1. MAJOR NATURAL REGIONSMAJOR NATURAL REGIONS
OF THE WORLDOF THE WORLD

2. The early man believed that sun, moon and the starsThe early man believed that sun, moon and the stars
moved around the earth. To his naked, unaided eye, itmoved around the earth. To his naked, unaided eye, it
seemed since enough to believe that the earth was theseemed since enough to believe that the earth was the
center of the entire universe and the heavens turnedcenter of the entire universe and the heavens turned
round it once a day.round it once a day.
Although Aryabhatta, the great Indian astronomer,Although Aryabhatta, the great Indian astronomer,
who lived many years before Copernicus, taught thatwho lived many years before Copernicus, taught that
the earth was a sphere and that it rotated on its ownthe earth was a sphere and that it rotated on its own
axis, it was the famous book “On the Revolutions of theaxis, it was the famous book “On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Bodies” by Copernicus, that stated in clearHeavenly Bodies” by Copernicus, that stated in clear
terms that the earth was round, rotated on its own axisterms that the earth was round, rotated on its own axis
once in 24 hours from west to east and revolved aboutonce in 24 hours from west to east and revolved about
he sun the same direction once each year.he sun the same direction once each year.

3. Today no doubts that the Earth is spherical in shape butToday no doubts that the Earth is spherical in shape but
took scientists many long years to prove this fact.took scientists many long years to prove this fact.
Several things show that the earth is not flat.Several things show that the earth is not flat.
(1) The sun does not rise time in every country. It rises in(1) The sun does not rise time in every country. It rises in
London, for example, some 5 hours later than in Bombay.London, for example, some 5 hours later than in Bombay.
If the earth was flat the rising sun would be visible at allIf the earth was flat the rising sun would be visible at all
places on the earth’s surface at the same time.places on the earth’s surface at the same time.

4. (2)An observer watching through a telescope the
approach of a ship sees first the smoke, then the
funnels, and then the hull. If the earth were flat we
would see the whole of the ship at one time.
(3)An aero plane can fly round the world. If we travel
continually, in the same direction, we return
eventually to the starting point. But this is not a
perfect proof. If the earth were flat with the North Pole
at the center, it would be possible to go round the pole
and return to the starting place. Again, it would be
possible to sail around a world whose shape was
cylindrical.

5. Facts about the EarthFacts about the Earth
SizeSize kmkm
Diameter through EquatorDiameter through Equator 12,756.812,756.8
Diameter through PolesDiameter through Poles 12,713.812,713.8
Equatorial CircumferenceEquatorial Circumference 40,07740,077
Polar CircumferencePolar Circumference 40,00040,000
AreaArea million sq kmmillion sq km
Area of Ocean floorArea of Ocean floor (70.78 p. c) 361(70.78 p. c) 361
Area of landArea of land (29.22 p. c) 149(29.22 p. c) 149
Total areaTotal area 510510

6. Seasons in Different ZonesSeasons in Different Zones
At the equator the tilt of the earth does not make much of aAt the equator the tilt of the earth does not make much of a
difference in the amount of sun’s heat received. The length ofdifference in the amount of sun’s heat received. The length of
the day is practically the same throughout the year. Everythe day is practically the same throughout the year. Every
day is like any other day of the year and the weather isday is like any other day of the year and the weather is
synonymous with the climate.synonymous with the climate.
In the Tropics, it is hot during summer when the sun’s raysIn the Tropics, it is hot during summer when the sun’s rays
fall vertically in that hemisphere and cool when the sun hasfall vertically in that hemisphere and cool when the sun has
moved to the other hemisphere.moved to the other hemisphere.
The difference of seasons are more marked in the temperateThe difference of seasons are more marked in the temperate
zone where they have four seasons, each lasting for 3 months.zone where they have four seasons, each lasting for 3 months.
In the northern hemisphere, December-February form theIn the northern hemisphere, December-February form the
winter season, March-May spring season. June-Augustwinter season, March-May spring season. June-August
summersummer and September-November autumn season.and September-November autumn season.

7. Important Parallels of LatitudeImportant Parallels of Latitude

8. The earth’s axis is inclined at an angle ofThe earth’s axis is inclined at an angle of 23 ½23 ½ degrees. Thisdegrees. This
inclination gives us four important parallels of latitude ininclination gives us four important parallels of latitude in
addition to the equator. In theaddition to the equator. In the Northern HemisphereNorthern Hemisphere, the, the
parallel of 23 ½ degrees is called theparallel of 23 ½ degrees is called the Tropic of CancerTropic of Cancer. It. It
marks the limit of that portion of the earth where the sun’smarks the limit of that portion of the earth where the sun’s
rays fall vertically on June 21rays fall vertically on June 21stst
. the Parallel of 661/2 degrees is. the Parallel of 661/2 degrees is
called the Artic Circle. On one day of the year, about June 21called the Artic Circle. On one day of the year, about June 21stst
,,
the sun does not set here. Within this circle the days go onthe sun does not set here. Within this circle the days go on
getting longer as one goes towards the North Pole where theregetting longer as one goes towards the North Pole where there
is continuous daylight for 6 months.is continuous daylight for 6 months.
In theIn the southern Hemispheresouthern Hemisphere, the parallel of 23 ½ degree is, the parallel of 23 ½ degree is
called thecalled the Tropic of CapricornTropic of Capricorn. Like the Tropic of Cancer, this. Like the Tropic of Cancer, this
line also marks the limit of that portion of the earth where theline also marks the limit of that portion of the earth where the
sun’s rays fall vertically. But in this case, it happens during thesun’s rays fall vertically. But in this case, it happens during the
summer of the Southern Hemisphere (i.e. December 21summer of the Southern Hemisphere (i.e. December 21stst
). the). the
parallel of 66 ½ S. is known as the Antarctic Circle.parallel of 66 ½ S. is known as the Antarctic Circle.
Everywhere within this circle there is at least one day, duringEverywhere within this circle there is at least one day, during
its summer, when the sun does not set. At any particular timeits summer, when the sun does not set. At any particular time
of the year, conditions are the converse of those at the Arcticof the year, conditions are the converse of those at the Arctic
Circle.Circle.

9. For the sake of convenience the regions which lie between theFor the sake of convenience the regions which lie between the
equator and 30 degree are known as low latitudesequator and 30 degree are known as low latitudes, those in, those in
betweenbetween 30 and 60 Degree as mid-latitudes30 and 60 Degree as mid-latitudes and thoseand those betweenbetween
60 degree and the Poles are referred to as high latitudes60 degree and the Poles are referred to as high latitudes
THE CLIMATE ZONES OF THE EARTHTHE CLIMATE ZONES OF THE EARTH
We can divide the earth into five zones on the basis of the heatWe can divide the earth into five zones on the basis of the heat
received from the sun. each of these zones is bounded byreceived from the sun. each of these zones is bounded by
imaginary lines that extend around the earth in the sameimaginary lines that extend around the earth in the same
direction as the equator.direction as the equator.

10. The Torrid (or Tropical) ZoneThe Torrid (or Tropical) Zone –– It stretchesIt stretches
between the Tropic of Cancer 23½ degree N and 23 ½between the Tropic of Cancer 23½ degree N and 23 ½
degree S. it is divided by the equator into North Torriddegree S. it is divided by the equator into North Torrid
Zone and the South Torrid Zone. It is theZone and the South Torrid Zone. It is the widest of thewidest of the
five zonesfive zones. Within the boundaries of this zone the sun is. Within the boundaries of this zone the sun is
overhead twice during the year and the length of the dayoverhead twice during the year and the length of the day
is practically the same. It is theis practically the same. It is the hottest part of the earthhottest part of the earth
and there is very little difference between summer andand there is very little difference between summer and
winter. In fact, there is no real winter. Frost may bewinter. In fact, there is no real winter. Frost may be
found only on some high, mountainous areas.found only on some high, mountainous areas. Half ofHalf of
India lies in this zoneIndia lies in this zone..

11.  The Temperate ZonesThe Temperate Zones – The North Temperate– The North Temperate
Zone lies between theZone lies between the Arctic Circle (66 ½ degree N) andArctic Circle (66 ½ degree N) and
the Tropic of Cancer(66 ½ degree S)the Tropic of Cancer(66 ½ degree S) andand the Tropic ofthe Tropic of
CapricornCapricorn. Each of these zones is very nearly 43. Each of these zones is very nearly 43
degrees wide. This a zone of moderate climate. It is notdegrees wide. This a zone of moderate climate. It is not
so hot as the Torrid Zone nor so cold as the Frigid Zone.so hot as the Torrid Zone nor so cold as the Frigid Zone.
However, there is difference between the summer andHowever, there is difference between the summer and
winter conditions and weather changes are morewinter conditions and weather changes are more
frequent than the Tropics. The sun is never overhead infrequent than the Tropics. The sun is never overhead in
these zones whether in winter or summer but alwaysthese zones whether in winter or summer but always
shine sat a slant. In the summer (Northern Hemisphere)shine sat a slant. In the summer (Northern Hemisphere)
the days go on getting longer and longer as we gothe days go on getting longer and longer as we go
towards the North Pole. This zone is the mosttowards the North Pole. This zone is the most
comfortable for living and working.comfortable for living and working. Most of the peopleMost of the people
of the world live in the North and South Temperateof the world live in the North and South Temperate
Zones. Half of India lies in this zone.Zones. Half of India lies in this zone.

12. The Frigid ZonesThe Frigid Zones – The North Frigid Zone lies between Arctic– The North Frigid Zone lies between Arctic
Circle and the North Pole. The South Frigid Zone lies between theCircle and the North Pole. The South Frigid Zone lies between the
Antarctica Circle and the South Pole. Each of the Frigid Zones is aboutAntarctica Circle and the South Pole. Each of the Frigid Zones is about
23 ½ degrees wide. The tilt of the earth’s axis makes it impossible23 ½ degrees wide. The tilt of the earth’s axis makes it impossible
For the slanting rays of the sun to reach beyond the Arctic CircleFor the slanting rays of the sun to reach beyond the Arctic Circle
during winter i.e. from 23rd September to 21st March. These areduring winter i.e. from 23rd September to 21st March. These are
therefore the coldest zones. In winter the sun does not rise for at least 24therefore the coldest zones. In winter the sun does not rise for at least 24
hours within the margins of these zones and at the pole it does not sethours within the margins of these zones and at the pole it does not set
for six months during the summer. The ground freezes deeply in winterfor six months during the summer. The ground freezes deeply in winter
and in many areas the frost of one season does not get out of the groundand in many areas the frost of one season does not get out of the ground
before the cold of the next winter comes along. These Climate Zones arebefore the cold of the next winter comes along. These Climate Zones are
very broad divisions. In temperatures each zone merges gradually intovery broad divisions. In temperatures each zone merges gradually into
the adjoining zone for there is no distinct climate boundary. Again, thethe adjoining zone for there is no distinct climate boundary. Again, the
actual climate of a place is not only determined by the latitude of aactual climate of a place is not only determined by the latitude of a
place, but also by several other factors such as Altitude, Distance fromplace, but also by several other factors such as Altitude, Distance from
the sea and so on.the sea and so on.
The zone in which we live makes a great difference in what we doThe zone in which we live makes a great difference in what we do
during the year. It makes a difference in what we eat, what we wear andduring the year. It makes a difference in what we eat, what we wear and
how we work.how we work.

13. The chart given below shows at a glance the approximate position of the major regions of theThe chart given below shows at a glance the approximate position of the major regions of the
world. It must be remembered that these regions are not water-tight compartments and onlyworld. It must be remembered that these regions are not water-tight compartments and only
approximately follow the lines of latitude and that one region merges gradually into another.approximately follow the lines of latitude and that one region merges gradually into another.
Rain in summerRain in summer Rain all year round Rain in winter Scanty rainfall

14. -
THE EQUATORIAL REGIONTHE EQUATORIAL REGION
The Amazon type or the “The Amazon type or the “selvasselvas” in South America which in” in South America which in
Portuguese means “forests”.Portuguese means “forests”. Tropical Rain forests, Hot Wet orTropical Rain forests, Hot Wet or
Evergreen ForestsEvergreen Forests are the other names.are the other names.
LOCATIONLOCATION
The region stretches as a more or less continuous beltThe region stretches as a more or less continuous belt 0 to 10 degree0 to 10 degree
North and South of the EquatorNorth and South of the Equator and extends even further on theand extends even further on the
windward sides.windward sides.
AREASAREAS
South America :South America : The largest area in the Amazon Lowlands. It alsoThe largest area in the Amazon Lowlands. It also
occurs along the coast of Guiana.occurs along the coast of Guiana.
Africa :Africa : Part of the Congo basin and Guinea coast of Africa.Part of the Congo basin and Guinea coast of Africa.
Southern Asia :Southern Asia : Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea and parts ofMalaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea and parts of
Philippines.Philippines.

15. CLIMATECLIMATE
It is warm all the year round because the sun’s rays are alwaysIt is warm all the year round because the sun’s rays are always
nearly vertical. The temperature averages 25 to 30 degree.nearly vertical. The temperature averages 25 to 30 degree.
These regions receive heavy rainfall throughout the year andThese regions receive heavy rainfall throughout the year and
the annual average is between 160 and 350 cm.the annual average is between 160 and 350 cm.
NATURAL VEGETATIONNATURAL VEGETATION
The world’s densest vegetation is found in this green belt roundThe world’s densest vegetation is found in this green belt round
the Equator. The great heat, plenty of sunshine and rain arethe Equator. The great heat, plenty of sunshine and rain are
ideal for the dense growth of trees. The trees are of broad leavedideal for the dense growth of trees. The trees are of broad leaved
type. Most of them are hard-wooded such as Mahogany, Ebony,type. Most of them are hard-wooded such as Mahogany, Ebony,
Rosewood, Rubber etc.Rosewood, Rubber etc.
CROPSCROPS
In many parts primitive type of agriculture is practiced. TheIn many parts primitive type of agriculture is practiced. The
different kinds of crops that are grown are Plantains, Cassava,different kinds of crops that are grown are Plantains, Cassava,
Yam, Taro, Millet and Vegetables. They keep few domesticYam, Taro, Millet and Vegetables. They keep few domestic
animals, except perhaps dogs and in some places chickens andanimals, except perhaps dogs and in some places chickens and
goats.goats.

16. MINERALSMINERALS
TheThe Congo Basin has copper, tin and diamondsCongo Basin has copper, tin and diamonds. Bauxite is mined in. Bauxite is mined in
Guiana. Hitherto these regions have been suppliers of raw materials toGuiana. Hitherto these regions have been suppliers of raw materials to
the industrial countries of North America and Europe.the industrial countries of North America and Europe.
NATIVE ANIMAL LIFENATIVE ANIMAL LIFE
Animal life matches the natural vegetationAnimal life matches the natural vegetation. The lack of sunlight beneath. The lack of sunlight beneath
the forest does not favor growth of grass and so there are a few groundthe forest does not favor growth of grass and so there are a few ground
animals. Most of the animals spend their time in trees. There areanimals. Most of the animals spend their time in trees. There are
monkeys, apes, sloth’s, flying foxes, tree lizards etc. there are a varietymonkeys, apes, sloth’s, flying foxes, tree lizards etc. there are a variety
of insects and flies, termites, ticks, leeches etc.of insects and flies, termites, ticks, leeches etc.
PEOPLE AND MODES OF LIFEPEOPLE AND MODES OF LIFE
On the whole these regions areOn the whole these regions are not densely populatednot densely populated. The equatorial. The equatorial
regions cover about 10% of the earth’s area but contain only about 5%regions cover about 10% of the earth’s area but contain only about 5%
of the earth’s population. Some areas like the Amazon Basin are veryof the earth’s population. Some areas like the Amazon Basin are very
thinly populated but there are certain areas,(e.g. Java and parts ofthinly populated but there are certain areas,(e.g. Java and parts of
Sumatra in Indonesia), which are densely populated. However, theSumatra in Indonesia), which are densely populated. However, the
equatorial regions contain some of the most backward tribes in theequatorial regions contain some of the most backward tribes in the
world like Pygmies, Amazon Indians, Semang of Malaysia etc.world like Pygmies, Amazon Indians, Semang of Malaysia etc.

17. THE SAVANNA REGIONTHE SAVANNA REGION
Also known as Sudan Type Climate or theAlso known as Sudan Type Climate or the
Tropical Grasslands.Tropical Grasslands.
LOCATIONLOCATION
These regions are found onThese regions are found on either side of the Equatorial belteither side of the Equatorial belt
between the Hot Deserts on the pole ward side and the Equatorialbetween the Hot Deserts on the pole ward side and the Equatorial
regions. They lie betweenregions. They lie between 7 to 20 degree north and south of7 to 20 degree north and south of
EquatorEquator. They form a continuous belt only in Africa and Australia,. They form a continuous belt only in Africa and Australia,
elsewhere mountains and plateaus intervene to change the climate.elsewhere mountains and plateaus intervene to change the climate.
AREASAREAS
The Savanna type is found in the southern continents and all theThe Savanna type is found in the southern continents and all the
regions are to the south of the tropic of Cancer.regions are to the south of the tropic of Cancer.
South America :South America : Brazilian HighlandsBrazilian Highlands, parts of Bolivia, Paraguay, parts of Bolivia, Paraguay
and Argentina. The Highlands regions are considered separately.and Argentina. The Highlands regions are considered separately.
Central AmericaCentral America :: Cuba, JamaicaCuba, Jamaica, and the islands in the Pacific., and the islands in the Pacific.
Africa :Africa : SudanSudan, large parts of Senegal, Mali, Niger, Chad and also, large parts of Senegal, Mali, Niger, Chad and also
in Ghana, Dahomey, Togo, Kenya, Angola, Uganda etc.in Ghana, Dahomey, Togo, Kenya, Angola, Uganda etc.

18. CLIMATECLIMATE
There isThere is great heat in summergreat heat in summer because the regions lie within the Tropicsbecause the regions lie within the Tropics
and there are few clouds to shade the land. There isand there are few clouds to shade the land. There is sunshine for 13 to 14sunshine for 13 to 14
hours and humidity is low, the air is hot, dry and dusty.hours and humidity is low, the air is hot, dry and dusty. The averageThe average
monthly temperatures are recorded just before the rainy season, for e.g.,monthly temperatures are recorded just before the rainy season, for e.g.,
in Sudan the hottest months are April and May. There is general loweringin Sudan the hottest months are April and May. There is general lowering
of temperature during the rainy season when the temperature rangesof temperature during the rainy season when the temperature ranges
between 21 and 26 degrees. Rainfall varies from 25cm to 150 cm and isbetween 21 and 26 degrees. Rainfall varies from 25cm to 150 cm and is
usually unreliable.usually unreliable.
NATURAL VEGETATIONNATURAL VEGETATION
The Savanna marks the transition from the dense Equatorial forests,The Savanna marks the transition from the dense Equatorial forests,
where the rainy season lasts practically throughout the year, and thewhere the rainy season lasts practically throughout the year, and the
semi-desert and deserts where the dry season lasts practically through outsemi-desert and deserts where the dry season lasts practically through out
the year. The seasonal rain allows only grass to grow e.g. elephant grassthe year. The seasonal rain allows only grass to grow e.g. elephant grass
which grows up to four and a half meters. Trees occur as one goeswhich grows up to four and a half meters. Trees occur as one goes
towards the equator. Trees grow along the banks of the streams. They aretowards the equator. Trees grow along the banks of the streams. They are
of broad leaved variety and are of often flat topped or umbrella shapedof broad leaved variety and are of often flat topped or umbrella shaped
e.g. Bottle trees. Trees become less numerous as one approaches thee.g. Bottle trees. Trees become less numerous as one approaches the
Desert region where the vegetation consists of scanty grass and poorDesert region where the vegetation consists of scanty grass and poor
scrub.scrub.

19.
CROPSCROPS
Millet, maize-beans, peas and sweet-potatoes are grown.Millet, maize-beans, peas and sweet-potatoes are grown.
Groundnut and cotton are important crops. The rainy season isGroundnut and cotton are important crops. The rainy season is
the growing season and the dry season is the harvest time.the growing season and the dry season is the harvest time.
MINERALSMINERALS
Venezuela in South America is one of the largest producers ofVenezuela in South America is one of the largest producers of
petroleum in the world. There are large deposits of iron ore inpetroleum in the world. There are large deposits of iron ore in
Brazil, tin and coal in Nigeria, asbestos and chrome in Rhodesia,Brazil, tin and coal in Nigeria, asbestos and chrome in Rhodesia,
copper in Zambia, bauxite in Jamaica. Some of the richestcopper in Zambia, bauxite in Jamaica. Some of the richest
deposits of copper ores occur in the Katanga District of Congo.deposits of copper ores occur in the Katanga District of Congo.
NATIVE ANIMAL LIFENATIVE ANIMAL LIFE
One finds a greater number of animals and more varieties ofOne finds a greater number of animals and more varieties of
species in the Savanna region than in another. The differentspecies in the Savanna region than in another. The different
animals found are zebra, giraffe, deer, lion, gazelle, elephants,animals found are zebra, giraffe, deer, lion, gazelle, elephants,
rhinoceros, leopards, wild buffalo etc.rhinoceros, leopards, wild buffalo etc.
PEOPLE AND MODES OF LIFEPEOPLE AND MODES OF LIFE
The savanna land comprises nearly 15% of the earth’s land area but theyThe savanna land comprises nearly 15% of the earth’s land area but they
do not support the same proportion of the world’s population. In Savannado not support the same proportion of the world’s population. In Savanna
we notice different stages of development. Some of the native are pastoralwe notice different stages of development. Some of the native are pastoral
while many of them live a settled life practicing agriculture. Masai,while many of them live a settled life practicing agriculture. Masai,
Kikuyus, Hausas are some of the primitive people found in the Savanna.Kikuyus, Hausas are some of the primitive people found in the Savanna.

20. TROPICAL MONSOON REGIONSTROPICAL MONSOON REGIONS
The regions lie roughly between 10 and 30The regions lie roughly between 10 and 30
degrees north and south .degrees north and south .
AREASAREAS
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Burma, China, Thailand,India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Burma, China, Thailand,
USA, East Africa, Malagasy and North Australia.USA, East Africa, Malagasy and North Australia.
CLIMATECLIMATE
The monsoon is a modified form of savanna . there are threeThe monsoon is a modified form of savanna . there are three
seasons the hot season, the rainy season and the cool season.seasons the hot season, the rainy season and the cool season.
NATURAL VEGETATIONNATURAL VEGETATION
Natural vegetation varies according to the rainfall. In areas ofNatural vegetation varies according to the rainfall. In areas of
heavy rainfall there are dense forests. On the mountains there areheavy rainfall there are dense forests. On the mountains there are
mixed deciduous forests. The sunder bans of the Ganga delta aremixed deciduous forests. The sunder bans of the Ganga delta are
famous for mangrove forests.famous for mangrove forests.
CROPSCROPS
Rice is the main crop and forms the staple food of the teemingRice is the main crop and forms the staple food of the teeming
millions. In slightly drier lands wheat, maize, jowar, barley ,millions. In slightly drier lands wheat, maize, jowar, barley ,
pulses. Cotton, sugarcane and tobacco are the other importantpulses. Cotton, sugarcane and tobacco are the other important
crops.crops.

21. MINERALSMINERALS
The different kind of minerals found are coal , mica , manganese,The different kind of minerals found are coal , mica , manganese,
limestone, chromite, gold, natural gas, tungsten, zinc etc.limestone, chromite, gold, natural gas, tungsten, zinc etc.
NATIVE ANIMAL LIFENATIVE ANIMAL LIFE
There are many animals in the forests. There are several types ofThere are many animals in the forests. There are several types of
monkeys, leopards, varieties of snakes. There are plenty of birdsmonkeys, leopards, varieties of snakes. There are plenty of birds
including peacocks.including peacocks.
PEOPLE AND MODES OF LIFEPEOPLE AND MODES OF LIFE
Agriculture us the main occupation. Fishing is carried out alongAgriculture us the main occupation. Fishing is carried out along
the coasts and numerous rivers but seldom on a largethe coasts and numerous rivers but seldom on a large
commercial scale.commercial scale.
THE HOT DESERTS (OR THE SAHARA TYPETHE HOT DESERTS (OR THE SAHARA TYPE))
A desert is any area which has less than 25 cm of rainfall in a year.A desert is any area which has less than 25 cm of rainfall in a year.
There are three types of deserts:There are three types of deserts:
•The tropical desertsThe tropical deserts
•Temperate or Mid-latitude DesertsTemperate or Mid-latitude Deserts
•The Cold DesertsThe Cold Deserts

22. AREASAREAS
North America, South America, Africa, Asia, AustraliaNorth America, South America, Africa, Asia, Australia
CLIMATECLIMATE
The climate of the Hot Deserts is one of very high temperatures, clearThe climate of the Hot Deserts is one of very high temperatures, clear
skies and an almost total absence of rain. There is large daily range ofskies and an almost total absence of rain. There is large daily range of
temperature in the Hot Deserts. The rainfall is scanty and unreliable.temperature in the Hot Deserts. The rainfall is scanty and unreliable.
NATURAL VEGETATIONNATURAL VEGETATION
The vegetation of the deserts is admirably adapted to its environment.The vegetation of the deserts is admirably adapted to its environment.
In no other regions are life and water so intimately related. E.g. cactusIn no other regions are life and water so intimately related. E.g. cactus
CROPSCROPS
In summer rice, millet, maize are the main grain crops. SmallIn summer rice, millet, maize are the main grain crops. Small
quantities of sugarcane and cotton also are grown. Date palm is thequantities of sugarcane and cotton also are grown. Date palm is the
oldest fruit tree in the deserts.oldest fruit tree in the deserts.
MINERALSMINERALS
The different kind of minerals found are copper, diamonds, borax, goldThe different kind of minerals found are copper, diamonds, borax, gold
, petroleum, deposits of nitrates etc., petroleum, deposits of nitrates etc.

23. NATIVE ANIMAL LIFENATIVE ANIMAL LIFE
All desert animals have different devices to survive. Most of themAll desert animals have different devices to survive. Most of them
are small and move only in the cool hours of night or earlyare small and move only in the cool hours of night or early
evening. e.g. camel.evening. e.g. camel.
THE WARM TEMPERATE EAST COAST REGIONSTHE WARM TEMPERATE EAST COAST REGIONS
The region lies between 25 degree and 40 degree north and southThe region lies between 25 degree and 40 degree north and south
latitude on the eastern margins of the continents.latitude on the eastern margins of the continents.
AREASAREAS
Asia, North America, Africa and AustraliaAsia, North America, Africa and Australia
CLIMATECLIMATE
There are many variations in this climatic group, but there are alsoThere are many variations in this climatic group, but there are also
a number of common features. The summer temperatures are higha number of common features. The summer temperatures are high
with high humidity's making the climate uncomfortable. Thewith high humidity's making the climate uncomfortable. The
temperature varies between 21 and27 degree. The northerntemperature varies between 21 and27 degree. The northern
hemisphere winters are colder than in Southern Hemisphere. Thehemisphere winters are colder than in Southern Hemisphere. The
annual rainfall varies from 75 to 125 cm.annual rainfall varies from 75 to 125 cm.

24. NATURAL VEGETATIONNATURAL VEGETATION
High summer temperature and heavy rain favor evergreen forests, butHigh summer temperature and heavy rain favor evergreen forests, but
natural vegetation in the lowlands is of deciduous forests and has beennatural vegetation in the lowlands is of deciduous forests and has been
cleared too make room for agriculture. Only mountains are thicklycleared too make room for agriculture. Only mountains are thickly
populated with Pines, Beech, Oak, Magnolias and Camellias especially inpopulated with Pines, Beech, Oak, Magnolias and Camellias especially in
East Africa and South Brazil. Many of the trees and shrubs areEast Africa and South Brazil. Many of the trees and shrubs are
importantimportant commercially for their Timbercommercially for their Timber and others for their camphor,and others for their camphor,
Tea, Gum and Mulberry.Tea, Gum and Mulberry.
CROPSCROPS
A mild rainy climate favors the cultivation of a wide variety of crops.A mild rainy climate favors the cultivation of a wide variety of crops.
Rice is the main crop but Soyabeans, Sugarcane, Potatoes andRice is the main crop but Soyabeans, Sugarcane, Potatoes and
Vegetables are also grown everywhere. Cotton and Tea are the otherVegetables are also grown everywhere. Cotton and Tea are the other
important crops. In winter, the same lands are cultivated for Wheat,important crops. In winter, the same lands are cultivated for Wheat,
Barley and vegetables.Barley and vegetables.
MINERALSMINERALS
Tin, Iron, Antimony and Tungsten are mined in China. In SouthTin, Iron, Antimony and Tungsten are mined in China. In South
America abundance of Coal, Petroleum and Water led to rapidAmerica abundance of Coal, Petroleum and Water led to rapid
industrialization.industrialization.

25. NATIVE ANIMAL LIFENATIVE ANIMAL LIFE
China Type regions in Asia are tickly populated and so nativeChina Type regions in Asia are tickly populated and so native
animals of these regions are found chiefly in mountains, forestsanimals of these regions are found chiefly in mountains, forests
and swamps.and swamps.
In the U.S. there are Foxes, Squirrels, Musk rat, Mink etc. InIn the U.S. there are Foxes, Squirrels, Musk rat, Mink etc. In
Australia are several marsupials such as the wood landAustralia are several marsupials such as the wood land
Kangaroo, Wallaby and the flying opossum.Kangaroo, Wallaby and the flying opossum.
THE MEDITERRANEAN REGIONSTHE MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS
LOCATIONLOCATION
These regions are found on the tropical margins of middle latitudeThese regions are found on the tropical margins of middle latitude
between 30 and 40 degree North and South. They occupy thebetween 30 and 40 degree North and South. They occupy the
western margins of the continents, on the pole ward sides.western margins of the continents, on the pole ward sides.
AREASAREAS
Europe:Europe: The countries bordering the Mediterranean sea, namely,The countries bordering the Mediterranean sea, namely,
Spain, Portugal, Southern France, Greece, Syria, Israel, Turkey,Spain, Portugal, Southern France, Greece, Syria, Israel, Turkey,
Lebanon, North-Western Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.Lebanon, North-Western Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.
North America :North America : A large part of CaliforniaA large part of California
Africa:Africa: South- western tip of South Africa( the Cape Province)South- western tip of South Africa( the Cape Province)
Australia :Australia : Southern and Southwestern regions.Southern and Southwestern regions.

26. CLIMATECLIMATE
Summers are really hot and nearly dry and the weather is like that ofSummers are really hot and nearly dry and the weather is like that of
the hot deserts that lie to the south of these lands. Average summerthe hot deserts that lie to the south of these lands. Average summer
temperature varies from 20 to 26 degrees. Average winter temperaturestemperature varies from 20 to 26 degrees. Average winter temperatures
vary between 5 to 15 degree. Rainfall is not much ; it barely exceeds 85vary between 5 to 15 degree. Rainfall is not much ; it barely exceeds 85
cm.cm.
NATURAL VEGETATIONNATURAL VEGETATION
Plants grow in winter when rain water is available. The trees have toPlants grow in winter when rain water is available. The trees have to
protect themselves from summer drought. That zerophytic species.protect themselves from summer drought. That zerophytic species.
They are Olive, Rosemary, Holly, Madrona, Cork Oak etc.They are Olive, Rosemary, Holly, Madrona, Cork Oak etc.
CROPSCROPS
The different types of crops available are Oranges, Lemons, Apricots,The different types of crops available are Oranges, Lemons, Apricots,
Maize, Rice, Sweet Potatoes, Vegetables andMaize, Rice, Sweet Potatoes, Vegetables and AlfalfaAlfalfa..
MINERALSMINERALS
There are considerable deposits of Bauxite in the Rhone Valley ofThere are considerable deposits of Bauxite in the Rhone Valley of
France. Italy is a leading producer of Mercury. Some of the finestFrance. Italy is a leading producer of Mercury. Some of the finest
marble for statues is mined in Carrara. Spain produces Lead, Mercury,marble for statues is mined in Carrara. Spain produces Lead, Mercury,
Iron, Coal, Lead and Zinc. California produces petroleum. Broken HillIron, Coal, Lead and Zinc. California produces petroleum. Broken Hill
has one of the largest deposits of Lead andhas one of the largest deposits of Lead and
Zinc in the worldZinc in the world.

27. WEST ÉUROPEAN TYPEWEST ÉUROPEAN TYPE
Also known asAlso known as BritishBritish Type, Cool Temperate Oceanic, DeciduousType, Cool Temperate Oceanic, Deciduous
Forests, Marine West Coast.Forests, Marine West Coast.
LOCATIONLOCATION
The region lies between 40 and 60 degree North and South latitude onThe region lies between 40 and 60 degree North and South latitude on
the western side of the continents.the western side of the continents.
AREASAREAS
The North western Europe forms the largest area for this climate. TheThe North western Europe forms the largest area for this climate. The
area around the Baltic sea is considered as a transition zone betweenarea around the Baltic sea is considered as a transition zone between
West Europe and the Siberian type.West Europe and the Siberian type.
North America : Western Canada and North West U.S.ANorth America : Western Canada and North West U.S.A
South America: Southern ChileSouth America: Southern Chile
Australia: Most of the Victoria and the island of Tasmania and theAustralia: Most of the Victoria and the island of Tasmania and the
south island of New Zealand.south island of New Zealand.
CLIMATECLIMATE
These regions are under the influence of cool, rain-bearing WesterliesThese regions are under the influence of cool, rain-bearing Westerlies
blowing from the ocean the whole year. The average temperature inblowing from the ocean the whole year. The average temperature in
summer is between 18 and 25 degrees. In winter may fall below zero butsummer is between 18 and 25 degrees. In winter may fall below zero but
winters are, on the whole, mild.winters are, on the whole, mild.

28. There are no large extremes of temperature. There are fourThere are no large extremes of temperature. There are four
distinct seasons : Winter, Summer, Autumn and Spring.distinct seasons : Winter, Summer, Autumn and Spring.
Rainfall is well distributed throughout the year.Rainfall is well distributed throughout the year.
NATURAL VEGETATIONNATURAL VEGETATION
This climate is very favorable for growth of forests. TheThis climate is very favorable for growth of forests. The
important species are Oak, Elm, Maple, Beech and Birch. Mostimportant species are Oak, Elm, Maple, Beech and Birch. Most
of them have thick trunks and broad leaves and yield hard andof them have thick trunks and broad leaves and yield hard and
durable Timber.durable Timber.
CROPSCROPS
Wheat, Barley, Oats, Sugar Beets and Potatoes are grown. InWheat, Barley, Oats, Sugar Beets and Potatoes are grown. In
the European countries agriculture is everywhere combinedthe European countries agriculture is everywhere combined
with dairy farming. Intensive methods are employed and muchwith dairy farming. Intensive methods are employed and much
use is made of manure and fertilizers.use is made of manure and fertilizers.
MINERALSMINERALS
The Northwestern Europe is very highly developed. There areThe Northwestern Europe is very highly developed. There are
several areas of extremely dense population centered mainly onseveral areas of extremely dense population centered mainly on
the coal fields. The region is favored with coal and ironore.the coal fields. The region is favored with coal and ironore.
West Germany and France are great producers of potash.West Germany and France are great producers of potash.

29. NATIVE ANIMAL LIFENATIVE ANIMAL LIFE
Wild animals are very few in Western Europe. They are deer, foxes, wolvesWild animals are very few in Western Europe. They are deer, foxes, wolves
and small animals such as Hare, badgers, Squirrels, Hedgehogs andand small animals such as Hare, badgers, Squirrels, Hedgehogs and
Beavers.Beavers.
THE LAURENTIAN TYPETHE LAURENTIAN TYPE
`It is also known as St. Lawrence Type - Cool Temperate East Margin Type`It is also known as St. Lawrence Type - Cool Temperate East Margin Type
LOCATIONLOCATION
The region lies between 45 to 60 degree in Northern Hemisphere only. ItThe region lies between 45 to 60 degree in Northern Hemisphere only. It
lies in the same latitude as West Europe but on the Eastern margins of thelies in the same latitude as West Europe but on the Eastern margins of the
continents. The climate is very much like that of West Europe Type but thecontinents. The climate is very much like that of West Europe Type but the
range of temperature is somewhat greater. It has colder winters because ofrange of temperature is somewhat greater. It has colder winters because of
the prevailing westerlies blow from the cold interior of the continents.the prevailing westerlies blow from the cold interior of the continents.
AREASAREAS
North America :North America : St. Lawrence lowlands and the North-eastern part of theSt. Lawrence lowlands and the North-eastern part of the
U.S.AU.S.A
Asia :Asia : North-eastern part of China, Amur river region in Siberia andNorth-eastern part of China, Amur river region in Siberia and
Northern Japan.Northern Japan.
CLIMATECLIMATE
The summer are short, Average Summer temperature are between 18 andThe summer are short, Average Summer temperature are between 18 and
24 degree. Rainfall is moderate, being 50cm in the drier areas and 50 to 12524 degree. Rainfall is moderate, being 50cm in the drier areas and 50 to 125
cm in the more rainy parts.cm in the more rainy parts.

30. NATURAL VEGETATIONNATURAL VEGETATION
Natural vegetation consists mostly of the coniferous forest, but inNatural vegetation consists mostly of the coniferous forest, but in
the extreme south east of the regions, deciduous trees flourishthe extreme south east of the regions, deciduous trees flourish
e.g. maples, and various kinds of oak, beech, ash, chestnut ande.g. maples, and various kinds of oak, beech, ash, chestnut and
elms. This region also produces fruits such as pear, peach, plum,elms. This region also produces fruits such as pear, peach, plum,
apples and oranges.apples and oranges.
CROPSCROPS
Agriculture is the most widespread activity. In most placesAgriculture is the most widespread activity. In most places
farmers practice mixed farming. In the North American region,farmers practice mixed farming. In the North American region,
wheat is grown in the more moist regions. Barley, sugar beets,wheat is grown in the more moist regions. Barley, sugar beets,
flax, potatoes are also grown. In Manchuria, spring wheat,flax, potatoes are also grown. In Manchuria, spring wheat,
soyabeans are the main crops, followed by barley and oats.soyabeans are the main crops, followed by barley and oats.
MINERALSMINERALS
One of thee largest coalfields in the world(the AppalachianOne of thee largest coalfields in the world(the Appalachian
coalfield in the eastern U.S.A) lies in this region. Coal and ironcoalfield in the eastern U.S.A) lies in this region. Coal and iron
ore are mined in several other areas of the U.S.ore are mined in several other areas of the U.S.
NATIVE ANIMAL LIFENATIVE ANIMAL LIFE
There are fur bearing animals in the forest, the chief amongThere are fur bearing animals in the forest, the chief among
these being bears, foxes, marten, beaver, skunk, and squirrelsthese being bears, foxes, marten, beaver, skunk, and squirrels..

31.
THE CONIFEROUS FORESTSTHE CONIFEROUS FORESTS
Also known as Taiga, Cold Temperate Central Type or Siberian Type.Also known as Taiga, Cold Temperate Central Type or Siberian Type.
LOCATIONLOCATION
This region lies between 55 and 70 degree in Northern Hemisphere only.This region lies between 55 and 70 degree in Northern Hemisphere only.
It stretches as an almost continuous belt across southern Canada, northernIt stretches as an almost continuous belt across southern Canada, northern
Europe and Russia. The Tundra region lies in the north and theEurope and Russia. The Tundra region lies in the north and the
Temperate Grasslands on the south.Temperate Grasslands on the south.
AREASAREAS
Southern Alaska, Southern Canada, parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland,Southern Alaska, Southern Canada, parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland,
Northern Russia, Northern Siberia, Sakhalin Island.Northern Russia, Northern Siberia, Sakhalin Island.
CLIMATECLIMATE
Winters are very cold and severe for 6 to 7 months with temperaturesWinters are very cold and severe for 6 to 7 months with temperatures
below freezing. Summers are short, lasting for 3 or 4 months but the daysbelow freezing. Summers are short, lasting for 3 or 4 months but the days
are long. Rainfall varies from 25 to 100 cm.are long. Rainfall varies from 25 to 100 cm.
NATURAL VEGETATIONNATURAL VEGETATION
The coniferous forests form one of the greatest forest belts in the world.The coniferous forests form one of the greatest forest belts in the world.
There are very few species, among which pine, fir, hemlock, larch, cedarThere are very few species, among which pine, fir, hemlock, larch, cedar
and spruce predominate.and spruce predominate.

32. CROPSCROPS
Farming is not very important as the growing season is too short(less than
90 days). In the sheltered valleys and the lowlands bordering the steppes,
barley, oats, rye, potatoes, beetroots and turnips are grown.
MINERALSMINERALS
The Taiga region has some of the world’s richest mineral resources. Large
deposits of iron, gold, nickel, molybdenum, coal etc are found in thisiron, gold, nickel, molybdenum, coal etc are found in this
region.region.
NATIVE ANIMAL LIFENATIVE ANIMAL LIFE
There are a very few animals and most of them are small. They are
sturdy, have short ears and tails and a thick covering of fur. The animals
which yield fur are musk rat, fox, skunk, minx, squirrel, sable, badger,
lynx etc.
THE TUNDRA REGION(or Cold Deserts)THE TUNDRA REGION(or Cold Deserts)
Hot deserts are too hot and rainfall is less than 25 cm. Cold
deserts are too cold and the rainfall is meager, less than 25 cm.
Thus both have scanty precipitation, scanty vegetation and sparse
population. However, in the polar lands man finds no oases.

33. LOCATIONLOCATION
The region lies roughly beyond 65 degrees North on the northern sideThe region lies roughly beyond 65 degrees North on the northern side
of the Coniferous Forests,of the Coniferous Forests,
AREASAREAS
Northern most parts of Canada, Alaska, Northern Scandinavia,Northern most parts of Canada, Alaska, Northern Scandinavia,
Greenland, Iceland and Spitzbergen Islands and Siberia.Greenland, Iceland and Spitzbergen Islands and Siberia.
CLIMATECLIMATE
Winters are very long, 9 to 10 months and very severe. TheWinters are very long, 9 to 10 months and very severe. The
temperature are below freezing, anywhere between –35 and 40 degree.temperature are below freezing, anywhere between –35 and 40 degree.
The summers are short. And lasts for 2 to 3 months. Rainfall is scanty,The summers are short. And lasts for 2 to 3 months. Rainfall is scanty,
rarely more than 25 cm.rarely more than 25 cm.
NATURAL VEGETATIONNATURAL VEGETATION
The bush tundra borders the coniferous belt and consists of dwarfThe bush tundra borders the coniferous belt and consists of dwarf
alders, birches, junipers and willows. Next to the bush tundra there isalders, birches, junipers and willows. Next to the bush tundra there is
the grass tundra which consists of mosses, lichens, sedges and floweringthe grass tundra which consists of mosses, lichens, sedges and flowering
plants. This vegetation can withstand extreme cold and survive on aplants. This vegetation can withstand extreme cold and survive on a
minimum moisture. It can also remain alive beneath the snow in winter.minimum moisture. It can also remain alive beneath the snow in winter.

34. NATIVE ANIMAL LIFENATIVE ANIMAL LIFE
It is the land of the reindeer and the musk ox. The otherIt is the land of the reindeer and the musk ox. The other
common animals are the polar bear, wolverine, sable,common animals are the polar bear, wolverine, sable,
lemmings, blue fox, the Arctic hare and the Arctic fox.lemmings, blue fox, the Arctic hare and the Arctic fox.
PEOPLE AND MODES OF LIFEPEOPLE AND MODES OF LIFE
The population is sparse because the struggle for existence isThe population is sparse because the struggle for existence is
intense. There may not be more than 100,000 people in allintense. There may not be more than 100,000 people in all
vast tundra's. No, one in fact, lives in the heart of the barrenvast tundra's. No, one in fact, lives in the heart of the barren
land.land.