2. !
Opening Prayer
Our Lord God in heaven. Thank you for the new day you've bestowed
upon us. Until this moment, we still have our borrowed life and strength
from you. We worship and praise Your Holy Name.
This moment, we will continue to study and acquire new knowledge. May
you bless your students with witty brain to think fast and an inquiring mind
to be curious on whatever knowledge they will learn today. Most
importantly bless them with Your wisdom and a heart that will follow your
commandments in order for them to become worthy in their studies.
We hope that you heard our prayer.
We ask all of these. In the name of Jesus Christ, our Saviour.
Amen.
8. • The central nervous system (CNS)
is composed of the brain and the
spinal cord.
• The brain consists of about 100
billion neurons that do not
regenerate once destroyed.
• The brain is protected by the
skull, while the spinal cord is
protected by the vertebral
column.
• These two structures are covered
by three layers of membranes
called meninges. The
cerebrospinal fluid bathes the
CNS and cushions it from bumps
and thuds.
9. •Three layers of
membranes known as
meninges protect the
brain and spinal cord.
• The delicate inner layer is
the pia mater.
•The middle layer is the
arachnoid, a web-like
structure filled with fluid
that cushions the brain.
•The tough outer layer is
called the dura mater.
10. THE BRAIN
•The brain is one of the
largest and most complex
organs in the human body.
•It is made up of more than
100 billion nerve cells that
communicate in trillions of
connections called synapses.
It’s wet and wiggly
11. I. Brain Structures
A. The Brainstem
1. Medulla
2. Pons
3. Reticular Formation
B. Thalamus
C. Cerebellum
D. The Limbic System
1. Amygdala
2. Hypothalamus
3. Hippocampus
12. The Brainstem
The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain,
beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the
skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions.
13. Parts of the Brain Stem:
The Medulla is the base of the
brainstem that controls heartbeat
and breathing.
Pons helps with movement and
facial expression.
Reticular Formation is a nerve
network in the brainstem that plays
an important role in controlling the
muscles of facial expression when
associated with emotion.
Pons
14. The Thalamus is the brain’s
sensory switchboard, located
on top of the brainstem. It
directs messages to the
sensory areas in the cortex
and transmits replies to the
cerebellum and medulla.
It receives information for all of
the senses EXCEPT for smell.
15. • The Cerebellum is called the “little brain” and is
attached to the rear of the brainstem. Located in
the back of the brain, your cerebellum is a busy
switching station. It receives messages from most
of the muscles and joints in your body,
communicates with other parts of the brain, and
sends messages about movement and balance back
to your body. It's also very active in learned skills
like riding a bike.
• Your cerebellum coordinates:
• Most muscles
• Learned skills
• Movement and timing
It plays a part in memory, emotion regulation,
timing, emotional modulation and sensory
discrimination.
Cerebellum
16. The Limbic System is a
doughnut-shaped system
of neural structures at the
border of the brainstem
and cerebrum, associated
with emotions such as
fear, aggression and
drives for food and sex.
It includes the
hippocampus, amygdala,
and hypothalamus.
The Limbic System
17. The Hippocampus
processes memories.
The hippocampus
helps to store and
process memories,
then helps to find them
when you want to
remember something.
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
19. Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus lies below
(hypo) the thalamus.
It directs several maintenance
activities like eating, drinking,
body temperature, and control of
emotions.
It helps control the endocrine
system by giving directions to the
pituitary gland.
Pituitary
21. CEREBRAL CORTEX
• The cerebral cortex is the largest part of your
brain. It does a lot of brain work, such as
planning, decisions, and creativity. It's
responsible for thinking and learning as well as
processing the five senses. It covers most of the
rest of the brain like a thinking cap.
• Your cerebral cortex is responsible for:
• Thinking and learning
• Creativity
• The five senses
• Talking and singing
• Problem-solving
• Decisions
22. CEREBRAL CORTEX LOBES
• Scientists divide your cerebral cortex
into four main areas: the frontal lobe,
parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and
occipital lobe. They all work together,
but each of them also does special
things.
• Frontal: thinking and planning; motor
control; speech in Broca’s Area
• Parietal: integrates signals from the
five senses, especially touch
• Temporal: hearing; language in
Wernicke’s Area; aspects of learning
• Occipital: vision (a complex process!)
23. BRAIN HEMISPHERE
• Your brain has a left and right half
that closely resemble each other,
yet may control different
functions.
• The left half of your brain connects
to the right side of your body,
while the right half connects to
your left side.
• The two brain halves are
connected by the corpus callosum.
The most important thing about
them is that they work together.
24. THE SPINAL CORD
• The spinal cord is a large, ropelike
segment of nerve tissue extending
from the medulla oblongata to the
vertebral column.
• It serves as the connector
mechanism for spinal reflexes and
the connecting link between the
peripheral nervous system and the
brain. Through the spinal cord,
sensory and motor information
pass through the brain and the
other parts of the body.
25. THE SPINAL CORD
•Have you heard of
people who are unable
to move their body parts
because of damaged
spinal cords?
•These people have also
lost sensation in the
affected body parts.
26.
27. THE SPINAL CORD
• Usually, spinal cord injuries happen when
the vertebral column suffers from a
trauma or is fractured, which may tear or
press nerve structures that transmit
signals to and from the brain. Immediate
treatment is vital to reduce the long-term
effects of spinal cord damage.
• Patients are given braces or may undergo
surgery to treat the injury. Rehabilitation,
medicines, and assistive devices may be
utilized during the recovery process.
While some injuries allow complete
recovery, others lead to complete
paralysis.
28. THE SPINAL CORD
• Usually, spinal cord injuries happen
when the vertebral column suffers
from a trauma or is fractured, which
may tear or press nerve structures
that transmit signals to and from
the brain. Immediate treatment is
vital to reduce the long-term effects
of spinal cord damage.
• Patients are given braces or may
undergo surgery to treat the injury.
Rehabilitation, medicines, and
assistive devices may be utilized
during the recovery process. While
some injuries allow complete
recovery, others lead to complete
paralysis.
29. !
Closing Prayer
We thank you Lord, for allowing us to end this class successfully.
We thank you for letting us share and interact meaningfully with each other
online.
We may not be together physically but through your blessing, we were able to
learn and advance our knowledge and skills.
Grant that we continue to pursue our education despite the problems that come
our way.
May you allow us to gain more information that we could use to serve other
people.
May you send the Holy Spirit to guide us in sharing this information to the world.
We pray for the safety of the teachers, students, families, and all people in the
world.
We ask all these, in your powerful name.
Amen
