Earth and Beyond Module of Andries Oliviers' Natural Science Grade 8 Textbook. Contains: The atmosphere The phases of the Moon Eclipses

1. Earth and
Beyond
Andries p 43

2. The atmosphere
Andries p 43

3. Composition is
different to
other planets –
that's why we
can survive.
 Thin layer of gases
surrounding Earth.
Stretches
10 000 km
Densit igh
y as He t above Earth's
surface.
80 km = approx. 100% of the
atmosphere
Andries p 43

4. Gas Chemical Percentage
mixture formula of the
atmosphere
The last 1%:
Nitrogen N2 78%
CO 2
SO2
Oxygen O2 Needed 21%
for
Hydrogen
breathing
Water
Argon Ar inert 0.9%
Methane
etc.
Andries p 43

5. Source of O2
Protects us
against UV rays
Functions
Keep – ozone absorbs
temperatures the rays
steady between

 
and
Andries p 43

6. func Life as we know it –
tion water vapour
Gases for photosynthesis and
respiration
Protective
Shield – filters UV and allow
infrared for heat, prevents
meteors
Blanket – regulates temperature
Andries p 43

7. Greengases CO H O 2
Also absorbs
2
Circulates heat
heat
energy around
Cause heat  Forms
through
Green effect precipitation
Cause heat
through
Green effect
Both contribute to the Green effect
Andries p 43

8. Greeneffect
Andries p 44

9. and
 warming
Greeneffect
 = High % of GHG in the
CO 
atmosphere over a long period
Fuel
2 consumption
Deforestation increase
 depends
on % of GHG
Andries p 45

10. and
 warming
Greeneffect
Soil
vapour

 increase from 16 to 21 decrease
Increase Drought
in
evaporation
Floods DO Desertification
More  ½m+
 Millions of
people =
Sea
levels
Andries p 45
homeless increase

11. and
 warming
Greeneffect Reforestation
Don't clear the ground
Renewable for  &c
energy

Efficient
energy use
Andries p 45

12. Climate
State of sunshine,
temperature, wind and rain
at a specific time.
Andries p 45 Weather

13. Climate
Normal weather conditions
for an area.
Andries p 45 Climate

14.  

Climate
Air pressure
Determine weather and
climate conditions
Andries p 45

15. Climatezones
Andries p 45
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16. Andries p 45
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17. Andries p 45
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18. Andries p 45
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19. Planet earth
And space
Andries p 50

20. A
source
of
Andries p 50

21. Andries p 50

22. Everything else
@/ in our s.s.
*
Providing
orbits
around it.
The center
of our solar system
Andries p 50

23. Andries p 50

24. Andries p 50
8
Pluto is NOT a planet.

25. Pluto
Andries p 50

26. Mercury
Kept in fixed orbits – gravitational
pull of the sun. Venus
Earth
Different sizes.
Mars
Jupiter
planets
Do not emit
/ – reflect Saturn
sun's rays.
Uranus
Andries p 50
Neptune

27. Fixed orbit
around each planet.
Satellites
Fixed time
to complete an orbit.
Also called a moon
Andries p 50

28. Andries p 50

29. Movement of the
Andries p 51


30. Day and night
Andries p 51

31. Many faces of the
moon
Andries p 51

32. Because the moon
moves around the
earth, the shape of
what we can see
changes
Andries p 51

33. Andries p 51

34. Decreasing sickle moon
4
1 3
2
Andries p 52

35. Eclipse of the
moon
Andries p 52

36. Umbra
(the earth's
shadow)

Andries p 53

37. Eclipse of
the sun
Andries p 53

38. Umbra
(the moon's
shadow)
400x
further
400x
smaller
Penumbra

(partial shade)
Andries p 53

39. Andries p 53

40. Space
η
observation
with
Andries p 53

41. η
refractor Consist of
two
lenses on
each end
Andries p 53
of a tube.

42. η Light is
collected and
mirror
focused onto a
mirror close to
Andries p 53
the eye pieces

43. η
SALT A E
O F
A L
U R R E
S
I
T C G C
O
A
H N
E P
Andries p 53
E

44. η
SALT A E
O F
A L
U R R E
S
I
T C G C
O
A
H N
E P
Andries p 53
E

45. η
SALT
Found in Sutherland
(N.C.), because of
the very little air and
Andries p 53
light pollution.

46. Textbook: Andries Olivier, Grade 8 workbook, 2012
Images: attempt has been made to acknowledge all
sources, if an image's source could not be found, it was
acknowledged as such.
Slide 1 – cairoo software
Slide 2 – Google plus
Slide 8 – source unknown
Slide 9 a – sciencephotolibrary
Slide 9 b – sciencelives.com
Slide 15 – CAIROO software
Slide 16 – CAIROO software
Slide 17 – cairoo software
Slide 18 – CAIROO software
Slide 19 – tumblr

47. Slide 20 – worldofteaching.com
Slide 21 – Lily Kotze
Slide 23 – worldofteaching.com
Slide 25 – shirt.woot!
Slide 28 – Lily Kotze
Slide 30 – unknown source
Slide 31 – worldofteaching.com
Slide 33 – worldofteaching.com
Slide 34 – worldofteaching.com
Slide 39 – Lily Kotze