach, to
remove material. There are two main types of broaching: linear and rotary. In linear
broaching, which is the more common process, the broach is run linearly against a surface
of the work piece to effect the cut. Linear broaches are used in a broaching machine, which
is also sometimes shortened to broach. In rotary broaching, the broach is rotated and
pressed into the work piece to cut an axis symmetric shape. A rotary broach is used in a
lathe or screw machine. In both processes the cut is performed in one pass of the broach,
which makes it very efficient. Broaching is used when precision machining is required,
especially for odd shapes. Commonly machined surfaces include circular and non-circular
holes, splines, keyways, and flat surfaces.
Broaching machines are relatively simple as they only have to move the broach in a
linear motion at a predetermined speed and provide a means for handling the broach
automatically. Most machines are hydraulic, but a few specialty machines are mechanically
driven.
Finishing of Barrel
At the end of the machining the work piece goes through a process called Chamber
Moping; this process is used to polish the work piece for a good finished look using an
Emery paper.
The clearance and adjustment of bore size of the barrel is done by a process known as
Lapping.

C-26 (Plastic Shop)
In this shop injection as well as jet mold casting is done. The parts manufactured in
this shop are:
o Forearm
o Butt Stock
o Butt Plate
o Grip
o Spacer
o Filling Piece
o Plate for forearm
o Holder for buffer housing
o Loading (finished)
The materials used to make these parts are different types of plastics such as B3WG7
(forearm), NODUR (butt stock) and LOPULINE (butt plate).
The raw material comes in the form of grains in 20-25 kg bags. These grains are fed in
to tanks and heated to 80-900C so as to remove moisture inside the plastic. Then the grains
are loaded into the injection casting machine where they are heated via heater to 240-
2450C. The melted plastic is injected into the die via guide ways and lead screw. When the
casting sets the die opens and ejects the casting automatically. The loading and unloading
of different dies are done via the one ton cane provided. Jet molding is also done but only
for small parts. There are some parts that require riveting, like forearm thus, they are done
using the pendulum press.
C-20 is the Woodwork shop. It has the same products as the plastic shop but due to
the unavailability of wood and expense issues plastic is preferred over wood parts.
C-22 (Machining Shop)
This shop is one of the biggest shops in the weapons factory. It houses around 152
workers and is divided into 5 groups. A, B, C, D and E groups; each performing its own
function. The components this shop manufactures in different sections are Hammer, Barrel,
Sear, Buffer housing, Bush for front sight, Screw socket, Extractor, Loading lever housing,
Recoil spring tube, Firing pin, Check lever, Bolt head etc.

Group A
The machines working in this group are as follows:
Vertical Milling Machine
In the vertical mill the spindle axis is vertically oriented. Milling cutters are held in the
spindle and rotate on its axis. The spindle can generally be extended (or the table can be
raised/lowered, giving the same effect), allowing plunge cuts and drilling. There are two
subcategories of vertical mills: the bed mill and the turret mill.
A turret mill has a stationary spindle and the table is moved both perpendicular and
parallel to the spindle axis to accomplish cutting. Turret mills often have a quill which allows
the milling cutter to be raised and lowered in a manner similar to a drill press. This type of
machine provides two methods of cutting in the vertical (Z) direction: by raising or lowering
the quill, and by moving the knee. In the bed mill, however, the table moves only
perpendicular to the spindle's axis, while the spindle itself moves parallel to its own axis.
Horizontal Milling Machine
A horizontal mill has the same sort of x–y table, but the cutters are mounted on a
horizontal arbor across the table. Horizontal milling machines also feature a built-in rotary
table that allows milling at various angles; this feature is called a universal table.
Grinding Machine
It is a type of machining using an abrasive wheel as the cutting tool. Each grain of
abrasive on the wheel's surface cuts a small chip from the work piece via shear deformation.
Grinding is used to finish work pieces that must show high surface quality and high accuracy
of shape and dimension. As the accuracy of the grinding machine is very high so in most
applications it tends to be a finishing operation and removes comparatively little metal while
giving high quality finishing to the work piece.
Slotting Machine
A vertically reciprocating planning machine, used for making shaping the sides of
opening. It consists of a reciprocating arm which contains a cutting tool and as it moves up
and down it chips off some material from the inside wall of the work piece. It is mainly used
for internal modification.

Broaching
Broaching is a machining process that uses a toothed tool, called a broach, to remove
material. There are two main types of broaching: linear and rotary. In linear broaching, which
is the more common process, the broach is run linearly against a surface of the work piece
to affect the cut. Linear broaches are used in a broaching machine, which is also sometimes
shortened to broach. In rotary broaching, the broach is rotated and pressed into the work
piece to cut an axis symmetric shape. A rotary broach is used in a lathe or screw machine. In
both processes the cut is performed in one pass of the broach, which makes it very efficient.
Broaching is used when precision machining is required, especially for odd shapes.
Commonly machined surfaces include circular and non-circular holes, splines, keyways, and
flat surfaces.
Broaching machines are relatively simple as they only have to move the broach in a
linear motion at a predetermined speed and provide a means for handling the broach
automatically. Most machines are hydraulic, but a few specialty machines are mechanically
driven.
Multi-Spindle Lathes
These have more than one spindle and automated control (whether via cams or CNC).
They are production machines specializing in high-volume production. They are usually called
automatic chucking machines. These machines automatically chuck up individual blanks from a
magazine. Typical minimum profitable production lot size on a screw machine is in the thousands of
parts due to the large setup time. Once set up, a screw machine can rapidly and efficiently produce
thousands of parts on a continuous basis with high accuracy, low cycle time, and very little human
intervention.
Drilling Machine
The processes of drilling and boring take place on this machine. The difference
between drilling and boring is that when a hole is made all the way through the work piece it
is known as drilling otherwise it is known as boring. Drill bits of different sizes are present
and are fitted into the machine manually according to the requirement of the hole diameter.
The work piece is held in place using a vice or using T-slots.
Sand Blasting
It is a process in which the work piece are bombarded with special sand particles
which clean any debris left and polishes the work piece inside and out thoroughly.
As a final inspection, the work piece as sent through a crack detection machine and
using X-rays and UV rays the work piece is check for cracks and defects of any kind or size.

Group B
This section deals with the manufacturing of safety pin, flush header, sight base,
locking pin, sight cylinder, flash hider, sight support, safety pin, screw socket, transmitting
piece, holding plate, curved piece, rotary sight, fore sight holder, trigger lever and sear.
The safety pin is manufactured using milling machine. The coolant used in this
machine is soluble oil and the tool used is the slitting saw cutter. After milling, the part is
transferred to the surface grinding machine. Finishing belt is used to remove any bur still
attached with the work piece after milling or grinding.
The flush header is manufactured on the cam milling machine which uses machine
oil and an end mill cutter is attached to it for working.
The rotary sight consists of 3 parts; Side support which is manufactured in the
kummer machine (drilling), Side cylinder which is manufactured in the plain milling machine
using a form cutter and the screw socket.
The front side holder is manufactured on the special purpose milling machine which
performs 8 processes on the work piece for the final part to be formed.
The trigger lever is also manufactured using the special purpose milling machine.
The sear is manufactured using the same machine but uses 6 cutters. The trigger lever and
the sear have a combined final assembly.
The Honing machine does internal chamfering and also removes bur/debris from the
drill hole.
The Surface Grinding machine uses magnets to hold and secure the job in one
place before grinding.
In certain work pieces, Jigs and Fixtures and needed. The difference between them is that
fixtures hold the work piece stationary at a specific orientation while the Jigs provide a
certain amount of movement to the work piece.
Group C
This section consists of Milling machines and Drilling machines which are used for
the manufacture of the specific parts. The vertical broaching machine is used in the
manufacture of L. L. Housing and the B. S. Housing is manufactured on the vertical milling.
Drilling is done as per requirement.

Five types of grinding machines as present her; Surface, Vertical, Cylindrical, Center
less and Plunge-cut Center less grinding machines. Magnetic chucks are used for gripping
the work piece/job. But in the case of cylindrical work piece, chucks and collets are used o
hold the work piece. These cylindrical jobs are grinded using cylindrical grinding machines.
Plunge-cut center less grinding machines are used when specific areas of the work piece
need to be grinded.
In center less grinding machines, the work piece is not held but moves freely
between the grinding wheels moving on guide ways across the machine.
Group D
Group D consists of the manufacturing of springs. There are numerous types of
springs that are being manufactured in this shop both for weapon use and domestic use.
There are four types of springs:
o Tension Spring
o Compression Spring
o Torsion Spring
o Form Spring
The wire used to manufacture these springs is either German (used for hard/heavy
springs) or English (used for soft springs) wires. The material is either spring steel alloy or
phosphorus bronze that make up the spring.
The machine which manufactures the springs had two stationary cutters allowing for
the circular shape of the spring to be formed, while another adjusts the pitch (distance
between two coils) of the spring. The last cutter is the parting tool which sets the length of
the spring and all of the cutters are calibrated as required. Before being fed into the cutters,
the wire is made to pass through rollers having grooves the size of the diameter of the wire.
The springs are soft and cannot take loads, thus they are then tempered. This is
done to obtain the elastic property of the spring. The German wire is tempered at 2400C for
30 minutes whereas the English wire is tempered at 1900C for 20 minutes.
Buffer spring rings or break rings are added to enhance the load bearing capacity
of the spring. The buffer spring for a G3A3 rifle can withstand a load of 90 kN without the
break rings but when the rings are added it can withstand a load of up to 450 kN. Four
break rings are fitted into the buffer spring. These springs are used in the butt of the weapon
to absorb recoil when firing the weapon.

Wires having a diameter ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm are used in fuses.
Another product made in this group is the blade and scabut. The parts are casted and
certain machining processes are done on them. They are then assembled by way of a
locking pin on the end of the blade handle. The scabut tube is casted and certain machining
is done and finished in this group.
Group E
In this group 70 components are manufactured mainly using milling operations but
drilling and riveting is also done. The extra portion of the rivet is removed via milling
machine.
The side bar of an MG3 machine gun in manufactured in this group.
The main casing of the POF EYE is manufactured here from aluminum and then it is
anodized to prevent rusting etc. (black appearance)
The bolt head of an MG3 machine gun is also manufactured using milling machine and has
54 operations done on it before it is finished.
C-21 (Heat Treatment Plant)
In this shop, heat treatment, phosphate, painting, annealing, brazing and tempering is
done.
The heat treatment done consists of carburizing, hardening, tempering, annealing and
brazing. This is done using a cyanide salt bath. The salt content is C3, C5 and GS540 salts.
It is done at 9100C for 150 minutes. This process is also known as case hardening; meaning
that carbon content is increased in the work piece 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm deep in the layer. This
process is mainly used for mild steel. As hard jobs break easily under pressure/stress they
are annealed. This means heating and then cooling of the job so the job softens so it does
not break under stress easily.
Tempering is done at 1400C - 1500C for 2 – 4 hours. Then direct hardening is also
done in a similar salt bath consisting of C3 and GS660 salts at 7700C – 8000C for 10 – 30
minutes.

Brazing is done by applying brazing paste or copper paste on the joining areas
of the work pieces and then heated. The paste melts and forms a joint fusing the work
pieces together. The brazing is done at 11500C. This is done on a conveyor type furnace
where the belt moves at a speed of 5 m/s. At the same time annealing also takes place a
650 – 8500C. Annealing is also done in pit type furnace as well as in the vertical annealing
furnaces where coils are placed of the side walls of the furnace.
B-20 (Assembly and Proof Shop)
There are three stages in which the weapon is assembled; sub assembly, main
assembly and final assembly. The main assembly further consists of different processes by
which assembly is done such as welding, nut and bolt, pin and push fit assembly.
After the weapon is assembled it is tested is various stages. The pressure proof
testing is done at high pressure. 5 rounds are fired. Function proofing is also done by firing 7
rounds at high temperature of about 210C. Then comes the accuracy inspection. In this
stage the barrel of the weapon is loaded into the machine and several rounds (5 rounds for
G3A3 and 14 rounds for MG3) are fired and the hit on the target is monitored. The hit
should be within the viable range or else the weapon/barrel is sent back for rectification.
The rectification can be of the straightness factor of the gun barrel etc.
Guns Assembled and their Specifications
SMG-PK1
9 x 19 mm parabellum
Semi-automatic (delayed blow back)
15 round box magazine
435 mm weapon length
115 mm barrel length
Rotary rear sight
Muzzle velocity is 375 m/s

Rate of Fire is 900 RPM
Effective range is 100 meters
SMG-PK
Rotary rear sight
MP5P3
2.54 kg weight
Weapon length is 660 mm (butt extracted) and 490 mm (butt retracted)
Rotary rear sight

MP5A2
Rotary rear sight
POF EYE
15/30 round box magazine
3.8kg weight without pistol
Weapon length is 85cm with butt and 67cm with butt folded
Direct aiming as well as optical aiming (Camera + LCD); gun at 600 left or right
AZB (DMR)
7.62 x 51 mm NATO

Roller delayed blow back
5 and 20 rounds magazine
5.0kg weight
Sniper scope with Mill Standard 1913 rail
Muzzle velocity is 800 +30/-30 m/s
SMG PK 7.62 x 51 mm
7.62 x 51 mm parabellum
4.17kg weight
300 mm and 350 mm barrel length
Sight radius 474.98 mm
Rate of Fire is 530 +10/-10 RPM
G3A3
7.62 x 51 mm NATO
4.4kg weight
Rotary rear sight
Muzzle velocity is 780 - 800 m/s
Rate of Fire is 500 - 600 RPM

MG3
7.62 x 51 mm parabellum
Recoil operated
Belt feed
11.5kg weight
Open sight
Rate of Fire is 1150 +150/-150 RPM
Effective range is 200 - 1200 meters
POF-4 Pistol
9 x 19 mm para
Semi-automatic
2.0kg weight
Rotary rear sight and Rigid front sight

POF-5 Pistol
9 x 19 mm para
Single/Semi-automatic
2.0kg weight
Line of sight 340 mm
.308 Win Sporter
7.62 x 51 mm NATO/0.308 Win
5 x round (box magazine)
4.66kg weight without magazine
1096mm weapon length
Rotary rear sight with 4 adjustments and 100 m V-sight
Muzzle velocity 770 – 790 m/s
Rate of Fire is semi-automatic
B-22 (CNC Shop)
This shop was established in 1984 and all its machinery and tools are German.
Mainly milling and turning NC and CNC machines are present in this shop. The difference
between NC and CNC milling machine is that in NC milling machine the machine cannot
move in two dimensions simultaneously meaning geometric shapes cannot be made on NC
milling machine and the tool and program both have to be manually changed and called,

respectively. The CNC machine has a cartridge of 20 tools which are changed during process
automatically by the machine using clamps. The coolant used is cutting oil whereas in some
gear boxes Shell Vitrea oil C-10 is used.

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