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SUB MODULE 3.6 :
Technologies for Implementing Industry 4.0 - Cyber-Physical
SystemsINDUSTRY 4.0
OBJECTIVE:
The participant develops an understanding and gets an overview related to the Topics
regarding the continuous connection of Data sources. He is able to identify the required
actuators and to define the work packages
Modules Themes
3.6 1. IT infrastructure and connection of sensors and actuators Introduction to networking,
database and server technologies
2. Connection hardware
i. Connectors and gateways
ii. Data concentrators
3. Communication interfaces
i. File-based
ii. Local computer integrated programming interface
iii. Web-based programming interface
4. Exercise: Connection of a sensor to a database.
5. Goal: Sending and saving data
CONTENTS:
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3.6.1
• Introduction to networking.
• Introduction of database.
• Introduction of server technologies.
IT infrastructure and connection of sensors and actuators
Introduction to networking, database and server technologies
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• Sharing hardware or software
• Centralize administration and support
• E.g. print document
• E.g. Internet-based, so everyone can access the same
administrative or support application from their PCs
Why Networking?
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• Depending on one’s perspective, we can classify
networks in different ways
• Based on transmission media: Wired (UTP, coaxial
cables, fiber-optic cables) and Wireless
• Based on network size: LAN and WAN (and MAN)
• Based on management method: Peer-to-peer and
Client/Server
• Based on topology (connectivity): Bus, Star, Ring …
:
:
How many kinds of Networks?
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• Two main categories:
• Guided ― wires, cables
• Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio,
microwave, infrared, sound, sonar
• We will concentrate on guided media here:
• Twisted-Pair cables:
⮚Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables
⮚Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables
• Coaxial cables
• Fiber-optic cables
Transmission Media
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• If the pair of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic
noises from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire more
than the further one, thereby causing errors
Twisted-Pair Cables
Transmission Media
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Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
• STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a metal
foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that encases each pair of
insulated wires
Transmission Media
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Category Class Level Cable type Maximum Data
Transmission
Speed
Maximum
Bandwidth
Maximum
Length
Category 3 Class C UTP 10 Mbps 16 MHz 100m
Category 5 Class D UTP 10/100 Mbps 100 MHz 100m
Category 5e Class D UTP 1000 Mbps 100 MHz 100m
Category 6 Class E UTP or STP 1000 Mbps 250 MHz 100m
Category 6a Class EA STP 10 000 Mbps 500 MHz 100m
Category 7 Class F STP 10 000 Mbps 600 MHz 100m
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Categories – Copper Cable
Transmission Media
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Coaxial Cables
• In general, coaxial cables, or coax, carry signals of higher freq
(100KHz–500MHz) than UTP cables
• Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise
and as the second conductor that completes the circuit
Transmission Media
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Fiber-Optic Cables
• Light travels at 3×108 ms-1 in free space and is the fastest
possible speed in the Universe
• Light slows down in denser media, e.g. glass
• Refraction occurs at interface, with light bending away from the
normal when it enters a less dense medium
Transmission Media
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• An optical fiber consists of a core (denser material) and a
cladding (less dense material)
• Simplest one is a multimode step-index optical fiber
• Multimode = multiple paths, whereas step-index = refractive
index follows a step-function profile (i.e. an abrupt change of
refractive index between the core and the cladding)
• Light bounces back and forth along the core
• Common light sources: LEDs and lasers
Transmission Media
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Fiber Designations
• The following applies to ANSI/TIA-568.3-D-1 and ISO/IEC 11801:2011 Edition 2.2
OM1: 62.5 μm multimode fiber with a MBW of 200 MHz.km NO LONGER SUPPORTED
OM2: 50 μm multimode fiber with a MBW of 500 MHz.km NO LONGER SUPPORTED
OM3: 50 μm multimode fiber with a MBW of 2000 MHz.km
OM4: 50 μm multimode fiber with a MBW of 4700 MHz.km
OM5: 50 μm multimode fiber with a MBW of 4700 MHz.km
OS1: 9 μm singlemode fiber NO LONGER SUPPORTED replaced by OS1a
OS2: 9 μm Low Water Peak singlemode fiber
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OM- MULTIMODE
OS- SINGEMODE
Transmission Media
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• Distance: 40km
• Mode: from the Latin “path”; so it means multi-path
• The modes arrive at different times causing the signal to spread
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Multimode Fibers
Transmission Media
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• Modal Bandwidth (MBW)
– is the unit to classify dispersion in the cable
• 50/125 μm multimode fiber has less dispersion
• Your loss may be lower than the allowed fixed loss, but if it exceeds the length found
here (IEEE 802.3), errors may occur on the network
• IEEE 802.3ae specifies 400 m, cabling vendors may specify up to 550 m
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Transmission Media
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• Distance: 120km
• Mode: from the Latin “path”; so it means single-path
• There is only one mode, so no signal spreading this time
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Singlemode Fibers
Transmission Media
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Advantages and Disadvantages
☺Noise resistance ― external light is blocked by outer jacket
☺Less signal attenuation ― a signal can run for miles without
regeneration (currently, the lowest measured loss is about ~4%
or 0.16dB per km)
☺Higher bandwidth ― currently, limits on data rates come from
the signal generation/reception technology, not the fiber itself
☹Cost ― Optical fibers are expensive
☹Installation/maintenance ― any crack in the core will degrade
the signal, and all connections must be perfectly aligned
Transmission Media
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• Hub
• An unintelligent network device that sends one signal to all of the
stations connected to it.
• All computers/devices are competing for attention because it takes
the data that comes into a port and sends it out all the other ports in
the hub.
• Traditionally, hubs are used for star topology networks, but they are
often used with other configurations to make it easy to add and
remove computers without bringing down the network.
• Resides on Layer 1 of the OSI model
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Network Hardware
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Hub Advantages
• Hub are inexpensive, and can be used very widely to connect
individual devices. Hubs create a simple star topology in which all
cables run into the hub. Problems can be solved in the wiring closet,
which saves time chasing after cabling problems or changing wiring
patterns.
• A network can be designed so that all traffic flows through one or
more hubs. This makes it easier to manage traffic flow, avoid
bottlenecks and provide security.
• The technologies that can be included in a high-performance hub
seem almost limitless, and most hubs support multiple LAN and WAN
protocols. Although this might seem to complicate matters, most
network administrators prefer to manage multiple technologies in a
single box, rather than in a nonintegrated network.
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Hub Disadvantages
• As the center of a star topology, a faulty central hub can cause the
entire LAN to fail, or break the network into isolated sections. This
failure can also happen if power to the hub is lost.
• The Ethernet specification allows no more than 4 repeater
regenerations of a signal. A hub is a multiple-port repeater, so it
automatically counts as the first regeneration. This may constrain
large topologies.
• A network connected by simple hubs is one large collision domain. As
more users share the same collision domain, performance gradually
decreases until it is unacceptable. In other words, the bandwidth
shared by all devices in the broadcast network will no longer be
adequate. When this happens, Ethernet switches are often used to
increase performance.
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• Switch
• Split large networks into small segments, decreasing the number of
users sharing the same network resources and bandwidth.
• Understands when two devices want to talk to each other, and gives
them a switched connection
• Helps prevent data collisions and reduces network congestion,
increasing network performance.
• Most home users get very little, if any, advantage from switches,
even when sharing a broadband connection.
• Resides on Layer 2 of the OSI model.
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Network Hardware
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Switches Advantages
• Switches segment a network into smaller collision domains, providing
a larger share of the available bandwidth to each end station.
• Their protocol transparency allows them to be installed in networks running
multiple protocols with little or no software configuration.
• Switches also form logically single networks.
• Administrative overhead is very low for switches, simplifying adds, moves and
changes.
• Switches are totally transparent to end stations.
• They use existing cabling, repeaters/hubs, and end station adapters without
expensive hardware upgrades.
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Switch Disadvantages
• Network segments attached to a switch belong to different collision
domains; however, they all belong to the same broadcast domain
because switches allow broadcast frames to flood the network.
• Switches also create broadcast traffic that congest the network, as
they attempt to discover unknown destination NIC addresses.
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• Router
• A device that connects any number of LANs.
• Uses standardized protocols to move packets efficiently to their
destination.
• More sophisticated than bridges, connecting networks of different
types (for example, star and token ring)
• Forwards data depending on the Network address (IP), not the
Hardware (MAC) address.
• Routers are the only one of these two devices that will allow you to
share a single IP address among multiple network clients.
• Resides on Layer 3 of the OSI model.
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Network Hardware
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Routers Advantages
• Like a switch, a router provides users with seamless communication between
individual LAN segments.
• Unlike a switch, a router determines the logical boundaries between groups of network
segments.
• A router provides a firewall service because it forwards only traffic specifically addressed
to go across the router.
• This eliminates the possibility of broadcast storm propagation, the transmission of frames
from unsupported protocols, and the transmission of frames destined for unknown
networks across the router.
• Routers keep potentially disastrous events local to the area in which they occur,
preventing them from spreading across the corporate network.
• The enhanced intelligence of a router allows it to support redundant network paths
and select the best forwarding path based on several factors in addition to the
destination network address.
• This increased intelligence can also result in enhanced data security, improved bandwidth
utilization, and more control over network operations.
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Network Hardware
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Router Disadvantages
• The additional software processing performed by a router can
increase packet latency, reducing the router’s performance when
compared to simpler switch architecture.
• To be “routable” an architecture must have a Network Layer.
• Not all do; those protocols must be bridged.
• “Unroutable” protocols include DEC-LAT terminal communications protocol, IBM’s
SNA, and NetBIOS/NETBEUI.
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Network Hardware
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• As for wireless access point (AP), it’s commonly wire connected to Ethernet
network’s router, hub or switch and then to create a simple wireless network.
• This was done by using a Ethernet cable to connect a switch and a AP and the AP
would then communicate with WiFi devices and giving them network access.
• Wireless access point does not route anything. It just converts an existing wired
network (LAN) into a wireless one (WLAN). A router can be a access point but a
access point can’t be a router.
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Access Point (AP)
Network Hardware
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• A router is a device that routes packets between different networks. A typical
consumer router is a wireless router and it has two network interfaces: LAN
(including WLAN) and WAN. It serves to connect a local area network (LAN) to a
wide area network – Internet (WAN).
• Routers on the other hand can manage an entire home or small business giving
network capability to many computers and devices simultaneously, either wired
or wirelessly (when wireless router used).
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Wireless Router
Network Hardware
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• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Small network, short distance
• A room, a floor, a building
• Limited by no. of computers and distance covered
• Usually one kind of technology throughout the LAN
• Serve a department within an organization
• Examples:
• Network inside the Student Computer Room
• Network inside CF502
• Network inside your home
LAN and WAN
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• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• A network that uses long-range telecommunication links
to connect 2 or more LANs/computers housed in different
places far apart.
• Towns, states, countries
• Examples:
• Network of our Campus
• Internet
WAN
Student Computer
Centre
Your home
USA
LAN and WAN
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• Example WAN technologies:
• ISDN – Integrated Service Digital Network
• Basic rate: 192 Kbps Primary rate: 1.544Mbps
• T-Carriers ― basically digital phone lines
• T1: 1.544Mbps T3: 28×T1
• Frame relay
• Each link offers 1.544Mbps or even higher
• ATM – Asynchronous Transfer Mode
• Support B-ISDN: 155Mbps or 622Mbps or higher
• SONET – Synchronous Optical Network
• Basic rate OC1: 51.84Mbps
• Support OC12 and up to OC192 (9953.28Mbps) or
even higher in the future
LAN and WAN
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• Example of WAN: Broadband Cable Network
• Cable TV services have been extensively developed in most
modern cities
• Cable TV companies try to make use of their coaxial cable
installed (that are supposed to carry TV signals) to deliver
broadband data services
• Many cable network wiring has been replaced with hybrid
fiber-coax (HFC) ― i.e. use of fiber-optic cable to connect
to the subscribers’ buildings, and then the original coaxial
cable to connect to each household
LAN and WAN
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• Cable is an asymmetrical technology
• Downstream: max 36 Mbps
• Upstream: max 10 Mbps
• May be reduced to 3 – 10 Mbps downstream and 2
Mbps upstream, depending on no. of subscribers
• Need a special cable modem
Ethernet
link to PC
Coaxial link
from cable TV
socket
Teryon Cable Modem
LAN and WAN
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• Network Clients (Workstation)
• Computers that request network resources or services
• Network Servers
• Computers that manage and provide network resources
and services to clients
• Usually have more processing power, memory and
hard disk space than clients
• Run Network Operating System that can manage not
only data, but also users, groups, security, and
applications on the network
• Servers often have a more stringent requirement on its
performance and reliability
Clients and Servers
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• Advantages of client/server networks
• Facilitate resource sharing – centrally administrate and
control
• Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance
• Enhance security – only administrator can have access
to Server
• Support more users – difficult to achieve with peer-to-
peer networks
• Disadvantages of client/server networks
• High cost for Servers
• Need expert to configure the network
• Introduce a single point of failure to the system
Clients and Servers
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• Bus Topology
• Simple and low-cost
• A single cable called a trunk (backbone, segment)
• Only one computer can send messages at a time
• Passive topology - computer only listen for, not
regenerate data
• Star Topology
• Each computer has a cable connected to a single point
• More cabling, hence higher cost
• All signals transmission through the hub; if down, entire
network down
• Depending on the intelligence of hub, two or more
computers may send message at the same time
Topology ― 3 basic types
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• Ring Topology
• Every computer serves as
a repeater to boost signals
• Typical way to send data:
• Token passing
• only the computer who
gets the token can send
data
• Disadvantages
• Difficult to add computers
• More expensive
• If one computer fails, whole network fails
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Topology ― 3 basic types
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An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned
to each device connected to a computer network that uses
the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two
main functions: host or network interface identification and
location addressing.
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-
bit number. However, because of the growth of the Internet and
the depletion of available IPv4 addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6),
using 128 bits for the IP address, was standardized in 1998.
IP Addressing
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An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned
to each device connected to a computer network that uses
the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two
main functions: host or network interface identification and
location addressing.
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-
bit number. However, because of the growth of the Internet and
the depletion of available IPv4 addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6),
using 128 bits for the IP address, was standardized in 1998.
IP addresses are written and displayed in human-readable notations,
such as 172.16.254.1 in IPv4, and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 in IPv6.
The size of the routing prefix of the address is designated in CIDR
notation by suffixing the address with the number of significant bits,
e.g., 192.168.1.15/24, which is equivalent to the historically used
subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
IP Addressing
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IP addresses are written and displayed in human-readable notations,
such as 172.16.254.1 in IPv4, and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 in IPv6.
The size of the routing prefix of the address is designated in CIDR
notation by suffixing the address with the number of significant bits,
e.g., 192.168.1.15/24, which is equivalent to the historically used
subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
IP Addressing
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An IP address is a
32-bit
address.
What is an IP Address?
The IP addresses
are
unique.
IP Addressing
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Example 1
Change the following IP address from binary
notation to dotted-decimal notation.
10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
Solution
129.11.11.239
IP Addressing
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Example 2
Change the following IP address from
dotted-decimal notation to binary
notation:
111.56.45.78
Solution
01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110
IP Addressing
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IP address with appending port number
• 158.128.1.108:25
• the for octet before colon is the IP address
• The number of colon (25) is the port number
IP Addressing
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Example 17
A small organization is given a block with the beginning
address and the prefix length 205.16.37.24/29 (in slash
notation). What is the range of the block?
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• The beginning address is 205.16.37.24. To find the last address we
keep the first 29 bits and change the last 3 bits to 1s.
• Beginning: 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011000
• Ending : 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011111
• There are only 8 addresses in this block.
Solution
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Example 17 cont’d
We can find the range of addresses in Example 17 by
another method. We can argue that the length of the
suffix is 32 − 29 or 3. So there are 23 = 8 addresses in this
block. If the first address is 205.16.37.24, the last address
is 205.16.37.31 (24 + 7 = 31).
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A block in classes A, B, and C
can easily be represented in slash
notation as
A.B.C.D/ n
where n is
either 8 (class A), 16 (class B), or
24 (class C).
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3.6.2.2 Data Concentrators
A data concentrator is a software and hardware solution that connects a
number of data channels with one destination.
Data concentrators are found within substations to help manage many
different data sources at one main source
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Advancement in smart grid technology has transformed the energy segment. With improved infrastructure, a bi-
directional flow of energy and data information can be achieved. The key to optimizing this complex network of
intelligent systems is automation of the core components
Smart grid infrastructure demonstrating two-way energy and data flow
The AMI is inclusive of intelligent meters that record electricity consumption at regular intervals, providing the
data to the utility provider. The frequency of this data feedback ranges from an hourly feedback meter to real-time
meters with a built-in two-way communication structure. These systems have the capability of recording and
transmitting instantaneous information. The recorded data provides more information on the load of the various end
points that are actively consuming energy
Smart grid AMI, focusing on the Data Concentrators
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A data concentrator is the core of data and energy management in an AMI. It provides the technology to measure
and collect energy usage data. The concentrator can also be programmed to analyze and communicate this information to
the central utility database. Not only can the utility providers could use this information for billing services, but can improve
customer relationships through enhanced consumer services such as real-time energy analysis and communication of
usage information. Additional benefits of fault detection and initial diagnosis can also be achieved, further optimizing the
operational cost. A data collector can act as an intermediate aggregator for high density, multi-dwelling buildings.
Typical data concentrator network
There are two types of
networks connecting to data
concentrators:
• NAN: Neighborhood Area
Network
• WAN: Wide Area Network
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Data concentrators communicate information through the grid through aggregation of information from various
meters. Additionally, its benefits include:
•Smart metering – instant read, load profile,
billing information and remote management
• Inventory management – give utilities better
visibility into its assets
• Optimization of network – real-time topology display,
performance management and benchmarking
Data concentrator functional block diagram
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SUB MODULE 3.6 :
Technologies for Implementing Industry 4.0 - Cyber-Physical
SystemsINDUSTRY 4.0
OBJECTIVE:
The participants receive an introduction into the topic software. After this they will be
able to identify Potentials of software application and know the current Trends in
regards to software development.
Modules Themes
3.7 1. Application software
2. Introduction to the basic structure of software
3. Differentiation to system software
4. Examples of application software
i. Installed locally
ii. Client-based
iii. Web-based
5. Apps
CONTENTS:
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• Computers are ubiquitous in our lives and we expect them to “be
there when we need them”.
• We give little thought to the processes and programs running behind
the scenes to keep them functioning effectively.
• Such programs (i.e. operating
systems, utility programs, and
device drivers) are the system
software you learn about here.
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• Handles the technical details
• Includes the operating system, utilities,
device drivers, and language translators
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• A collection of programs that handle technical tasks
• Manage resources
• Provide user interface
• Run applications
• Examples:
• Windows 7
• Mac OS X
• Also called the software environment or platform
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SPECIALIST Functions of an Operating System
• Manages computer resources
• Coordinate memory, processing, storage, printers and monitors
• Monitor system performance
• Schedule tasks
• Provide security
• Start-up the computer
• Provides user interface
• Graphical user interface (GUI)
• Runs applications
• Multitasking
• Foreground and background applications
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SPECIALIST Features of an Operating System
• Booting
• Features in common with application software
• Icons
• Pointer
• Windows
• Menus
• Tabs
• Dialog boxes
• Help
• Gesture Control
• Files and Folders
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SPECIALIST Categories of Operating Systems
• Three basic categories
• Embedded operating systems (handheld)
• Smartphones
• Cable TV tuner boxes
• Video game systems
• Network operating systems (linked computers)
• Windows Server, Linux, Unix
• OS stored on network server which coordinates all communication between the other
computers
• Stand-alone operating systems (desktop)
• Also called client operating system
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• Mobile OS
• Embedded operating system in every smartphone
• Some of the best known
• Android
• BlackBerry OS
• iOS
• WebOS
• Windows Phone
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Classes of Software
• Systems software
• Set of programs that coordinates activities and functions of the hardware
and various other programs
• Application software
• Programs that help users solve particular computing problems
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Issues and Trends
• Software licensing
• Protection by software vendors to prevent unauthorized
use
• Software upgrades
• A revised version of software that usually includes fixes of
known problems, plus enhancements to existing
capabilities
• Global software support
• Software that is distributed around the globe may require
unique support mechanisms due to local political and
economic conditions
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Freeware
Copyrighted software given away for free by the author. Although
it
is available for free, the author retains the copyright, which means
that you cannot do anything with it that is not expressly allowed by
the author. Usually, the author allows people to use the software,
but not sell it.
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Public-domain Software
Refers to any program that is not copyrighted. Public-domain
software is free and can be used without restrictions. The term
public-domain software is often used incorrectly to include
freeware, free software that is nevertheless copyrighted.
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Role of Systems Software
• System software…
• Is an interface or buffer between application software and hardware
• Controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with applications
programs
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Operating System Functions
• Perform common computer hardware functions
• Provide a user interface
• Provide a degree of hardware independence
• Manage system memory
• Manage processing tasks
• Provide networking capability
• Control access to system resources
• Manage files
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User Interface
• User interface
• A function of the operating system that allows individuals to
access and command the computer
• Command-based user interface
• A particular user interface that requires text commands be given
to the computer to perform basic activities
• E.g., unix, DOS
• Graphical user interface (GUI)
• A user interface that uses pictures (icons) and menus displayed on
the screen to send commands to the computer system
• E.g. Windows, MAC OS
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Systems Software Concepts
• Hardware independence
• Operating system (OS) provides hardware independence for application
software
• Application software interfaces with the operating system which interfaces
with the hardware
• When the hardware is changed, the operating system is changed so that the
application software is not required to be changed
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Types of Application Software
• Proprietary
• Designed to solve a unique and specific problem
• In-house
• Development of application software using the
company’s resources
• Contract
• Developed for a particular company
• Off-the-shelf
• An existing software program that can be used without
considerable changes expected
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Sources of Software
• Customized package
• Blend of external and internal software development
• In-house customized
• Contract customization
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Categories of Programming Languages
(1)
• Machine Language
• 1st generation programming language
• Considered a low-level language because it involves basic
coding using the binary symbols 1 and 0
• Assembly Language
• 2nd generation language
• Replaced binary digits with mnemonics (e.g., “ADD”)
programmers could more easily understand
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Categories of Programming Languages
(2)
• Third Generation Languages
• Continued trend to more symbolic code (e.g. COBOL)
• Fourth Generation Languages (4GLs)
• Languages that are less procedural and even more English-like than third-
generation languages (e.g. FOCUS)
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Categories of Programming Languages
(3)
• Query languages
• Used to ask the computer questions in English-like sentences
• Also known as database languages
• Structured query language (SQL)
• A standardized language often used to perform database queries and
manipulations
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Programming Languages: Terminology
(2)
• Interpreter
• A language translator that translates one program statement at a time into
machine code
Machine
language
statement
Interpreter
Program
statement
Statement
execution
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Programming Languages: Terminology (3)
• Compiler
• A language translator that converts a complete program
into machine language to produce a program that the
computer can process in its entirety
