Achieving SDG2: WFP’s Strategy and a Roadmap
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This document discusses strategies and a roadmap for achieving SDG2 of ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture in India by 2030. It analyzes trends related to food availability, access and utilization based on national surveys. Key recommendations include agricultural diversification, strengthening food-based safety nets and employment opportunities, improving infant and young child feeding practices, maternal and child healthcare, and addressing issues like wasting, anemia, and water/sanitation. The document advocates for monitoring SDG2 progress, addressing gender issues, understanding consumption patterns, and utilizing technology.
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Achieving SDG2: WFP’s Strategy and a Roadmap
- 1. Achieving SDG2: WFP’s Strategy and a Roadmap August 2019, MSSRF
- 2. Trend in Per Capita Net Availability of food grains (gm/day), 1996-2018 204 186 176 174 443 430 33 55 475 484 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018P Percapitanetavailability(gm/day) Rice Wheat Cereals Pulses Food grains Increased for Foodgrains and Pulses (rich source of protein) Some declined for Wheat, Rice and Cereals
- 3. Trends of Percentage share of Expenditure on Food and Non-food Items in India 66.0 60.3 59.9 55.0 34.0 39.7 40.1 45.0 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 Rural Urban Source: 61st and 68th rounds of NSSO Consumer Expenditure Survey published by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India Trends among bottom 30 percent MPCE class in India Food Non-Food 42.9 38.7 31.7 27.2 57.1 61.3 68.3 72.8 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 Rural Urban Source: 61st and 68th rounds of NSSO Consumer Expenditure Survey published by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India Trends among Upper 20 percent MPCE class in India Food Non-Food
- 4. Trends of Percentage of Expenditure of Various Food Items to Total Food Item 56.5 51.5 49.5 41.2 38.5 37.4 32.8 29.8 24.8 6.7 6.6 5.8 6.6 6.3 6.6 5.8 6.4 6.7 10.0 11.9 11.5 13.5 15.0 14.7 15.4 16.2 18.7 4.8 5.5 6.2 7.8 7.0 6.3 8.4 7.4 7.8 3.4 4.2 4.6 5.1 5.3 5.6 6.0 6.7 7.3 4.9 5.9 7.2 8.2 9.6 10.4 11.1 11.2 9.9 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.4 3.4 4.0 5.2 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.8 4.0 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.8 4.7 3.8 4.5 4.2 5.0 4.5 4.3 5.0 3.3 3.9 5.0 6.1 6.6 7.1 8.2 10.4 12.0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1972-73 1977-78 1983 1987-88 1993-94 1999-2000 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12 Rural Cereals & subst. Pulses& prod. Milk& prod. Edible oil Meat,egg,fish Vegetables Fruits & nuts Sugar Salt&spices Beverages and Fast food 36.4 34.3 32.9 26.6 25.8 25.8 23.8 22.6 19.2 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.3 5.9 6.1 5.3 7.1 5.9 14.5 15.9 15.7 17.1 17.9 18.1 18.6 18.9 20.2 7.5 7.7 8.2 9.5 8.0 6.5 8.1 7.4 6.9 5.1 5.8 6.1 6.3 6.2 6.5 6.4 6.3 7.3 6.8 7.3 8.4 9.4 10.0 10.7 10.5 10.8 8.8 3.1 3.3 3.6 4.5 4.9 5.0 5.3 5.1 6.1 5.6 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.0 3.5 4.4 3.6 4.1 3.8 4.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 11.8 10.6 11.6 12.0 13.2 13.2 14.6 15.4 18.4 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1972-73 1977-78 1983 1987-88 1993-94 1999-2000 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12 Urban Cereals & subst. Pulses& prod. Milk& prod. Edible oil Meat,egg,fish Vegetables Fruits & nuts Sugar Salt&spices Beverages and Fast food
- 5. Per Capita Per Day Energy from Household Consumption and PDS Supplementation in Rural India 1442 1661 1682 1320 1517 1501 1741 1818 1505 1879 1776 1527 1763 1757 1931 1687 1796 1918 1524 2043 1907 2038 1992 2016 1998 1923 2078 2156 2200 2237 2293 1907 1855 1974 1825 1423 229 43 81 522 328 361 159 105 423 49 153 406 170 185 30 308 218 105 519 1 140 11 75 54 80 237 102 44 26 3 6 413 471 392 612 1046 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Dadra & Nagar Haveli Daman & Diu Goa Tamil Nadu Karnataka Tripura Meghalaya Gujarat Sikkim Delhi Madhya Pradesh Puducherry Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Andhra Pradesh Kerala Odisha Andaman & Nicobar… Nagaland India Bihar Assam West Bengal Chandigarh Uttarakhand Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Haryana Punjab Manipur Arunachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Mizoram Lakshadweep 2004-05 Other HH sources PDS RDA (2155) 1347 1293 1396 1805 1783 1295 1644 1948 1617 1988 1640 1627 1462 1961 1195 1473 1802 1792 1908 1807.051561 1813 1867 1927 1663 1715 2098 1761 2106 1521 2108 1528 2196 1599 1975 1818 1844 254 393 480 96 132 631 291 26 358 8 363 383 553 61 842 564 240 265 184 292 290 243 185 453 446 65 425 148 735 155 751 132 758 461 684 893 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Dadra & Nagar Haveli Meghalaya Arunachal Pradesh Nagaland Gujarat Tamil Nadu Goa Manipur Kerala Daman & Diu Karnataka Assam Sikkim Chandigarh Mizoram Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Bihar West Bengal India Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Odisha Puducherry Delhi Andhra Pradesh Haryana Tripura Rajasthan Andaman & Nicobar… Punjab Jammu & Kashmir Uttarakhand Himachal Pradesh Lakshadweep 2011-12 Other HH sources PDS RDA (2155)
- 6. Prevalence of Stunting among children under age of five years, 2005-06 & 2015-16
- 7. Prevalence of Wasting among children under age of five years, 2005-06 & 2015-16
- 8. Prevalence of Anemia among children, 2005-06 & 2015-16
- 9. Prevalence of Anemia among women, 2005-06 & 2015-16 India- 53%
- 10. Prevalence of low BMI and overnutrition (overweight/obese) among women aged 15-49 years by background characteristics, 2015-16 27 16 25 23 22 26 24 18 25 32 23 18 36 30 23 17 12 23 15 31 17 21 23 19 22 24 17 10 21 27 6 11 19 28 36 21 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Rural Urban Noschooling <5yearscomplete 5-7yearscomplete 8-9yearscomplete 10-11yearscomplete 12ormoreyearscomplete SC ST OBC Other Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest NationalAverage Residence Mother's schooling Caste/Tribe Wealth Index India Thin (BMI <18.5) Overweight/Obese (BMI≥25) Low BMI is high in rural area and lowest quintile Overnutrition is a Urban and affluent phenomenon- result of changing food basket and high fat consumption (Chapter 4)
- 11. Exclusive Breastfeeding, 2005-06 & 2015-16 India: 55%
- 12. Total children age 6-23 months receiving Minimum Acceptable Diet, 2015-16 Based on the youngest child living with the mother. Breastfed children receiving 4 or more food groups and a minimum meal frequency, non-breastfed children fed with a minimum of 3 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices (fed with other milk or milk products at least twice a day, a minimum meal frequency that is receiving solid or semi-solid food at least twice a day for breastfed infants 6-8 months and at least three times a day for breastfed children 9-23 months, and solid or semi- solid foods from at least four food groups not including the milk or milk products food group)- NFHS-4
- 13. Trajectory to achieve NNM and SDG targets for Stunting in India, 2015-2030 48.0% 24.0% 25.0% 9.7% 38.4% 2.5% 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 2005(NFHS- 3) 2010 2015(NFHS- 4) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022(NNM: Mission25) 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030WHO Norms Decline rate=1.0% (Historic trend) Decline rate=1.9%, required to reduce stunting to 25% in 2022 Decline rate=2.4%, required to reduce stunting to 2.5% (Very Low) in 2030 Yellow is a trajectory required to achieve NNM target of ‘Mission 25 by 2022’ Green is the trajectory required to reduce stunting to the “Low” category of WHO classification
- 15. WFP engagement in India
- 16. Improved Efficiency of Food based safety-nets: Use of technologies, improved targeting, supply chains, Grievance redressal systems, trainings of implementers, communication strategy
- 17. Improved Nutrition Demonstrate and advocate for enhanced nutrition in food-based safety-nets: Fortification, diversification and improved awareness- feeding practices, improved THR…improved capacities- cooks/functionaries FORTIFIED RICE IN-LINE BLENDING WITH FRK DURING MILLING Beneficiaries
- 18. Creating Evidence for better planning, facilitating cross learning • Capacities within central ministries • Undertaking various studies, evaluations, assessments, costing analysis for scale-up • Supporting strengthen SDG monitoring – methodologies for indicators • Promoting cross learning- south-south collaboration- Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh
- 19. Key Recommendations : Roadmap for SDG 2 Availability • Agricultural Diversification – millets, veg, pulses • Sustainability of Food Productivity • Policy Support • Storage Capacity Access • Strengthen food based Safety-nets – targeting, nutritional contents • Strengthen /create wage employment opportunities Utilization • Improve IYCF • Mother and child care- involvement of men, maternal anaemia • Focus on addressing increased wasting • Water, sanitation and hygiene Other Recommendations • Monitoring progress on SDG-2 • Addressing Gender Issues • Knowledge on Consumption Patterns and Behaviours • Greater use of Technology
- 20. Thank you!
Editor's Notes
- Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, GoI Note: 1. Figures are presented in unit of ‘Grams per day’ 2. Cereals includes rice, wheat and other cereals; Pulses includes all kharif and rabi pulses; Foodgrains includes rice, wheat, other cereals and all pulses 3. The net availability of foodgrains is estimated to be Gross Production (-) seed, feed & wastage, (-) exports (+) imports,(+/-) change in stocks. The net availability of foodgrains divided by the population estimates for a particular year indicate per capita availability of foodgrains in terms of kg/year. Net availability, thus worked out is further divided by the number of days in a year i.e. 365 days which is taken as net availability of foodgrains in terms of grams / day. 4. Figures in respect of per capita net availability given above are not strictly representative of actual level of consumption in the country especially as they do not take in to account any change in stocks in possession of traders, producers and consumers. 5. For calculation of per capita net availability the figures of net imports from 1981 to 1994 are based on imports and exports on Government of India account only. Net imports from 1995 onwards are the total exports and imports (on Government as well as private accounts)
- Monthly expenditure on food: in Rural areas- 48.6 percent (among poor- 60.3 percent), in Urban areas- 38.5 percent (among poor- 55 percent) Food items have shown a declining trend: a decline of about 33 percent (rural) and 40 percent (urban) and Non-food items expenditure is rising: an increase of 90 percent (rural) and 73 percent (urban) during 1972-73 to 2011-12. Among poorest, the share of expenditure has decline by 9 percent and 8 percent in rural and urban since 2004-05. Declining trends suggest food is no longer a predominant expenditure head instead, increase expenditure on transportation and health care.
- In the food basket, the expenditure on cereal & substitutes expenditure has declined significantly and relative importance of beverages, milk & milk products and fruits & nuts have shown a remarkable increase. This indicates a significant shift in consumption pattern. It is puzzling to note that despite the increase in MPCE/income, the share of expenditure on food among poorest (lowest 30 percent of MPCE class) has decline by 9 percent and 8 percent in rural and urban India respectively. In the food basket, the expenditure on cereal & substitutes expenditure has declined significantly and relative importance of beverages, milk & milk products and fruits & nuts have shown a remarkable increase (more in urban area)- Change in consumption pattern.
- PDS has been critical in helping households meet energy requirements – in both rural and urban areas- but more so in rural area
- Incentivization of nutri-rich millets, soyabeans, vegetables and fruits- price guaruntees, subsidies and trade restriction Low cost farming technologies, increasing irrigation coverage, ehanced knowledge of farmers in use of land and water- agro-processing units across supply chain- awareness etc. Policies for protection against price fluctuations, losses – small holders etc.