Sociology Chapter 8 Culture based on my Lecture at Maju

1. Culture

2. Culture

3. Culture
‫ثقافت‬
‫دانشمند‬/‫سمجھدار‬
‫ثقف‬

4. Culture
Kultur
‫باڑی‬ ‫کھیتی‬

5. CultureBelief
Art
Moral
Law
Custom
Capabilities
Habit

6. CultureHerskovits: Man made part of environment.
Linton: The Culture is social heredity which is transmitted from one
generation to other with the accumulation of individual experiences.
Beals/ hoijer: The totality of design for living practiced by man at
all pleases and time. Within all the time and space a culture is the made of
activities which differentiates the people of one society from another.

7. CultureLowis: The whole of social tradition, which resembles in sense with
Linton’s attitude on the point. Culture is the continually changing patterns
of learned behavior and the products of learned behavior including
attitude, values, knowledge and material objects.
Nadel: The integrated totality of standardized behavior patters.
Krober: The mass of learned and transmitted motor reaction:
habits, techniques, ideas and values and the behavior the indict.

8. Culture
Characteristics
Culture is Learnt
Culture is Social
Culture is Shared
Culture is Transmissive
Culture is Continuous and cumulative
Culture is consistent and integrated
Culture is dynamic and adaptive
Culture is gratifying
Culture is varies from Society
Culture is Super organic and ideational

9. Culture
Elements
Norms
Values
Beliefs

10. Culture
Types
Real Culture
Ideal Culture
Material Culture
Non Material Culture

11. Culture
Functions
Culture is the Treasury of Knowledge.
Culture Defines Situations.
Culture Decides our Career.
Culture Provides Behavior Pattern.
Culture Moulds Personality.

12. Culture
Organization
Cultural Pattern
Cultural Trait
Cultural Complex
Cultural Area

13. Culture
Concepts
Cultural Universals
Cultural Specialties
Cultural Alternatives

14. Culture
Concepts
Sub-Culture
Sindhi, Punjabi, Balochi, urdu & Pashto or Pakhto
Base of Subculture
Regional, Ethnic, Cast, Urban, Rural, Occupation,

15. Culture
Uniformities1. Family Life
2. Marriage
3. Language
4. Inheritance
5. Housing
6. Clothes and utensils
7. Education
8. Economic System
9. Profession
10. Political System
11. Religious Beliefs
12. Normative order

16. Culture
Variabilities
• Types of Family
• Matriarchal, Patriarchal, Matrilocal, Patrilocal
• Neolocal, Matrilineal and Patrilineal
• Types of Marriage
• Monogamy, Polyandry, Levirate and Sororate
• Custom of Marriage
• Church, Court, Masjid, Mohalla and shadi hall
• Cultural Values
• Religious Attitude
• Different Political System

17. Culture
Variabilities
• Law of Inheritance
• Settlement
• Types of Language
• Style of Dress
• Modes of Cultivation
• System of Education

18. Culture
Variabilities / Similarities
1. The geographical environment of societies differ from one another,
2. The Social need of the societies differ from one another.
3. The capacity of learning differs in all societies.
4. The material available among the societies is different in nature and
extent.
5. The cultural value beliefs, sentiment and attitudes which from core
of the culture vary in all the societies.
6. The techniques of life available to people differ due to different
systems of technology taught in the societies.
7. The Education system and the material included in courses of
teaching differs among all the societies

19. Culture
Ethnocentrism
Every Culture considers
itself superior to other
cultures
‫عصبیت‬

20. Culture
Positive Effects of Ethnocentrism
1. It encourages social solidarity in group and in society by which the
forces of co-operation become stronger.
2. It provides protection to group members by creating sense of
belonging among them those members who are weak, poor,
hopeless and helpless are encouraged by joining hand of
ethnocentrism with them. It means it provides compensation to the
people of low status.
3. It promotes nationalism and patriotism among the members of
society because it stimulates the spirit of belonging to the society
and culture claiming superiority to others.
4. Caste, biradri and consanguine groups develop by ethnocentrism in
which marriage and other social relations are facilitated.

21. Culture
Negative Effects of Ethnocentrism
1. Ethnocentrism creates tight boundaries among various social
groups, The Inter-group relations are hampered due to prejudice
against one another. The prices if social relations among various
groups gets slower.
2. The prejudice create by ethnocentrism creates conflict and tension
among various groups. The social forces of cooperation face
problems in their operation.

22. Culture
Negative Effects of Ethnocentrism
3. Ethnocentrism limits an individual in a small social group to which
he belongs. He remains within the limits of the group and is not
influenced by the general social changes happening around him in
the society. He remain backward in sense by this way and adopts
little changes. Sometimes even he preached against modern social
changes. It means it discourages culture change among the people
4. The prejudice create by ethnocentrism creates conflict and tension
among various groups. The social forces of cooperation face
problems in their operation.