1. [Type text]
Pakistan Ordnance Factories
Raheel
raheel_siddique@outlook.com
August 23, 2015
INTERNSHIP REPORT

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Medium Artillery Ammunition Factory (MAA)
 Introduction:
The word MAA is an abbreviated form of Medium Arms Ammunition, and this factory is one of
the huge factories among fourteen factories of Pakistan Ordinance Factories (POF). The
purpose of this factory is same as SAA factory, but the difference is that in MAA factory they are
manufacturing medium ammunition and in SAA factory they are manufacturing small type
ammunition.
There are some different shops in MAA like C-12, C-10 which I visited during my internship. A
brief introduction of the products and the shops is as under:
 Products MAA Factory:
The major products of MAA factory are:
 Fuze PDM-557(point detonator mechanism) for 150 mm (how) HE and 105 mm HE-/ TA
(tank ammunition).
 Fuze V9 P1-A2 for 60 mm(MOR bomb) HE-SMK
 Fuze V19 P1-A2 for 81 mm(MOR bomb) HE-SMK
 Proximity PF-1A for 130 mm FC and RC (full charge and reduce charge).
 Brass Cartridge Cases (20 mm-130 mm)
 Shell 105mm (how smoke, how HE & HE TK)
 Shell 25 PDRHE
 Shell 30mm API
 Shell HE (23mm, 30mm, 37mm, 81mm)
 Shell 81mm signal red (ILLUM)
 Shell 81mm smoke
 Primer No. 11 & Primer No. 12 (M)
 Primer PIMK-III
 Mortar bombs (81mm & 105mm)

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MAA FACTORY P.C OFFICE:
P.C is the abbreviation of Production Control.
Production Control can be defined as activities involved in handling materials, parts, assemblies,
and subassemblies, from their raw stage to the finished product stage in an organized and
efficient manner. It may also include activates such as planning, scheduling, routing,
dispatching, storage, etc.
Production control office marks a precious importance for MAA factories. Production control
office has to decide to take necessary steps for the production of any job. For production of any
job, following four things are kept under consideration.
1. Shop
2. Material
3. Machine
4. Workers
After decision of these four things, P.C office has to study time for production of that job. Then
they have to estimate the total job cast i.e. material cost + labor cost + transport charges etc.

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MAA Factory C-10 Shop:
Products:
 Brass Cartridge cases (20mm-130mm)
Manufacturing Process:
Steps involved in the manufacturing process of products are as under:
 Brass Disc:Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc (70% Cu and 30%Zn). Raw material for
brass is imported from LME (London metal exchange) then it is sent to brass mill where
it is melted and discs are made.
 Cupping:Cups are cut from the brass metal strip on a press which applies a force a 2
ton pounds to cut the cup and the remaining strip is sent back to brass mill where it is
melted and reused.
 Annealing:Annealing is a heat treatment process whereby a metal is heated to a
specific temperature and then allowed to cool slowly. Generally annealing is carried out
for releasing the internal stresses arising in the metal during forging and cooling of work
piece. It is used for equalizing the granular structure of the forged metal and improving
the various mechanical properties. Cups are annealed and their quality is checked.
 1st
Draw:In this operation cups are drawn in such a way that the length is increased
and its wall thickness is decreased.
 Annealing:Cups are annealed again and their quality is checked.
 Indentation: Indenting is done on the bottom of the case where cap is to be placed
after indenting depth of anvil is checked.
 2nd
Draw:Cups are drawn again.
 Annealing:Cups are annealed again and their quality is checked.
 Final Draw: Cups are drawn again.
 Annealing: Cups are annealed again and their quality is checked.

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 Trimming: Extra length from the case is removed; mouth tool is used to cut which
operates with cam follower mechanism.
 Heading: After pinch trimming, head is made flat on the bottom of the case.
 Annealing: Cups are annealed again and their quality is checked.
 Tapering:Overall the whole case is tapered in this operation.
 Head Turning:Its head is being turned off.
 Mouth Boring:mouth boring is done i.e. a hole is made on the mouth.
 Inspection:Finally, it is sent for inspection to QC (quality control) and IDA.
Machines:
 Hydraulic presses:
The hydraulic press depends on Pascal's principle: the pressure throughout a
closed system is constant. One part of the system is a piston acting as a pump,
with modest mechanical force acting on a small cross-sectional area; the other
part is a piston with a larger area which generates a correspondingly large
mechanical force. Only small-diameter tubing (which more easily resists
pressure) is needed if the pump is separated from the press cylinder.
 CNC Machines:
It stands for computer numerical controlled machine. These
machines are interfaced with computers. All CNC machining
begins with a part program, which is sequential instructions or
coded commands that direct the specific machine functions.The
most basic function of any CNC machine is automatic, precise,
and consistent motion control. The applications of CNC include
both for machine tool as well as non-machine tool areas.
 Furnaces:
A furnace is a device used for heating. It is essentially a thermal
enclosure and is employed to process raw materials at high
temperatures.All furnaces have the components: Refractory chamber,
hearth, burners, chimney, charging and discharging doors. Different
types of furnaces are present there like Electric furnace and gas fired
furnace

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MAA Factory C-12 Shop:
It is also known as the Fuse shop. Its brief description is as under:
Products:
 Fuze PDM-557(point detonator mechanism) for 150 mm (how) HE and 105 mm HE-/ TA
(tank ammunition).
 Fuze V9 P1-A2 for 60 mm(MOR bomb) HE-SMK
 Fuze V19 P1-A2 for 81 mm(MOR bomb) HE-SMK
 Proximity PF-1A for 130 mm FC and RC (full charge and reduce charge)
 Fuze PDM-739 mm & PDM-493 mm
 Fuze HE-2A1 & HE-137 mm
 Fuze PIBD-M509 A2
 Miscellaneous Ammo. Parts
Manufacturing Process:
It involves these steps:
 1st
operation
 Inspection
 2nd
operation (if req.)
 Inspection
 Surface Treatment
 Inspection
 Assembly
 Testing
 Dispatch
Machines: There are total of about 850 machines in C-12 shop. They are divided as:
 Single Spindle Auto Machining Group
 CNC Machining Group
 Semi Auto Machining Group
 Surface Treatment Group

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General assembly (empty) of Fuse V9 P1 A2 for 60mm Mortar
Bomb HE & Smoke:
 Body Pin Assembly:
Process flow diagram:
Body
 Locking Plate Assembly:
Process flow diagram:
 Spring Seat Assembly:
Process flow diagram:

Pivot Pin
Body
Body Insert Pin
Body Pin Assembly Inspection Next Assembly
Locking plate
Pin of Plate
Locking Plate
Assembly Inspection Next Assembly
Spring Seat
Striker ‘O’ Ring
Adjusting Ring of
Seat
Spring Seat ‘O’
Ring
Spring Seat
Assembly
Inspection Next Assembly

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 Striker Heat Assembly:
Process flow diagram:
 Primer Hold Assembly:
Process flow diagram:
Spring Seat Assy
Front Unit
Striker Spring
Cup of spring
Striker
Head of Striker
Nose Cone
Front Unit ‘O’
Ring
Piston & ‘O’ Ring
Striker Head
Assembly Inspection Next Assembly
Primer Holder
Transmitting tube
Primer Key
Wedge Adjusting
Ring
Closing Unit
Primer Holder
Assembly
Inspection Next
Assembly

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 Dash Pot Assembly:Process flow diagram:
 General Assembly ( Empty) for Fuse V9 P1 A2:Process flow diagram:
MAA
General assembly for fuse V19P1-A2 for 81 mm(MOR bomb) HE-SMK is done in the same way.
Primer Holder Assy
Dash pot spring
Luck Ball
Guide Bush
Safety Sleeve
Arming spring
Lock Ring
Dash Pot Assembly Inspection Next
Assembly
Body Pin Assy
Locking Plate Assy
Fixing Plate
Dash Pot Assy
Striker Head Assy
Shutter Bush
Shutter Spring
Shutter
Disc Lead Charge
Booster Socket
General
Assembly
Inspection
Next to Filling
Factory

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Surface Treatment:
Surface Treatment is a broad range of industrial processes that alter the surface of a
manufactured item to achieve a certain property. The ammunitions after manufacturing are not
sold to customers immediately, but they are stored, where there is a chance of chemical and
environmental attack on these products. To protect them from these attacks, surface treatment
takes place. There are certain different surface treatment processes for different materials,
which are given below.
1. Passivation:
Passivation is a surface treatment method used for the products manufactured by brass and
copper alloys. There are several steps for passivation, which are:
o In first step, cleaning process takes place. The products contain certain impurities and
oils after machining processes. This oil etc. is removed by using Tricolene. Tricolene is
present in Tricolene Degreasing Plant. When we heat, tricolene comes out in the form of
fumes and cleans the product.
o In 2nd step, the product is dipped in the 5-6% Zonex Metal Cleaner at 80-90°C for 10-15
minutes. Remember this plant is Non- Ferrous Metal Cleaner.
o Now the product is dipped in the water for some time.
o In the 4th step, Pickling takes place. The product is dipped in 25-40% Sulphuric Acid
solution for 2-4 minutes.
o Now the product is dipped in water again.
o At this stage, the product is dipped in a plant containing 0.1% Tepole at room
temperature. This plant basically is a grain refiner.
o Again the product is dipped in water at room temperature.
o In this step, the product is dipped in a solution containing 20% HCrO3, 10% Na2SO4 for
15-20 seconds. This will produce a layer of chromic acid on the product.
o Now the product is dipped in water 2 times.
o Then the product is dipped in hot water first and then in hot drier.
2. Phosphating:
This type of surface treatment is used for ferrous metals. The process of converting a steel
surface to iron phosphate is known as phosphating. Phosphating improves the corrosion- and
wear-resistance of a steel surface. The steps of Phosphating are:
o In the first step, the product is cleaned from different oils by using degreasing plant.

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o Now the product is dipped into a solution which contains 29% H2PO4, 9% Fe and 0.4%
KClO3.
o The product is dipped in water 2 times now for further cleaning.
3. Cadmium Plating Plant:
Cadmium plating offers a long list of technical advantages such as excellent corrosion resistance
even at relatively low thickness and in salt atmospheres, softness and malleability. This plant is
used for steel surface treatment. The plant was purchased from Germany in 1983. There are
several steps, which are:
o Attaching the different components.
o Dipping product in degreasing salt.
o Dipping in the water.
o Dipping in the water again.
o Pickling process using HCl.
o Dipping the product in Sodium Cyanide so as to neutralize.
o Now Cadmium Plating is applied. The product is dipped in a solution containing NaCN,
NaOH and ClO₂. This is an Electroplating Process.
o Product is dipped in water 2 times.
o The plating obtained is in white color. But if we want rainbow color then it is dipped in
Sodium Dichromate.
4. Anodizing:
Anodizing is an electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural
oxide layer on the surface of metal parts. This surface treatment process is specially used for
Aluminum Products. Following are the steps for anodizing:
o H₂SO₄ Anodizing: First product is dipped in H₂SO₄ solution, in which H₂SO₄ is 11-
20gm/liter. In this process, solution works as cathode whereas job as anode. 11-15 Volts
current is applied. By this the surface of the product becomes non-conductor. That
indicates its long life. Then any color is applied.
5. Tin Platting:
The tin-plating process is used extensively to protect both ferrous and non-ferrous surfaces. Tin
is a useful metal for the food processing industry since it is non-toxic, ductile and corrosion
resistant. The excellent ductility of tin allows a tin coated base metal sheet to be formed into a
variety of shapes without damage to the surface tin layer. It provides sacrificial protection for
copper, nickel and other non-ferrous metals, but not for steel.

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MAA Factory C-12 Maintenance Shop:
Maintenance is done in a way as assigned by the ISO.
ISO (International Standards Organization):
It stands forInternational standard organization. ISO requirements:
 Quality
 Safety
 Health
 Environment
Types of Maintenance:
There are two types of maintenance:
1. Preventive Maintenance
2. Corrective Maintenance
Preventive Maintenance:
Where equipment is maintained before break down occurs. This type of maintenance has many
different variations and is subject of various researches to determine best and most efficient
way to maintain equipment. Recent studies have shown that Preventive maintenance is
effective in preventing age related failures of the equipment. It is done in two steps:
o Schedule A: Lubrication of the machinery is being done once in a year.
o Schedule B:Almost done in the same way as all the components are assembled to
make a machine again, just like overhauling. It is also performed once in a year.
Corrective Maintenance:
In schedule B the maintenance which is required when an item has failed or worn out, to bring
it back to working order. Corrective maintenance is carried out on all items where the
consequences of failure or wearing out are not significant and the cost of this maintenance is
not greater than preventive maintenance.

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MAA Factory C-17 Shop:
C-17 shop in MAA factory is a maintenance shop also known as base workshop. There are
different machines present in this shop. A brief introduction is given below.
1. Boring Machine:
In machining, boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already
been drilled (or cast), by means of a single-point cutting tool (or of a
boring head containing several such tools), for example as in boring a
gun barrel or an engine cylinder. Boring is used to achieve greater
accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and can be used to cut a tapered
hole. Boring can be viewed as the internal-diameter counterpart to
turning, which cuts external diameters. Boring machine can handle
typical parts like pumps etc.
2. Radial Drilling Machine:
A drill is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or driving tool
attachment, usually a drill bit or driver bit, used for boring holes in
various materials or fastening various materials together with the use of
fasteners. The attachment is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill
and rotated while pressed against the target material. This may be slicing
off thin shavings (twist drills or auger bits), grinding off small particles (oil
drilling), crushing and removing pieces of the work-piece, countersinking,
counter boring, or other operations.The arm of the radial drill machine
can rotate about 360° and table about 45°.
3. Horizontal Turning Machine:
A turning machine in which the spindle axis is parallel to the ground is
known as horizontal turning machine. Turning is a machining process in
which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit, describes a helical tool
path by moving more or less linearly while the work-piece rotates. The
tool's axes of movement may be literally a straight line, or they may be
along some set of curves or angles, but they are essentially linear (in the
nonmathematical sense).

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MAA Factory C-31 Shop:
It is basically a shell machining shop.
Products:
 Shell 105mm (how smoke, how HE & HE TK)
 Shell 25 PDRHE
 Shell 30mm API
 Shell HE (23mm, 30mm, 37mm, 81mm)
 Shell 81mm signal red (ILLUM)
 Shell 81mm smoke
 Primer No. 11 & Primer No. 12 (M)
 Primer PIMK-III
Manufacturing Process:
It is further divided into groups:
 Die Casting Group:Processes involved in Gravity die casting plant are:
 Melting Furnace (temp. of 750-800o
C)
 Forging to make Al fins
 Inspection (both in QC and IDA)
 Annealing
 Anodizing
 Assembly of cartridge holder tail and Al fins
 Multi Auto Group: It contains 6 spindle multi auto machines. The processes
involved are:
 Forged shells from B-31
 Facing on Lathe
 1st
Auto Machining
 2nd
Auto Machining
 Grinding
 Inspection

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 CNC Machining Group:
It stands for computer numerical controlled machine. These
machines are interfaced with computers. All CNC machining
begins with a part program, which is sequential instructions
or coded commands that direct the specific machine
functions. The most basic function of any CNC machine is
automatic, precise, and consistent motion control. The
applications of CNC include both for machine tool as well as
non-machine tool areas.
 Primer Group:
 Parting
 Base Plate manufacturing
 Then send to B-31
 Breezing is done
 Brought back to C-31
 CNC Machining
 Inspection
 Finishing Group:
 Phosphating
 Finishing by Embry Paper
 Painting and Varnishing
 Kept in furnace for 20 min for proper painting
 Inspection
 Assembly Group:
Assembly of body and tail is carried out.
 Inspection Group:
Final dimension of components inspect by first QC and then IDA and finally manufactured part
is dispatched.
 Dispatch:
Then the products are sent to filling factory.

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MAA Factory C-35 Shop:
It is basically a tool room i.e., in this shop tools are being manufactured for whole of the shops
of MAA factory. Some of the machines being used here are as under:
 Capstan lathe:
A type of lathe fitted with accessories set up for rapid production of
identical parts. The distinguishing feature is the self-indexing capstan
or tool head which holds several previously positioned tools that
perform in succession various cutting operations, such as turning,
drilling, counter boring and threading. The capstan is mounted on a
slide, the base of which is clamped to the lathe bed at a convenient
distance from the headstock.
 Turret lathe:
The turret lathe is a form of metalworking lathe that is used for
repetitive production of duplicate parts, which by the nature of their
cutting process are usually interchangeable. It evolved from earlier
lathes with the addition of the turret, which is an index able
toolholder that allows multiple cutting operations to be performed. It
is due to the toolpath's being controlled by the machine, either in jig-
like fashion, via the mechanical limits placed on it by the turret's slide
and stops, or via electronically-directed servomechanisms for
computer numerical control (CNC) lathes.
 Electric discharge machine (EDM):
EDM, sometimes colloquially also referred to as spark machining,is a
manufacturing process whereby a desired shape is obtained using
electrical discharges (sparks). Material is removed from the work
piece by a series of rapidly recurring current discharges between two
electrodes, separated by a dielectricliquid and subject to an electric
voltage. One of the electrodes is called the tool-electrode, or simply
the ‘tool’ or ‘electrode’, while the other is called the work piece-
electrode.

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 Jig boring machine:
Jig borer is a type of machine tool invented at the end of World War I to
make possible the quick-yet-very-precise location of whole centers. It
was invented independently in Switzerland and the United States. It can
be viewed as a specialized species of milling machine that provided tool
and die makers with a higher degree of positioning precision
(repeatability) and accuracy than those general machines had previously
provided.It was generally used to enlarge to precise size smaller holes
drilled with less accurate machinery in approximately the correct place
(IE with the small hole strictly within the area to be bored out for the
large hole).
 CNC milling machine:
A milling machine is a machine tool used to machinesolidmaterials.
Milling machines are often classed in two basic forms, horizontal and
vertical, which refer to the orientation of the main spindle. Both types
range in size from small, bench-mounted devices to room-sized
machines. Milling machines move the workpiece radially against the
rotating milling cutter, which cuts on its sides as well as its tip.
Workpiece and cutter movement are precisely controlled to less than
0.001 in (0.025 mm), usually by means of precision ground slides and
leadscrews or analogous technology. Milling machines may be manually
operated, mechanically automated, or digitally automated via computer
numerical control.
 Cylindrical grinding machine:
The cylindrical grinder is a type of grinding machine used to shape the
outside of an object. The cylindrical grinder can work on a variety of
shapes; however the object must have a central axis of rotation. This
includes but is not limited to such shapes as a cylinder, an ellipse, a
cam, or a crankshaft. Cylindrical grinding is defined as having four
essential actions:
 The work (object) must be constantly rotating
 The grinding wheel must be constantly rotating
 The grinding wheel is fed towards and away from the work
 Either the work or the grinding wheel is traversed with the respect to the other.
While the majority of cylindrical grinders employ all four movements, there are grinders that
only employ three of the four actions.

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MAA Factory A-30 Shop:
It is also basically a tool room just like C-35. The machines present here are also same as that of
the C-35 shop, except that there is a separate shop A-32 in which heat treatment processes are
being carried out. Some of them are described as under:
HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS:
Heat treating is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and
sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical.
 Annealing:
Annealing is a rather generalized term. Annealing consists of heating a metal to a specific
temperature and then cooling at a rate that will produce a refined microstructure. Annealing is
most often used to soften a metal for cold working, to improve machinability, or to enhance
properties like electrical conductivity.
 Normalizing:
Normalizing is a technique used to provide uniformity in grain size and composition throughout
an alloy. The term is often used for ferrous alloys that have been heated above the upper
critical temperature and then cooled in open air. Normalizing gives harder and stronger steel,
but with less ductility for the same composition, than full annealing.
 Quenching:
Quenching is a process of cooling a metal very quickly. This is most often done to produce a
martensitic transformation. In ferrous alloys, this will often produce a harder metal, while non-
ferrous alloys will usually become softer than normal.eeeeeeee
 Tempering:
Untemper martensitic steel, while very hard, is too brittle to be useful for most applications. A
method for alleviating this problem is called tempering. Most applications require that
quenched parts be tempered. Tempering consists of heating a steel below the lower critical
temperature, (often from 400 to 1105 ˚F or 205 to 595 ˚C, depending on the desired results), to
impart some toughness.

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MAA Factory B-31 Shop:
It is basically a Shell Forging shop.
Products:
 81mm Mortar bomb
 105mm Mortar bomb
 505 lb.’s
Manufacturing Process for 81mm Mortar:
 Billet Cutting:
Material is of MS, manufactured from Pakistan Steel Mills.
Billets are cut using NC Billet cutting Machines having pneumatic
controlled saw cutter, of required length of 113-116mm.
 Forging:
The next step is forging but before forging the slab is pre-heated in induction furnace at 1100°C.
Then it is forged. This forging is basically open die forging.
 De-scaling:
After forging process, the billet contains some sort of scales, which are removed in this step.
 3 Stage Plant:
Here the 3 forging processes take place in one machine. The three steps are; Squeezing,
Piercing and Drawing.
 Turning:
The processes involved are:

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Parting:It is the action of dividing the forged job into parts and is being done on lathe
machine.
Facing:Facing is the process of removing metal from the end of a work piece to produce a flat
surface.Facing is performed with the work piece held in a chuck or collet.
Centering:Centering a work piece usually refers to when the piece is put into the chuck and
the end faced off and then center drilled to provide small tapered hole.
Turning:It is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit,
describes a helical tool path by moving more or less linearly while the work piece rotates.
 Final Turning:
This is the final stage of turning which is done by using copy lathe machine (NC Machine).
 Gauging:
Through the use of gauges, the product’s dimensions are checked properly.
 Hot Nosing Process:
Make the shell nose hot with hot nosing press machine for giving it a proper shape.
 Shot Blasting:
Shot blasting is done by small steel balls of various diameters to remove unwanted particles on
the surface such as scale.
 Testing:
In this process, the properties of shell are checked in B-10 lab to maintain quality.
 Inspection:
Final dimensions of components are inspected by first QC and then IDA.
 Dispatch:
The products then send to C-31for further machining processes to be carried out.

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Manufacturing Process for 105mm Mortar:
Its process is completely same as that of the 81mm except that, in this case cold nosing process
is done instead of hot nosing.
Additionally, after cold nosing process, Heat treatment (oil hardening & tempering) processes
are also done here.
Heat Treatment: Here 2 heat treatment processes take place.
a. Hardening: Hardening is a metallurgical and metalworking process used to increase the
hardness of a metal. A harder metal will have a higher resistance to plastic deformation than a
less hard metal. The shell is dipped in oil at 850°C.
b. Tempering: Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the
toughness of iron-based alloys. Tempering is usually performed after hardening, to reduce
some of the excess hardness, and is done by heating the metal to some temperature below the
critical temperature for a certain period of time, then allowed to cool in still air. This process
takes place at 1500°C.
Manufacturing Process for 500Lb Bomb:
The dimensions of the 500Lb Bomb are:
 Length=1.5mm and
 Thickness=16mm
Following are the steps for manufacturing 500lb bomb.
 Tail End 1st
 Tail End 2nd
 Intermediate 1st
 Intermediate 2nd
 Upsetting 1st
 Upsetting 2nd
 Upsetting 3rd
 Upsetting Final
These all processes are done in a forging machine (Hydraulic Press, Capacity 400ton) by
changing their relatively different die. Before forging, the product is heated in induction furnace
up to 650°C for 3 minutes.

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MAA FACTORY P.D.O OFFICE:
P.D.O is the abbreviation of Production Drawing Office. This office deals with the engineering
drawings for different shops of MAA.
An engineering drawing, a type of technical drawing, is used to fully and clearly define
requirements for engineered items.
Engineering drawing (the activity) produces engineering drawings (the documents). More than
just the drawing of pictures, it is also a language; a graphical language that communicates ideas
and information from one mind to another.[1] Most especially, it communicates all needed
information from the engineer who designed a part to the workers who will make it.
The process of producing engineering drawings, and the skill of producing those, is often
referred to as technical drawing or drafting (also spelled draughting), although technical
drawings are also required for disciplines that would not ordinarily be thought of as parts of
engineering (such as architecture, landscaping, cabinet making, and garment-making).
Engineering drawings specify requirements of a component or assembly which can be
complicated. Standards provide rules for their specification and interpretation. In 2011, a new
revision of ISO 8015 was published containing the Invocation Principle. This states that, "Once a
portion of the ISO GPS system is invoked in mechanical engineering product documentation,
the entire ISO GPS system is invoked." It also goes on to state that marking a drawing
"Tolerance ISO 8015" is optional. The implication of this is that any drawing using ISO symbols
can only be interpreted to ISO GPS rules. The only way not to invoke the ISO GPS system is to
invoke a national or other standard.
Since there are only two widely standardized definitions of size, there is only one real
alternative to ISO GPS, i.e. ASME Y14.5 and Y14.5M (most recently revised in 2009).
Standardization also aids internationalization, because people from different countries who
speak different languages can read the same engineering drawing, and interpret it the same
way. To that end, drawings should be as free of notes and abbreviations as possible so that the
meaning is conveyed graphically.
This office is so far an important office for MAA Factory. All the jobs that are to be produced
depend on the drawing. Means drawing is the first step for the production of job.

24. Internship Report
MAA
23
MAA FACTORY P.C OFFICE:
P.C is the abbreviation of Production Control.
Production Control can be defined as activities involved in handling materials, parts, assemblies,
and subassemblies, from their raw stage to the finished product stage in an organized and
efficient manner. It may also include activates such as planning, scheduling, routing,
dispatching, storage, etc.
Production control office marks a precious importance for MAA factories. Production control
office has to decide to take necessary steps for the production of any job. For production of any
job, following four things are kept under consideration.
1. Shop
2. Material
3. Machine
4. Workers
After decision of these four things, P.C office has to study time for production of that job. Then
they have to estimate the total job cast i.e. material cost + labor cost + transport charges etc.