China’s Iron and Steel Industry Faces Harsh Winter: A Look at the Current Situation and Future

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SPEEDA Research Institute provides insights and independent analysis given by
our in-house analysts. This report will focus on the Chinese iron and steel
industry and its perspective.
China the Global Leader in Crude Steel
Production
According to the World Steel Association, the global output of crude steel was
1.662 billion tonnes in 2014, up 1.2% YoY. By region, China ranked top amongst
all nations, growing 0.9% YoY to 820 million tonnes that year. It was followed by
Japan at 110 million tonnes, and the USA, India, and South Korea in descending
order.
Crude Steel Output Rank (FY2014)
Rank Country/Region Continent
Crude Steel Output
(100 million tonnes)
1 China Asia 8.2
2 Japan Asia 1.1
3 USA The Americas 0.9
4 India Asia 0.9
5 South Korea Asia 0.7
6 Russia Europe 0.7
7 Germany Europe 0.4
8 Turkey Europe 0.3
9 Brazil The Americas 0.3
10 Ukraine Europe 0.3
Source: World Steel Association

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Crude Steel Output by Region (1.7 billion tonnes; FY2014)
Percentage
China 50%
Others 20%
Japan 7%
USA 5%
India 5%
South Korea 4%
Russia 4%
Germany 3%
Brazil 2%
China’s per Capita Consumption Equal to Japan’s
Looking at the regional crude steel apparent consumption (production + import -
export) per capita, China stood at 510 kg per person in 2014, recording a CAGR
of approximately 7% over the period of 2007–2014. This figure surpassed that of
the USA and Germany, which are major industrial countries. South Korea was
the champion, with the apparent consumption per capita standing at 1,118 kg.
This is mainly attributable to the fact that South Korea has the highest per capita
automobile production volume in the world, which is reported to be 0.09 units
as per various disclosed materials, outperforming China (0.02 units) and the USA
(0.03 units) significantly.

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Overcapacity Hanging Over China
The iron and steel industry forms the basis of economic development. China’s
iron and steel industry, however, has fallen into overcapacity after rapid
expansion. The degree of overcapacity can be measured by the equipment
utilisation rate.
Looking at the standards in Europe and North America, 79–83% is considered a
reasonable range in terms of equipment utilisation rate; when the figure comes
under 75%, it indicates overcapacity in this industry.
According to data released by the Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information
Technology (MIIT), during 2007–2011 the equipment utilisation rate maintained
a reasonable level of about 80% (79–81%). However, this figure has dropped
significantly since 2012, and the overcapacity issue is evolving.
During 2012–2014, China’s production capacity was recorded at 1.00 billion
tonnes, 1.04 billion tonnes, and 1.25 billion tonnes each year, but the actual
output of crude steel was 720 million tonnes, 780 million tonnes, and 820 million
tonnes, respectively. As a result, the equipment utilisation rate dropped to 72%,
75%, and 66%, respectively; indicating that the overcapacity issue has become
increasingly serious.
Source: MIIT

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Steel Price Declining Continuously
The steel price has also declined substantially in China from 2012 onwards.
According to the China Iron and Steel Association, the composite price index of
iron and steel materials was 2,558 points in August 2015 (January 1994 = 100),
which is the lowest figure since 2006 and a 62% decrease compared to the
highest point in July 2008 (6,805.61 points).
Likewise, the prices of all kinds of iron and steel products have been on a
downtrend. The annual average settlement price of steel materials declined 31%
from CNY 4,468 per tonne in 2011 to CNY 3,047 per tonne in 2014. This also
contributed to the sluggish growth of the Chinese iron and steel industry.
Source: CEInet

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Source: China Iron and Steel Association
China: A Major Producer of Iron and Steel, Facing
Technological Barriers
Although China is the global leader in terms of crude steel output, its industry
technology remains at a medium to low level. Currently, high value-added
products account for less than half of the majority of Chinese iron and steel
manufacturers’ output. The quality of high-end products such as high-intensity
steel strips (mid-to-thick), extra-thick steel plates, and zinc-plated steel plates for
automotive use produced in China is far behind those produced in Japan and
Germany.
Overseas, the share of special steel accounts for 10% of the total industry, while
that in China hovers at 5%. Moreover, mid-to-low-level special steel products
such as Q345C steel plates and alloy steel are predominant, taking up a roughly
80% share of the total industry product breakdown.
Looking at the trade situation, China’s steel import volume was 12.42 million
tonnes in 1998, exceeding export volume (3.59 million tonnes) to a large extent.
Exports first surpassed imports in 2006. In 2014, the total volume of exports
amounted to 93.78 million tonnes, which was about seven times that of imports
(14.43 million tonnes).

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On the other hand, the unit price of imports and exports shows that the majority
of the Chinese steel industry is comprised of low value-added products, while
high value-added products are mostly imported. In 1998 the import unit price
was USD 506.23 per tonne, and the export unit price was USD 471.10 per tonne.
In 2014, the import unit price was USD 1,241 per tonne, and the export unit
price was USD 755 per tonne.
South Korea is the largest export destination of Chinese steel products,
accounting for 13.8% of total exports, with 12.97 million tonnes of products
imported from China. Among the top ten importing countries and regions,
Southeast Asian countries take up seven places. This is attributable to the
region’s expanding infrastructure construction, and a subsequent increase in the
need for iron and steel products.
However, faced with increasing imports from China, iron and steel
manufacturers in these countries are now taking active measures to defend their
own shares within the local market.
In December 2014, Hyundai Steel (KOR) and Dongkuk Steel Group (KOR) filed an
anti-dumping lawsuit against Chinese steel exports. It is highly likely that the
steel exports from China to South Korea will be levied with an anti-dumping tax
at a rate of 18–33% in the future. Similar trends can be observed in India, the
USA, and some European countries as well.
Source: CEInet

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The construction industry, among other downstream sectors, has the largest
demand for steel materials, reporting a total amount of 420 million tonnes in
2014. The machinery manufacturing industry follows, with demand amounting
to 150 million tonnes in 2014. The automobile industry ranks third, consuming
51.64 million tonnes of steel materials in the same year. Each of these industries
accounted for 56.5%, 19.7%, and 7.0%, respectively, in the total demand
breakdown. Compared to the global average in 2014, construction and
machinery manufacturing contributed higher shares in terms of steel demand,
while automobile had a lower share.
Source: by UZABASE based on disclosed materials by World Steel Association and other institutions

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Low Market Concentration in China’s Iron and
Steel Industry
According to data released by China Iron and Steel Association, the number of
companies involved in the industry amounted to 11,031 in 2012; of them,
10,608 were SMEs, accounting for 96% of the total. The CR4 ratio (four-firm
concentration ration) was 22% in 2012, lower than that of Japan (74%) and the
USA (53%) that year.
In addition, the CR10 ratio in 2014 was 36%, while the CR3 ratios of South Korea
and Brazil were 90% and 89% respectively. Other major iron and steel
manufacturing countries such as Japan, Russia, India, and the USA had CR3 ratios
of 83%, 83%, 67%, and 60%, respectively.
So far, growth of overall capacity in the Chinese iron and steel industry has
stemmed from an increase in the number of manufacturers, since the industry
structure— where SMEs form the majority— has hindered it from taking
advantage of a scale economy. Additionally, the slowdown of the Chinese
economy will push the industry into a harder situation.
Source: chinacir.com.cn

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Top Four Firms of Steel Industry in Leading Countries (2014)
China Top Four Steel Manufacturers Crude Steel Output (million tonnes)
1 Hebei Iron & Steel 47
2 BaoSteel Group 43
3 Jiangsu Shagang Group 35
4 Angang Steel 34
Japan Top Four Steel Manufacturers Crude Steel Output (million tonnes)
1 Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal 49
2 JFE Steel 31
3 Kobe Steel 8
4 Nisshin Steel 4
USA Top Four Steel Manufacturers Crude Steel Output (million tonnes)
1 United States Steel 20
2 Steel Dynamics 6
3 AK Steel 6
4 Commercial Metals Company *3
Note: * data from 2013.
Chinese Steel Manufacturers Facing Issues of
Profitability and Scale
According to the World Steel Association, ArcelorMittal (LUX) was the leading
manufacturer in terms of crude steel output in 2014, reaching 98.08 million
tonnes. The company’s output was larger than the combined total of runners-up
Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal (JPN; 49.03 million tonnes) and Hebei Iron &
Steel (CHN; 47.09 million tonnes).
Looking at the breakdown of the top ten manufacturers, Chinese firms took up
six places, but only three of them had a positive net profit margin. On the other
hand, three non-Chinese companies made profit, and Nippon Steel & Sumitomo
Metal recorded a net profit margin of 3.8%.

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Source: by UZABASE based on disclosed materials by World Steel Association and other institutions
Note: Figures in the bubble refer to the crude steel output (10,000 tonnes).
Looking at the ranking of crude steel output over the same period, the average
output of the top 50 firms was 19.68 million tonnes in 2014, lower than the
average of those ranked below 16th.
For example, CITIC Special Steel Group (CHN), ranking 50th, recorded an output
of 7.93 million tonnes, lower than the average of 11.75 million tonnes. In
addition, of those ranked between 51st and 100th, 35 companies had a capacity
lower than 5 million tonnes per annum, 22 of which were Chinese.
The combined total output of these 22 companies was 76.48 million tonnes, not
even exceeding the aggregate of the third-ranked Hebei Iron & Steel Group and
the fourth-ranked BaoSteel Group. This again demonstrates the low market
concentration in the Chinese iron and steel industry.
Moreover, the total revenue of iron and steel manufacturers above the
designated size has kept declining, recording a 15% YoY decrease to CNY 805.6
billion as of end-2014. The accumulative revenue by September 2015 was on a
continuous downtrend, dropping by 22% YoY to CNY 493.0 billion. In terms of
profit, loss has been reported since August 2015, and the accumulative loss in
September reached CNY 3.8 billion.

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Source: CEInet
Note: Companies above designated size refer to those make an annual revenue more than CNY 20 million.
China’s Iron and Steel Industry: What’s to Come
and Where to Go
 Mergers and Acquisitions and Industry Reorganisation
As mentioned above, the Chinese iron and steel industry has low market
concentration, which hampers the industry from taking advantage of a scale
economy. In addition, the slowdown of the Chinese economy will also affect the
demand for iron and steel. Therefore, industry players will likely face a harsher
environment in the future.
As per data from China Iron and Steel Association, in 1H 2015 the aggregate
profit of the top ten profit-making companies was CNY 16.5 billion, up by 113%
YoY. In contrast, the aggregate loss of the top ten loss-making companies was
CNY 13.9 billion, up by 152% YoY. This indicates a polarised course of
development in terms of profitability in this industry.

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Against such a background, it can be said that the industry is right at the
threshold of mergers and acquisitions and industry reorganisation. Seven big
M&A deals took place in this industry in 2014. While private players have been
actively carrying out M&As, state-run companies are lingering about.
Additionally, the M&A activities are region-specific.
Entering 2015, the Chinese government made plans regarding industry
reorganisation to support the industry development. In March, the MIIT issued
the Solicitation of Public Opinion on Policies Concerning Steel Industry
Adjustment (Revised in 2015) and demanded the industry to accelerate in
mergers, acquisitions and reorganisation.
The policy also set goals on the CR10 ratio, aiming to boost the figure to 60% by
2025 and encouraging the formation of steel conglomerates that comprise three
to five firms with global competitiveness and influence.
The MIIT is also stipulating the Industry Transforming Plan (2015–2017) for the
iron and steel industry, which will be the guideline for the industry’s future
development. Going forward, it can be expected that state-owned companies
will undergo progressive M&As as well.

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 Entering Overseas Markets
In 2014, Beijing has been promoting the strategy of “One Belt One Road”, which
aims at expanding the scope of infrastructure companies by pushing them to
overseas markets. It can be anticipated that iron and steel manufacturers will
also leverage this opportunity to counteract domestic overcapacity to a certain
extent.
As per data from the Customs of the PRC, by 1Q 2015, India and Pakistan of
South Asia have increased their steel material imports by 207% and 124% YoY
respectively; Turkey, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Iran have also reported a
growth rate of 200%, 137%, 110%, and 97%, respectively. Vietnam, Indonesia,
the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, and Myanmar of Southeast Asia have each
recorded a YoY growth in imports of 134%, 114%, 47%, 79%, 78%, and 77%.
Furthermore, with demand overseas increasing, Chinese steel manufacturers are
setting up branches abroad as well. On 27 March 2015, Metallurgical
Corporation of China (MCC Group, CHN) and Magang Group (CHN) joined a
memorandum with Ferrum (CHE) regarding establishing a joint venture for steel
production with an annual capacity of one million tonnes in Kazakhstan. Jiuquan
Iron & Steel Group (CHN) has also expressed its intention of building a
production plant in Kazakhstan.
 Summary
The Chinese iron and steel industry, despite ranking top in crude steel output, is
facing serious issues. While exports keep growing, the industry’s low
technological level will gradually diminish its competitiveness. Furthermore, low
market concentration hinders the industry from making use of scale economies
for higher profits. Finally, with the slowdown in the country’s economy, the
industry faces grim prospects ahead.
Among the top ten crude steel manufacturers in 2014, six of them were Chinese
companies, with half of these reporting losses. In the future, reorganisations and
M&As, together with entry into overseas markets, should be put into action in
an effort to lead the industry back to a favourable trend.

China’s Iron and Steel Industry Faces Harsh Winter: A Look at the Current Situation and Future

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China’s Iron and Steel Industry Faces Harsh Winter: A Look at the Current Situation and Future