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New Insight Into
Dental Anatomy
MO'men Gamal AboDaif
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Contents
Part 1: Introduction to Dental Anatomy
-Formation of the Dentition (overview)
-Human Dental Formula
-Teeth Numbering Systems
-Tooth Macro-anatomy
-Tooth Micro-anatomy (Tooth Tissues)
-Teeth Surfaces
-The Crown and Root Thirds
-Line and Point angles
-Landmarks in Human Teeth
2016
New insight into
Dental Anatomy
MO'men Gamal AboDaif
Second year, Dentistry Faculty
October 6 University
Thanks to
My Parents, My Brother and Sisters
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
*Human Dentition (Dental Anatomy): It's the science dealing with
-the anatomy of human teeth
-the teeth arrangement in the dental arch
Formation of the Dentitions (Overview)
(Diphyodont)Humans have two sets of teeth in their lifetime:
the period in which there is a mixture ofThe transition or mixed dentition period:
deciduous and succedaneous teeth present
6 yearsatwith the emergence of permanent teethBegins*
*Ends when all the deciduous teeth have been shed
*The succedaneous and non succedaneous teeth
the teeth that replace the primary teeth*Succedaneous teeth:
(The permanent incisors, canine and premolars)
(The permanentthe teeth that don’t preceded by primary teeth*Non Succedaneous teeth:
molars)
Permanent teeth-2Primary teeth-1
(Secondary)(deciduous, milky and baby)
The teeth erupt after shedding of primary teethThe teeth erupt first in the oral cavity
*Thirty two in number, sixteen in each jaw*Twenty in number, ten in each jaw
and The eruption6 yearsegin to emerge atB
years except12 to 13process is completed by
18 tothe four 3rd molars which erupt around
years of age25
tegin to emerge into the oral cavity aB
and the child would have6 monthsabout
his complete set of primary teeth by 2½
to 3 years
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
*Arrangement in the Dental Arches:
, one in each jawarchesare arranged in twoThe teeth
)ArchMaxillaryUpper (-
)ArchMandibularLower (-
The teeth in theThe maxillary teeth:
the maxilla,jawupper
The teeth in theThe mandibular teeth:
the mandible,jawlower
movable memberis themandibleTheNB:
ismaxillaof the two jaws, while the
stationary
Themedian plane):The midline (The
imaginary vertical line which divides each
arch, as well as the body, into two equal
halves
of each arch areequal halvesThe two*
quadrantstermed
The quadrants;
*Four in the mouth, two in each arch
the clockwiseinandibular leftMandibular right>Mleft>Maxillaryillary right>axM*
direction
*Classes of Teeth:
All the teeth in human dentitions are not of same
shape
*Depending on the form and function, there are
of teeth:four classes
*The incisors> (central and lateral)
*The canines “Cuspids”
*The premolars “bicuspids”> (first and second)
*The molars> (first, second and third)
are found only in the permanentPremolarsNB: *
dentition
anteriors*The incisors and canines are collectively known as the
posteriortively referred to as the*The premolars and molars are collec
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Dental Formula
The number and type of teeth present in a dentition can be expressed in the form of a
dental formula
*Different classes of teeth are represented by the first letter in their name
e.g. “I” for incisors, “C” for canine, “P” for premolars and “M” for molars
Each letter is followed by a horizontal line;
*the number above the horizontal line represents the teeth type present in the maxillary
arch
*the number below the line represents the teeth type present in the mandibular arch
Dental Formula for Primary Dentition:
This formula should be read as: incisors, two
maxillary and two mandibular; canines, one
maxillary and one mandibular; molars, two
maxillary and two mandibular
The primary dentition consists of 20 teeth, 10 in each jaw and 5 in each quadrant.
The teeth present in each quadrant from the midline are; central and lateral incisors,
canine, followed by 1st and 2nd molars
Dental Formula for Permanent:
This formula should be read as: incisors,
two maxillary and two mandibular;
canines, one maxillary and one
mandibular; premolars, two maxillary
and two mandibular; molars, three
maxillary and three mandibular
The permanent dentition consists of 32 teeth, 16 in each jaw and 8 in each quadrant.
The teeth present in each quadrant from the midline are; central and lateral incisors,
canine, 1st and 2nd premolars, followed by 1st, 2nd and 3rd molars
Download the lectures slides:
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Tooth Numbering Systems
Numbering systems in dentistry serve as abbreviations. Instead of writing out the entire name of a tooth,
therefore the most popular systems:
Universal Numbering System:
: uses the numbers from 1permanent dentition* In the
through 32 for the 32 permanent teeth
maxillary right THIRD molarfor the1*Starting with
maxillary left THIRD*Going around the arch to the
16asmolar
for the17*Dropping down on the same side to
mandibular left THIRD molar
,32*The numbers increase around the lower arch to
mandible right THIRD molarwhich is the
: uses the alphabet from Aprimary dentition*In the
through T for the 20 primary teeth
maxillary right SECOND molarfor theA*Starting with
maxillary left SECOND*Going around the arch to the
Jasmolar
for theK*Dropping down on the same side to
mandibular left SECOND molar
,T*The numbers increase around the lower arch to
mandible right SECOND molarwhich is the
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Palmer Notation System (Zsigmondy System)
*In this system, the mouth is divided into four sections called quadrants
Permanent Dentition*Beginning with the central incisor, the teeth are numbered from 1 through 8 for the
THIRD molar in each quadrant
Primary Dentition*Beginning with the central incisor, the teeth are lettered from A through E for the
SECOND molar in each quadrant
NB:*The numbers sit inside an (L or bracket) shaped symbol used to identify the quadrant
*It uses four different bracket shapes to differentiate each of the four quadrants as follows:
- Upper right
- Upper left
- Lower right
- Lower left
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
The World Dental Federation notation (the Federation Dentaire International or FDI System)
(Two Digit System)
Permanent Teeth
The first digit indicates the quadrant number (1 to 4)
*Quadrant Numbers
1 =Maxillary right 2 =Maxillary left
3 =Mandibular left 4 =Mandibular right
The second digit indicates the tooth number within the
quadrant (1 to 8)
*Start with number 1 at the midline for the central incisor
to number 8 for the third molar
NB: The digits are pronounced separately. For example:
"Two-five" (25) is the permanent maxillary left second
premolar
"Four-two" (42) is the permanent mandibular right lateral
incisor
Primary Teeth
The first digit indicates the quadrant number
(5 to 8)
*Quadrant Numbers
5 =Maxillary right 6 =Maxillary left
7 =Mandibular left 8 =Mandibular right
The second digit indicates the tooth number within the
quadrant (1 to 8)
*Start with number 1 at the midline for the central
incisor to number 8 for the third molar
NB: The digits are pronounced separately. For
example:
"Eight-three" (83) is the primary maxillary left second
premolar
"Six-five" (65) is the primary mandibular right lateral
incisor
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Question **Using the FDI numbering system, Identify which tooth is Known with number (……)?
We must write it's:
thethe quadrant (right or left) from-arch (maxillary or mandibular) 3-dentition (permanent or primary) 2-1
first digit
the second digittooth type (central, canine…ect) from-4
NB: *Numbers within the range 11 through 48 represent permanent teeth
For example, 48 is a permanent mandibular right third molar
-The first digit (4) indicates the mandibular right quadrant for a permanent tooth
-The second digit (8) indicates the eighth tooth from the midline in that quadrant, namely, the third molar
*Numbers within the range 51 through 85 represent primary teeth
For example, 51 is a primary maxillary right central incisor
-The first digit (5) indicates the maxillary right quadrant for a primary tooth
The second digit (1) indicates the first tooth from the midline in that quadrant, namely, the central incisor-
*If the Universal number for a tooth were 32, the World Dental Federation number would be 48.
All of the tooth numbers are shown in the next Table
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
For any question:
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
The Macro-anatomy of
the Teeth
-the teeth can be divided into
crown and root which are joined
-the cervical line (Cementoat
Enamel junction)
: it's the part of the tooth covered with Enamel and visible in theCronal Portion-1
oral cavity
*The crown of different teeth vary in
shape and size as their function
*The crown is formed of
-incisal ridge (edge) in Incisors
-cusps; Single cusp in Canines
Tow (or more) cusps in Premolars
Three (or more) cusps in Molars
Incisal ridge and cusps are theNB:
cutting surface on tooth crowns
where it is constant: the part of the tooth covered with enamel,Anatomical Crown
in length throughout life
appears in the oral cavity regardless to its: the part of the tooth whichClinical Crown
covering tissue, where it varies according to the gum's (gingiva) position so its length
changes throughout life
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
: it's the part of the tooth covered by Cementum and invisible in theRoot Portion-2
oral cavity
: the part of the tooth covered by cementumAnatomical Root
the part of the tooth which is invisible in the oral cavity and lies within:Clinical Root
the alveolus, it may change throughout life
*the root may be
–Single root as anterior teeth
(Incisors and Canines) and
most premolars
-Double roots (with
bifurcation) as the lower
molars and upper first
premolar
-Triple roots (with trifurcation)
as the upper molars
*In newly erupted tooth (baby and young people), the clinical crown is shorter than
the anatomical one,
Because part of the anatomical crown
added to the anatomical root
*In old people (when gingival recession
occurs), the clinical crown is longer than
the anatomical one,
Because part of the anatomical root
added to the anatomical crown
*The clinical crown equals the
anatomical one when the gingiva at the cervical line level.
NB: The terminal part of the root is called the root apex where the apical foramen is
present
alveolar bone (jaw*The root is surrounded, embedded and supported with the
bone) which called (alveolar process)
* The tooth is attached to the alveolus by a strong ligament known as the
Periodontal Ligament.
*The soft fibrous tissue which covers the alveolar bone and surrounds the necks of
the teeth is called the Gingiva (Gum).
*The bony space in the alveolar bone in which the roots of the erupted tooth is
found is called Socket.
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
The Microanatomy of the Tooth
Dental Tissues
*The tooth is composed of two types of tissue (Hard tissue and Soft tissue)
*There are three hard tissues enamel, cementum and dentin
*There are one soft tissue is consisted in the Pulp
Hard Tissues
1- Enamel: It's the covering surface of the crown of the tooth
NB:
*The enamel is the hardest tissue of
tothe teeth and whole body
exertedwithstand various forces
during mastication
*The thickness of the enamel varies
according to
-the different types of the tooth
-the different parts of the same tooth
It is thick over the tip of the crown
and becomes thinner until ends at the
cervical line.
2- Cementum: It's the covering
surface of the root of the tooth
NB:
enamel-(the cementofrom the cervical line to the Root apex*The cementum extends
junction to the apical foramen)
*The cementum is thickest near the root apex (apical foramen of the bifurcation area
of the root)
the periodontal ligament*The cementum gives attachment to
)the periodontal ligament(The tooth is attached to the bone through
3- Dentin: The main portion of the tooth
NB:
*The dentin lies beneath –the enamel in the crown
-the cementum in the root
*The dentin –forms the major portion of the tooth
-provides basic shape to the tooth
-covers the pulp cavity
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Soft Tissue
*Pulp:
The soft inner structure of the tooth which contain nerves, blood vessels and
lymphatics
NB:
*The pulp is present in the pulp cavity
(The pulp cavity occupies the central
portion of the tooth)
*The pulp contain nerves, blood vessels and
lymphatics
*The pulp can be divided into Cronal pulp
and Radicular pulp
The cronal pulp (Pulp Chamber)
- is situated in the center of the crown of the
tooth
(Pulp horns: The extension of the pulp in the cusps)
The radicular pulp (Pulp Canal)
* is situated within the root of the tooth
*its shape follows that of the root
*open through the apical foramen (formania)
*Apical foramen -is small opening at the root apex
-communicates the pulp with connective tissue of the periodontium
It is possible for the pulp canal to have two or more branches which make their exits
at the apical end with number of apical foramina
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Surfaces of the tooth
*The teeth are divided into
-Anterior teeth (the incisors and the canines)
-Posterior teeth (the premolars and molars)
A. The OUTER SURFACES
the tooth facingThe surface ofLabial surface:*
the lips
(This term is used for the anterior teeth)
The surface of the toothBuccal surface:*
facing the cheeks
(This term is used for the posterior teeth)
: the surface toward the faceFacial surface*
The labial and buccal surfaces are referred to
as the facial surfaces
B. The INNER SURFACES
The surface of the teeth facing the palate*Palatal surface:
(This term is used for the Maxillary teeth)
: The surface of the tooth facing the tongue*Lingual surface
(This term is used for the Mandible teeth)
C. APPROXIMATING SURFACES OF TEETH
The side of the tooth facing the adjacent tooth in the same dental archProximal surface:*
a proximal surface which present towards the midlineMesial surface:-
(facing the back ofent away from the midline: a proximal surface which presDistal surface-
the mouth)
EXCEPTthe mesial surface of a tooth touches the distal surface of an adjacent toothNB:
*Between the central incisors where the mesial surface of one central incisor faces another
mesial surface.
*the distal surface of the last molar does not approximate another tooth.
The area on a proximal surface of the crown that*Contact area:
contacts the adjacent tooth in the same arch
ormally have two contact areasAll teeth in each quadrant n-
of course, has no distal contact areawhich,last molartheexcept
D. BITING SURFACES
The cutting surface which is used in mastication:*Incisal ridge /edge
(cutting foods)
(This term is used for the anterior teeth)
So, the anterior teeth have four surfaces and the fifth surface is a ridge
*Occlusal surface:
The cutting surface which is used in mastication (grinding foods)
(This term is used for the posterior teeth)
So, the posterior teeth have five surfaces
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Division of a tooth into Thirds:
In order to facilitating the location of various areas within specific surfaces of a tooth, the
tooth could be divided into thirds in three directions:
A-Horizontally (Occlusocervically):
The crown is divided into:
1-Incisal third (for anterior teeth)
Occlusal third (for posterior teeth)
2-Middle third of the crown
3-Cervical third of the crown
The root is divided into
1-Cervical third of the root
2-Middle third of root
3-Apical
B-Mesiodistally: The tooth is divided into:
1-Mesial third
2-Middle third
3-Distal third
C-Labio-or buccolingually:
The tooth is divided into:
1-Labial (for anterior teeth)
Buccal third (for posterior teeth)
2-Middle third
3-Lingual third
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Line angles and point angles
The Line angles: They are imaginary lines formed by the junction of two surfaces.
NB: They are named according to the names of the two joining surfaces
Line angles of Anterior Teeth
1-Mesio-labial 2-Mesio-lingual
3-Disto-labial 4-Disto-lingual
5-Labio-incisal 6-Linguo-incisal
Line angles of Posterior Teeth
1-Mesio-buccal 2-Mesio-lingual
3-Disto-buccal 4-Disto-lingual
5-Mesio- occlusal 6-Disto-occlusal
7-Bucca-occlusal 8-Lingua-occlusal
NB: There are 6 line angles in anterior teeth and 8 line angles in the posterior teeth, as there
is no line angles proximally in the anterior teeth.
The point angles: They are formed of the junction of three surfaces.
NB: They are named according to the names of the three joining surfaces.
Point angles for Anterior Teeth
1-Mesio-labio-incisal
2-Mesio-linguo-incisal
3-Disto-labio-inicisal
4-Disto-linguo-lincisal
Point angles for posterior Teeth
1-Mesio-bucco-occlusal
2-Mesio-lingui-occlusal
3-Disto-bucco- occlusal
4-Disto-linguo- occlusal
Landmarks in Human
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Teeth (Surface anatomy of teeth)
Crown Elevations
Cusp:
)elevation (pyramidal shapedprominent roundedIs
–on the occlusal surface of the posterior teeth
- forms the tip of the canine (Cuspid)
developmental lobeEach cusp represents a calcified*NB:
extendingfour cusp ridgesEach cusp has*
In different directions (mesial, distal, facial and lingual) from its tip
Tubercle:
elevation in the teeth crownsmall roundedIs a
extra formation of enamel*produced by an
)E (Primaryand6 (Permanent)*mostly present in the
*deviations from the typical form
):cingula–(PluralCingulum
convex rounded bulkIs the
the anterior teethIn the cervical third of the lingual surface of*
*It represents the lingual lobe
depositionIt is the first site of calciumLobe:
Each tooth begins to develop from four or more growth centers, these centers are
known as Developmental lobes
*The lobes grow until they fuse
*The union of these lobes is marked by lines on the tooth called developmental
groove which can be seen on the tooth after it has erupted
*The lobes are represented by
–the mamelons of anterior teeth
-the cusps of posterior teeth
-the cingulum in the cervical third of the lingual surface of the anterior teeth
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Ridge: Any linear elevation on the surface of tooth
*Is named according to its location or shape;
Is the linear elevation that formsMarginal ridge:
*the mesial and distal boundaries of the occlusal
surfaces of the posterior teeth
*the mesial and distal boundaries of the lingual
surfaces of the anterior teeth
Triangular ridge: Is linear ridge
Descend from the tips of cusps of the
posterior teeth toward the central part
of the occlusal surfaces
NB: They are so named because the
slopes of each side of the ridge are
inclined to resemble two sides of a
triangle
Transverse ridge: is a union of
two (buccal and lingual)
triangular ridges which
transversely cross the occlusal
surface of a posterior tooth
*usually found on the lower
first premolar
Oblique ridge: Is a ridge formed by the union of the triangular ridges of two cusps
Not facing each other
*Crossing obliquely the occlusal surface of the maxillary molars from the
mesiolingual cusps to distobuccal cusps
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Incisal ridge: found on the incisal surface of anterior teeth
Labial ridge: found on the middle third of labial surface of canines
Buccal ridge: found on the middle third of buccal surface of premolars
Cervical ridges: Is a ridge found on the cervical third of the facial surface of all teeth
Lingual ridge: found on the middle third of lingual surface of canines.
*It is more developed in upper canine than lower one
For any question:
Download the lectures slides:
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Crown Depressions
Groove: Linear depression in the surface of a tooth
It could be:
Developmental (primary) groove: Shallow linear
groove between the primary parts of the crown or root
Supplemental (secondary) grooves: Shallow linear
groove which branch from the developmental grooves
*usually when they increase, they appear as wrinkles on the occlusal surface
Fissure: very narrow cleft at the depth of any groove
*caused by the incomplete fusion of enamel during tooth development
*Tooth caries begins in the deepest part of a fissure
Fossa: Rounded depression or concavity in the
surface of a tooth
*Is named according to its shape and location:
Central Fossa: *present on the occlusal surfaces of the
molars
*running mesiodistally
*They are formed by the meeting of the developmental grooves on the occlusal surface
Triangular fossa: *present on the occlusal surfaces of the posterior teeth
*mesial to the distal marginal ridge> Mesial Triangular Fossa
*distal to the mesial marginal ridge> Distal Triangular Fossa
Lingual fossa: on the lingual surface of the incisors
Pit: Small pinpoint depression represent the deepest point of a fossa
*So, it is located at the junction of developmental grooves or at their terminals
Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY
MO'men G. AboDaif
Sulcus: broad V-shaped depression or valley between
cusps and ridges
*running mesiodistally
*has a developmental groove in its bottom
NB: we must differentiate between:
Groove: linear depression
Fossa: Rounded depression
Sulcus: V-shaped depression like a trough or a valley
Other Terms:
Height of contour (Crest Of Curvature): the maximum convexity of the surface
*Its level differ from the facial to the lingual surfaces
To Be Continued Inshallah…

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Introduction to Dental Anatomy

  • 1. New Insight Into Dental Anatomy MO'men Gamal AboDaif
  • 2. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif Contents Part 1: Introduction to Dental Anatomy -Formation of the Dentition (overview) -Human Dental Formula -Teeth Numbering Systems -Tooth Macro-anatomy -Tooth Micro-anatomy (Tooth Tissues) -Teeth Surfaces -The Crown and Root Thirds -Line and Point angles -Landmarks in Human Teeth 2016 New insight into Dental Anatomy MO'men Gamal AboDaif Second year, Dentistry Faculty October 6 University Thanks to My Parents, My Brother and Sisters
  • 3. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif *Human Dentition (Dental Anatomy): It's the science dealing with -the anatomy of human teeth -the teeth arrangement in the dental arch Formation of the Dentitions (Overview) (Diphyodont)Humans have two sets of teeth in their lifetime: the period in which there is a mixture ofThe transition or mixed dentition period: deciduous and succedaneous teeth present 6 yearsatwith the emergence of permanent teethBegins* *Ends when all the deciduous teeth have been shed *The succedaneous and non succedaneous teeth the teeth that replace the primary teeth*Succedaneous teeth: (The permanent incisors, canine and premolars) (The permanentthe teeth that don’t preceded by primary teeth*Non Succedaneous teeth: molars) Permanent teeth-2Primary teeth-1 (Secondary)(deciduous, milky and baby) The teeth erupt after shedding of primary teethThe teeth erupt first in the oral cavity *Thirty two in number, sixteen in each jaw*Twenty in number, ten in each jaw and The eruption6 yearsegin to emerge atB years except12 to 13process is completed by 18 tothe four 3rd molars which erupt around years of age25 tegin to emerge into the oral cavity aB and the child would have6 monthsabout his complete set of primary teeth by 2½ to 3 years
  • 4. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif *Arrangement in the Dental Arches: , one in each jawarchesare arranged in twoThe teeth )ArchMaxillaryUpper (- )ArchMandibularLower (- The teeth in theThe maxillary teeth: the maxilla,jawupper The teeth in theThe mandibular teeth: the mandible,jawlower movable memberis themandibleTheNB: ismaxillaof the two jaws, while the stationary Themedian plane):The midline (The imaginary vertical line which divides each arch, as well as the body, into two equal halves of each arch areequal halvesThe two* quadrantstermed The quadrants; *Four in the mouth, two in each arch the clockwiseinandibular leftMandibular right>Mleft>Maxillaryillary right>axM* direction *Classes of Teeth: All the teeth in human dentitions are not of same shape *Depending on the form and function, there are of teeth:four classes *The incisors> (central and lateral) *The canines “Cuspids” *The premolars “bicuspids”> (first and second) *The molars> (first, second and third) are found only in the permanentPremolarsNB: * dentition anteriors*The incisors and canines are collectively known as the posteriortively referred to as the*The premolars and molars are collec
  • 5. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif Dental Formula The number and type of teeth present in a dentition can be expressed in the form of a dental formula *Different classes of teeth are represented by the first letter in their name e.g. “I” for incisors, “C” for canine, “P” for premolars and “M” for molars Each letter is followed by a horizontal line; *the number above the horizontal line represents the teeth type present in the maxillary arch *the number below the line represents the teeth type present in the mandibular arch Dental Formula for Primary Dentition: This formula should be read as: incisors, two maxillary and two mandibular; canines, one maxillary and one mandibular; molars, two maxillary and two mandibular The primary dentition consists of 20 teeth, 10 in each jaw and 5 in each quadrant. The teeth present in each quadrant from the midline are; central and lateral incisors, canine, followed by 1st and 2nd molars Dental Formula for Permanent: This formula should be read as: incisors, two maxillary and two mandibular; canines, one maxillary and one mandibular; premolars, two maxillary and two mandibular; molars, three maxillary and three mandibular The permanent dentition consists of 32 teeth, 16 in each jaw and 8 in each quadrant. The teeth present in each quadrant from the midline are; central and lateral incisors, canine, 1st and 2nd premolars, followed by 1st, 2nd and 3rd molars Download the lectures slides:
  • 6. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif Tooth Numbering Systems Numbering systems in dentistry serve as abbreviations. Instead of writing out the entire name of a tooth, therefore the most popular systems: Universal Numbering System: : uses the numbers from 1permanent dentition* In the through 32 for the 32 permanent teeth maxillary right THIRD molarfor the1*Starting with maxillary left THIRD*Going around the arch to the 16asmolar for the17*Dropping down on the same side to mandibular left THIRD molar ,32*The numbers increase around the lower arch to mandible right THIRD molarwhich is the : uses the alphabet from Aprimary dentition*In the through T for the 20 primary teeth maxillary right SECOND molarfor theA*Starting with maxillary left SECOND*Going around the arch to the Jasmolar for theK*Dropping down on the same side to mandibular left SECOND molar ,T*The numbers increase around the lower arch to mandible right SECOND molarwhich is the
  • 7. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif Palmer Notation System (Zsigmondy System) *In this system, the mouth is divided into four sections called quadrants Permanent Dentition*Beginning with the central incisor, the teeth are numbered from 1 through 8 for the THIRD molar in each quadrant Primary Dentition*Beginning with the central incisor, the teeth are lettered from A through E for the SECOND molar in each quadrant NB:*The numbers sit inside an (L or bracket) shaped symbol used to identify the quadrant *It uses four different bracket shapes to differentiate each of the four quadrants as follows: - Upper right - Upper left - Lower right - Lower left
  • 8. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif The World Dental Federation notation (the Federation Dentaire International or FDI System) (Two Digit System) Permanent Teeth The first digit indicates the quadrant number (1 to 4) *Quadrant Numbers 1 =Maxillary right 2 =Maxillary left 3 =Mandibular left 4 =Mandibular right The second digit indicates the tooth number within the quadrant (1 to 8) *Start with number 1 at the midline for the central incisor to number 8 for the third molar NB: The digits are pronounced separately. For example: "Two-five" (25) is the permanent maxillary left second premolar "Four-two" (42) is the permanent mandibular right lateral incisor Primary Teeth The first digit indicates the quadrant number (5 to 8) *Quadrant Numbers 5 =Maxillary right 6 =Maxillary left 7 =Mandibular left 8 =Mandibular right The second digit indicates the tooth number within the quadrant (1 to 8) *Start with number 1 at the midline for the central incisor to number 8 for the third molar NB: The digits are pronounced separately. For example: "Eight-three" (83) is the primary maxillary left second premolar "Six-five" (65) is the primary mandibular right lateral incisor
  • 9. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif Question **Using the FDI numbering system, Identify which tooth is Known with number (……)? We must write it's: thethe quadrant (right or left) from-arch (maxillary or mandibular) 3-dentition (permanent or primary) 2-1 first digit the second digittooth type (central, canine…ect) from-4 NB: *Numbers within the range 11 through 48 represent permanent teeth For example, 48 is a permanent mandibular right third molar -The first digit (4) indicates the mandibular right quadrant for a permanent tooth -The second digit (8) indicates the eighth tooth from the midline in that quadrant, namely, the third molar *Numbers within the range 51 through 85 represent primary teeth For example, 51 is a primary maxillary right central incisor -The first digit (5) indicates the maxillary right quadrant for a primary tooth The second digit (1) indicates the first tooth from the midline in that quadrant, namely, the central incisor- *If the Universal number for a tooth were 32, the World Dental Federation number would be 48. All of the tooth numbers are shown in the next Table
  • 10. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif
  • 11. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif For any question:
  • 12. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif The Macro-anatomy of the Teeth -the teeth can be divided into crown and root which are joined -the cervical line (Cementoat Enamel junction) : it's the part of the tooth covered with Enamel and visible in theCronal Portion-1 oral cavity *The crown of different teeth vary in shape and size as their function *The crown is formed of -incisal ridge (edge) in Incisors -cusps; Single cusp in Canines Tow (or more) cusps in Premolars Three (or more) cusps in Molars Incisal ridge and cusps are theNB: cutting surface on tooth crowns where it is constant: the part of the tooth covered with enamel,Anatomical Crown in length throughout life appears in the oral cavity regardless to its: the part of the tooth whichClinical Crown covering tissue, where it varies according to the gum's (gingiva) position so its length changes throughout life
  • 13. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif : it's the part of the tooth covered by Cementum and invisible in theRoot Portion-2 oral cavity : the part of the tooth covered by cementumAnatomical Root the part of the tooth which is invisible in the oral cavity and lies within:Clinical Root the alveolus, it may change throughout life *the root may be –Single root as anterior teeth (Incisors and Canines) and most premolars -Double roots (with bifurcation) as the lower molars and upper first premolar -Triple roots (with trifurcation) as the upper molars *In newly erupted tooth (baby and young people), the clinical crown is shorter than the anatomical one, Because part of the anatomical crown added to the anatomical root *In old people (when gingival recession occurs), the clinical crown is longer than the anatomical one, Because part of the anatomical root added to the anatomical crown *The clinical crown equals the anatomical one when the gingiva at the cervical line level. NB: The terminal part of the root is called the root apex where the apical foramen is present alveolar bone (jaw*The root is surrounded, embedded and supported with the bone) which called (alveolar process) * The tooth is attached to the alveolus by a strong ligament known as the Periodontal Ligament. *The soft fibrous tissue which covers the alveolar bone and surrounds the necks of the teeth is called the Gingiva (Gum). *The bony space in the alveolar bone in which the roots of the erupted tooth is found is called Socket.
  • 14. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif The Microanatomy of the Tooth Dental Tissues *The tooth is composed of two types of tissue (Hard tissue and Soft tissue) *There are three hard tissues enamel, cementum and dentin *There are one soft tissue is consisted in the Pulp Hard Tissues 1- Enamel: It's the covering surface of the crown of the tooth NB: *The enamel is the hardest tissue of tothe teeth and whole body exertedwithstand various forces during mastication *The thickness of the enamel varies according to -the different types of the tooth -the different parts of the same tooth It is thick over the tip of the crown and becomes thinner until ends at the cervical line. 2- Cementum: It's the covering surface of the root of the tooth NB: enamel-(the cementofrom the cervical line to the Root apex*The cementum extends junction to the apical foramen) *The cementum is thickest near the root apex (apical foramen of the bifurcation area of the root) the periodontal ligament*The cementum gives attachment to )the periodontal ligament(The tooth is attached to the bone through 3- Dentin: The main portion of the tooth NB: *The dentin lies beneath –the enamel in the crown -the cementum in the root *The dentin –forms the major portion of the tooth -provides basic shape to the tooth -covers the pulp cavity
  • 15. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif Soft Tissue *Pulp: The soft inner structure of the tooth which contain nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics NB: *The pulp is present in the pulp cavity (The pulp cavity occupies the central portion of the tooth) *The pulp contain nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics *The pulp can be divided into Cronal pulp and Radicular pulp The cronal pulp (Pulp Chamber) - is situated in the center of the crown of the tooth (Pulp horns: The extension of the pulp in the cusps) The radicular pulp (Pulp Canal) * is situated within the root of the tooth *its shape follows that of the root *open through the apical foramen (formania) *Apical foramen -is small opening at the root apex -communicates the pulp with connective tissue of the periodontium It is possible for the pulp canal to have two or more branches which make their exits at the apical end with number of apical foramina
  • 16. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif Surfaces of the tooth *The teeth are divided into -Anterior teeth (the incisors and the canines) -Posterior teeth (the premolars and molars) A. The OUTER SURFACES the tooth facingThe surface ofLabial surface:* the lips (This term is used for the anterior teeth) The surface of the toothBuccal surface:* facing the cheeks (This term is used for the posterior teeth) : the surface toward the faceFacial surface* The labial and buccal surfaces are referred to as the facial surfaces B. The INNER SURFACES The surface of the teeth facing the palate*Palatal surface: (This term is used for the Maxillary teeth) : The surface of the tooth facing the tongue*Lingual surface (This term is used for the Mandible teeth) C. APPROXIMATING SURFACES OF TEETH The side of the tooth facing the adjacent tooth in the same dental archProximal surface:* a proximal surface which present towards the midlineMesial surface:- (facing the back ofent away from the midline: a proximal surface which presDistal surface- the mouth) EXCEPTthe mesial surface of a tooth touches the distal surface of an adjacent toothNB: *Between the central incisors where the mesial surface of one central incisor faces another mesial surface. *the distal surface of the last molar does not approximate another tooth. The area on a proximal surface of the crown that*Contact area: contacts the adjacent tooth in the same arch ormally have two contact areasAll teeth in each quadrant n- of course, has no distal contact areawhich,last molartheexcept D. BITING SURFACES The cutting surface which is used in mastication:*Incisal ridge /edge (cutting foods) (This term is used for the anterior teeth) So, the anterior teeth have four surfaces and the fifth surface is a ridge *Occlusal surface: The cutting surface which is used in mastication (grinding foods) (This term is used for the posterior teeth) So, the posterior teeth have five surfaces
  • 17. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif Division of a tooth into Thirds: In order to facilitating the location of various areas within specific surfaces of a tooth, the tooth could be divided into thirds in three directions: A-Horizontally (Occlusocervically): The crown is divided into: 1-Incisal third (for anterior teeth) Occlusal third (for posterior teeth) 2-Middle third of the crown 3-Cervical third of the crown The root is divided into 1-Cervical third of the root 2-Middle third of root 3-Apical B-Mesiodistally: The tooth is divided into: 1-Mesial third 2-Middle third 3-Distal third C-Labio-or buccolingually: The tooth is divided into: 1-Labial (for anterior teeth) Buccal third (for posterior teeth) 2-Middle third 3-Lingual third
  • 18. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif Line angles and point angles The Line angles: They are imaginary lines formed by the junction of two surfaces. NB: They are named according to the names of the two joining surfaces Line angles of Anterior Teeth 1-Mesio-labial 2-Mesio-lingual 3-Disto-labial 4-Disto-lingual 5-Labio-incisal 6-Linguo-incisal Line angles of Posterior Teeth 1-Mesio-buccal 2-Mesio-lingual 3-Disto-buccal 4-Disto-lingual 5-Mesio- occlusal 6-Disto-occlusal 7-Bucca-occlusal 8-Lingua-occlusal NB: There are 6 line angles in anterior teeth and 8 line angles in the posterior teeth, as there is no line angles proximally in the anterior teeth. The point angles: They are formed of the junction of three surfaces. NB: They are named according to the names of the three joining surfaces. Point angles for Anterior Teeth 1-Mesio-labio-incisal 2-Mesio-linguo-incisal 3-Disto-labio-inicisal 4-Disto-linguo-lincisal Point angles for posterior Teeth 1-Mesio-bucco-occlusal 2-Mesio-lingui-occlusal 3-Disto-bucco- occlusal 4-Disto-linguo- occlusal Landmarks in Human
  • 19. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif Teeth (Surface anatomy of teeth) Crown Elevations Cusp: )elevation (pyramidal shapedprominent roundedIs –on the occlusal surface of the posterior teeth - forms the tip of the canine (Cuspid) developmental lobeEach cusp represents a calcified*NB: extendingfour cusp ridgesEach cusp has* In different directions (mesial, distal, facial and lingual) from its tip Tubercle: elevation in the teeth crownsmall roundedIs a extra formation of enamel*produced by an )E (Primaryand6 (Permanent)*mostly present in the *deviations from the typical form ):cingula–(PluralCingulum convex rounded bulkIs the the anterior teethIn the cervical third of the lingual surface of* *It represents the lingual lobe depositionIt is the first site of calciumLobe: Each tooth begins to develop from four or more growth centers, these centers are known as Developmental lobes *The lobes grow until they fuse *The union of these lobes is marked by lines on the tooth called developmental groove which can be seen on the tooth after it has erupted *The lobes are represented by –the mamelons of anterior teeth -the cusps of posterior teeth -the cingulum in the cervical third of the lingual surface of the anterior teeth
  • 20. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif Ridge: Any linear elevation on the surface of tooth *Is named according to its location or shape; Is the linear elevation that formsMarginal ridge: *the mesial and distal boundaries of the occlusal surfaces of the posterior teeth *the mesial and distal boundaries of the lingual surfaces of the anterior teeth Triangular ridge: Is linear ridge Descend from the tips of cusps of the posterior teeth toward the central part of the occlusal surfaces NB: They are so named because the slopes of each side of the ridge are inclined to resemble two sides of a triangle Transverse ridge: is a union of two (buccal and lingual) triangular ridges which transversely cross the occlusal surface of a posterior tooth *usually found on the lower first premolar Oblique ridge: Is a ridge formed by the union of the triangular ridges of two cusps Not facing each other *Crossing obliquely the occlusal surface of the maxillary molars from the mesiolingual cusps to distobuccal cusps
  • 21. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif Incisal ridge: found on the incisal surface of anterior teeth Labial ridge: found on the middle third of labial surface of canines Buccal ridge: found on the middle third of buccal surface of premolars Cervical ridges: Is a ridge found on the cervical third of the facial surface of all teeth Lingual ridge: found on the middle third of lingual surface of canines. *It is more developed in upper canine than lower one For any question: Download the lectures slides:
  • 22. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif Crown Depressions Groove: Linear depression in the surface of a tooth It could be: Developmental (primary) groove: Shallow linear groove between the primary parts of the crown or root Supplemental (secondary) grooves: Shallow linear groove which branch from the developmental grooves *usually when they increase, they appear as wrinkles on the occlusal surface Fissure: very narrow cleft at the depth of any groove *caused by the incomplete fusion of enamel during tooth development *Tooth caries begins in the deepest part of a fissure Fossa: Rounded depression or concavity in the surface of a tooth *Is named according to its shape and location: Central Fossa: *present on the occlusal surfaces of the molars *running mesiodistally *They are formed by the meeting of the developmental grooves on the occlusal surface Triangular fossa: *present on the occlusal surfaces of the posterior teeth *mesial to the distal marginal ridge> Mesial Triangular Fossa *distal to the mesial marginal ridge> Distal Triangular Fossa Lingual fossa: on the lingual surface of the incisors Pit: Small pinpoint depression represent the deepest point of a fossa *So, it is located at the junction of developmental grooves or at their terminals
  • 23. Introduction to DENTAL ANATOMY MO'men G. AboDaif Sulcus: broad V-shaped depression or valley between cusps and ridges *running mesiodistally *has a developmental groove in its bottom NB: we must differentiate between: Groove: linear depression Fossa: Rounded depression Sulcus: V-shaped depression like a trough or a valley Other Terms: Height of contour (Crest Of Curvature): the maximum convexity of the surface *Its level differ from the facial to the lingual surfaces To Be Continued Inshallah…