6. INTRO
PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
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ARISTOTLE GREEK
PHILOSOPHY Our western philosophical tradition
began in ancient Greece in the 6th
century BCE.
Greek philosophy covers an absolutely
enormous amount of topics including:
political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics,
ontology (the study of the nature of
being, becoming, existence, or reality),
logic, biology, rhetoric, and aesthetics
(branch of philosophy dealing with art,
beauty, and taste).
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PYTHAGORAS
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ABOUT HIM
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher
One of the world's greatest persons,
but he wrote nothing, and it is hard to
say how much of the doctrine we know,
as Pythagorean is due to the founder of
the society and how much is later
development.
Sometimes he is represented as a man
of science, and sometimes as a preacher
of mystic doctrines, and we might be
tempted to regard one or other of those
characters as alone historical.
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PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
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ARISTOTL
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ABOUT HIM
Originally from Samos, Pythagoras
founded at Kroton (in southern Italy) a
society which was at once a religious
community and a scientific school.
Father of the Exact Sciences.
He was a disciple of Anaximander, his
astronomy was the natural development
of Anaximander's.
Pythagoras himself seems to have
claimed a semidivine status.
10. INTRO
PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTL
E
THALES
CONTRIBUTION IN EDUCATION
Introduced the Pythagorean Theorem.
The demand that members of the order
shall observe a strict loyalty and secrecy.
Hieroi Logoi (“Sacred Discourses”)
The belief in the transmigration of souls
provided a basis for the Pythagorean way
of life.
Pythagoras taught were largely ritualistic:
refrain from speaking about the holy,
wear white clothes, observe sexual purity,
do not touch beans, and so forth.
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SOCRATES
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ARISTOTL
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CONTRIBUTION IN EDUCATION
abstinence required by the secret doctrinal
system.
the higher view of womanhood reflected in
the admission of women to the school;
Things “are” number, or “resemble”
number.
The sacred decad (the sum of the first four
numbers) in particular has a cosmic
significance in Pythagoreanism: its mystical
name, tetraktys(meaning approximately
“fourness”), implies 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10; but
it can also be thought of as a
12. INTRO
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SOCRATES
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CONTRIBUTION IN EDUCATION
The principal pair of opposites is the limit
and the unlimited; the limit (or limiting),
represented by the odd (3,5,7,…), is an
active force effecting order, harmony, and
“cosmos” in the unlimited, represented by
the even.
the doctrine of opposites.
specialized liberal arts of the curriculum.
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PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
THALES ABOUT HIM
was a Greek philosopher and is
considered the father of western
philosophy.
Plato was his most famous student
Socrates was born c. 469/470 BCE to the
sculptor Sophronicus and the mid-wife
Phaenarete.
He studied music, gymnastics, and
grammar in his youth (the common
subjects of study for a young Greek)
and followed his father's profession as a
sculptor.
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PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
THALES ABOUT HIM
The main focus of Socrates was on how
to live a good and virtuous life.
In 399 BCE Socrates was charged with
impiety by Meletus the poet, Anytus the
tanner, and Lycon the orator who
sought the death penalty in the case.
The last days of Socrates are chronicled
in Plato's Euthyphro, Apology, Crito and
Phaedo, the last dialogue depicting the
day of his death (by drinking hemlock)
surrounded by his friends in his jail cell
in Athens
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PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
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ARISTOTLE
THALES ABOUT HIM
Socrates' influence was felt immediately
in the actions of his disciples as they
formed their own interpretations of his
life, teachings, and death, and set about
forming their own philosophical schools
and writing about their experiences with
their teacher.
He, himself, wrote nothing, but his
words and actions in the search for and
defense of Truth changed the world and
his example still inspires people today.
19. INTRO
PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
THALES CONTRIBUTION IN
EDUCATIONThrough this method, students are
posed a question. Once they
answer, the questioner challenges
them to prove or support their
answer. Hypothetical questions
and additional facts are used to fine
tune or clarify beliefs or statements.
In the end, the student gains insight
on their thoughts, the exceptions to
their beliefs, and validation of their
ability to defend their views.
20. INTRO
PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
THALES SOCRATIC METHOD…HOW??
What is a covenant?
An agreement.
I agree to meet you for lunch, is that a covenant?
SORT OF…MAYBE
What was the covenant God made to Noah?
God promised never to destroy the world by a flood.
Does a covenant imply something more than
an agreement?
A promise.
Yes, a covenant is an agreement with a promise.
I make an agreement to meet you for lunch and
I promise to be there no matter what.
21. INTRO
PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
THALES SOCRATIC METHOD…HOW??
LET’S TRY A “TABLE”
A table is a four-legged furniture.
Is a table a cow?
A table is a four-legged furniture , made up of wood
and has a flat surface.
First Step:
Give an initial definition of the idea or concept.
Second Step:
Look for the characteristic not captured by the initial
definition.
Third Step:
Give a new definition
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PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
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ARISTOTLE
THALES CONTRIBUTION IN
EDUCATION
Education should be provided to
people regardless of gender.
Children should be taught through
play.
Socrates’ ideas about education
included the development mind
(soul) and body. Or simply the split
education.
Established an ethical system based
on human reason.
27. INTRO
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SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTL
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ABOUT HIM
a philosopher in Classical Greece
the founder of the Academy in Athens,
the first institution of higher learning in
the Western world.
Plato was a student of Socrates and
a teacher of Aristotle.
Both of his parents came from the Greek aristocracy.
Plato's father, Ariston, descended from
the kings of Athens and Messenia. His mother,
Perictione, is said to be related to the
6th century B.C.E. Greek statesman Solon.
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ARISTOTLE
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ABOUT HIM
A tireless scholar, whose scientific
explorations were as wide-ranging as his
philosophical speculations were profound
A teacher who inspired – and who
continues to inspire – generations of pupils;
He was a student of Plato who in turn
studied under Socrates.
A teacher to Alexander the Great
He was more empirical-minded than Plato
or Socrates and is famous for rejecting
Plato's theory of forms.
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ARISTOTLE
THALES ABOUT HIM
In his lifetime, Aristotle wrote as many as 200
treatises, of which only 31 survive.
Unfortunately for us, these works are in the
form of lecture notes and draft manuscripts
never intended for general readership, so they
do not demonstrate his reputed polished
prose style which attracted many great
followers, including the Roman Cicero.
Father of the field of logic
To Aristotle, God is the first of all substances,
the necessary first source of movement who is
himself unmoved. God is a being with
everlasting life, and perfect blessedness,
engaged in never-ending contemplation
35. INTRO
PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
THALES
CONTRIBUTION IN
EDUCATION
That education was central – the fulfilled
person was an educated person.
He believes that we should act to work for
that which is good or ‘right’, rather than
that which is merely ‘correct’.
He placed a strong emphasis on all round
and ‘balanced’ development. Play, physical
training, music, debate, and the study of
science and philosophy were to all have
their place in the forming of body, mind
and soul.
36. INTRO
PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
THALES
CONTRIBUTION IN
EDUCATION He looked to both education through
reason and education through habit.
which means learning by doing
Aristotle was the first to classify areas of
human knowledge into distinct disciplines
such as mathematics, biology, and ethics.
Some of these classifications are still used
today.
He was the first to develop a formalized
system for reasoning
Aristotle was the founder of the Lyceum, a
school of learning based in Athens, Greece;
37. INTRO
PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
THALES
CONTRIBUTION IN
EDUCATION First, he argues that the ability to regulate our
desires is not instinctive, but learned and is the
outcome of both teaching and practice.;
The idea of morality is given by the faculty of
moral insight. The truly good person is at the
same time a person of perfect insight, and a
person of perfect insight is also perfectly good.
Moral weakness of the will results in someone
does what is wrong, knowing that it is right,
and yet follows his desire against reason.
The purpose of the state is to educate the
people -- to make them virtuous.
38. INTRO
PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
THALES
CONTRIBUTION IN
EDUCATION First, he argues that the ability to regulate our
desires is not instinctive, but learned and is the
outcome of both teaching and practice.;
The idea of morality is given by the faculty of
moral insight. The truly good person is at the
same time a person of perfect insight, and a
person of perfect insight is also perfectly good.
Moral weakness of the will results in someone
does what is wrong, knowing that it is right,
and yet follows his desire against reason.
The purpose of the state is to educate the
people -- to make them virtuous.
42. INTRO
PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
THALES
VICE OF DEFICIENCY VIRTUOUS MEAN VICE OF EXCESS
Cowardice Courage Rashness
Insensibility Temperance Intemperance
Illiberality Liberality Prodigality
Pettiness Munificence Vulgarity
Humble-mindedness High-mindedness Vaingloriness
Want of Ambition Right Ambition Over-ambition
Spiritlessness Good Temper Irascibility
Surliness Friendly Civility Obsequiousness
Ironical Depreciation Sincerity Boastfulness
Boorishness Wittiness Buffoonery
Shamelessness Modesty Bashfulness
Callousness Just Resentment Spitefulness
Most moral virtues, and not just courage, are to be understood as falling at the mean between two
accompanying vices. His list may be represented by the following table:
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THALES
Final Conclusion
It has been more than 2300 years since the last
day of the Aristotelian era in ancient Greece, yet
the research and work of Aristotle remain as
influential in this time and age. From fields that
significantly incline towards a structurally
scientific orientation such as physics and
to the very minute details about the nature of
knowledge, reality, and existence – his
multitudinous all-around contributions truly
make him one of the most influential people in
human history.
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THALES
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLATO AND ARISTOTLE
PLATO ARISTOTLE
-Idealist -Empericist
-chose to reject the
claim that the
world experienced
through the senses is
what is real.
-Aristotle rejected
the claim that
knowledge must be
of what is fixed
and unchanging.
-chose to reject the
claim that the
world experienced
through the senses is
what is real.
-Use of his natural senses
were all Aristotle
required in order to learn.
45. INTRO
PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
THALES
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLATO AND ARISTOTLE
PLATO ARISTOTLE
-Idealist -Empericist
-chose to reject the
claim that the
world experienced
through the senses is
what is real.
-Aristotle rejected
the claim that
knowledge must be
of what is fixed
and unchanging.
-chose to reject the
claim that the
world experienced
through the senses is
what is real.
-Use of his natural senses
were all Aristotle
required in order to learn.
50. INTRO
PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
THALES
ABOUT HIM
Thales was born into a privileged family in the
ancient Greek city of Miletus in about the year
624 BC.
He was born in the same era as Aesop, famous
for his fables.
Thales was born into a Greek society
intellectually less advanced than those to its
east and south.
When Thales returned to Miletus he changed
careers, took a big drop in income, and became
Ancient Greece’s first scientist.
He was the first scientist in history.
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ARISTOTLE
THALES
CONTRIBUTION OF THALES
The switch between believing the gods were
responsible for day-to-day events and
believing that if we understood natural
phenomena we could actually explain and
predict events was Thales’ greatest
achievement.
Thales was the man who dumped superstition
in favor of science.
52. INTRO
PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
THALES
CONTRIBUTION OF THALES
Thales sought a rational explanation for earthquakes. He
speculated that our whole planet Earth is a flat disk floating on
an infinite sea of water and that earthquakes come when the
planet is hit by a wave traveling through the water. With the
benefit of modern science we know Thales got it wrong.
53. INTRO
PYTHAGORAS
SOCRATES
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ARISTOTLE
THALES
CONTRIBUTION OF THALES
Everything must be made of the same thing-
ASTRONOMY- Thales built a sphere showing the planets
and stars in their constellations around Earth.
Groundbreaking Mathematics-He established for the first
time that mathematical theorems require proof before they
are accepted as true.
Belief in Gods-Thales did not reject the gods. He believed
the gods were present in everything. As a result of this, all
matter had some aspect of life in it. He thought that by
understanding the fundamental principles of nature, people
would actually get to know and understand their gods
better.
He established the Milesian School, which passed on his
knowledge, most notably to Anaximander and Pythagoras.
