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[ACM-ICPC] Top-down & Bottom-up
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Theories in reading instruction TOP-DOWN READING MODEL Emphasizes what the reader brings to the text Says reading is driven by meaning Proceeds from whole to part Views from some researchers 1. Frank Smith – Reading is not decoding written language to spoken language 2. reading is a matter of bringing meaning to print FEATURES OF TOP-DOWN APPROACH Readers can comprehend a selection even though they do not recognize each word. Readers should use meaning and grammatical cues to identify unrecognized words. Reading for meaning is the primary objective of reading, rather than mastery of letters, letters/sound relationships and words. FEATURES OF TOP-DOWN APPROACH Reading requires the use of meaning activities than the mastery of series of word- recognition skills. The primary focus of instruction should be the reading of sentences, paragraphs, and whole selections The most important aspect about reading is the amount and kind of information gained through reading. BOTTOM UP Emphasizes a single direction Emphasizes the written or printed texts Part to whole model Reading is driven by a process that results in meaning PROPONENTS OF THE BOTTOM UP Flesch 1955 Gough 1985 FEATURES OF BOTTOM-UP Believes the reader needs to: Identify letter features Link these features to recognize letters Combine letter to recognize spelling patterns Link spelling patterns to recognize words Proceed to sentence, paragraph, and text- level processing INTERACTIVE READING MODEL It recognizes the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes simultaneously throughout the reading process. Reading as an active process that depends on reader characteristics, the text, and the reading situation (Rumelhart, 1985) Attempts to combine the valid insights of bottom-up and top-down models. PROPONENTS OF THE INTERACTIVE READING MODEL Rumelhart, D. 1985 Barr, Sadow, and Blachowicz 1990 Ruddell and Speaker 1985
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Understanding the top down and bottom up of executive and sensory functioning
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1.🎉“黑客”如何修改成绩?🤔🎉 在这个信息爆炸的时代,我们经常会看到各种作弊手段。但是你知道吗?有一种作弊方式可能比你想象中更巧妙:它就是——黑客![单...
1.🎉“黑客”如何修改成绩?🤔🎉 在这个信息爆炸的时代,我们经常会看到各种作弊手段。但是你知道吗?有一种作弊方式可能比你想象中更巧妙:它就是——黑客![单...
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taibif_開放資料流程-清理資料01-通則_20240509_20240509.pdf
[ACM-ICPC] Top-down & Bottom-up
1.
Top-down & Bottom-up
郭至軒(KuoE0) KuoE0.tw@gmail.com KuoE0.ch
2.
Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
(CC BY-SA 3.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Latest update: Feb 27, 2013
3.
Top-down 將大問題化為小問題,再回溯求解。
4.
Top-down 將大問題化為小問題,再回溯求解。
5.
Top-down 將大問題化為小問題,再回溯求解。
6.
Bottom-up 由已知解決小問題,逐步推移至大問題。
7.
Bottom-up 由已知解決小問題,逐步推移至大問題。
8.
Recursion 利用同樣的方法不斷的細分問題或
近答案。 易有太極,是生兩儀。兩儀生四象,四象生八卦。《易傳》
9.
Fibonacci Sequence fib(5)
10.
Fibonacci Sequence fib(5) fib(4)
fib(3)
11.
Fibonacci Sequence fib(5) fib(4)
fib(3) fib(3) fib(2)
12.
Fibonacci Sequence fib(5) fib(4)
fib(3) fib(3) fib(2) fib(2) fib(1)
13.
Fibonacci Sequence fib(5) fib(4)
fib(3) fib(3) fib(2) fib(2) fib(1) fib(1) fib(0)
14.
Fibonacci Sequence fib(5) fib(4)
fib(3) fib(3) fib(2) fib(2) 1 fib(1) fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0
15.
Fibonacci Sequence fib(5) fib(4)
fib(3) fib(3) 2 fib(2) fib(2) 1 fib(1) 1 fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0
16.
Fibonacci Sequence fib(5) fib(4)
fib(3) fib(3) 2 fib(2) fib(2) 1 fib(1) 1 fib(1) fib(0) fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0
17.
Fibonacci Sequence fib(5) fib(4) 3
fib(3) fib(3) 2 fib(2) 1 fib(2) 1 fib(1) 1 fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0 fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0
18.
Fibonacci Sequence fib(5) fib(4) 3
fib(3) fib(3) 2 fib(2) 1 fib(2) fib(1) fib(2) 1 fib(1) 1 fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0 fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0
19.
Fibonacci Sequence fib(5) fib(4) 3
fib(3) fib(3) 2 fib(2) 1 fib(2) fib(1) fib(2) 1 fib(1) 1 fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0 fib(1) fib(0) fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0
20.
Fibonacci Sequence fib(5) fib(4) 3
fib(3) fib(3) 2 fib(2) 1 fib(2) 1 fib(1) fib(2) 1 fib(1) 1 fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0 fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0 fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0
21.
Fibonacci Sequence fib(5) 5 fib(4)
3 fib(3) 2 fib(3) 2 fib(2) 1 fib(2) 1 fib(1) 1 fib(2) 1 fib(1) 1 fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0 fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0 fib(1) 1 fib(0) 0
22.
int fib( int
x ) { if ( x <= 0 ) return 0; if ( x == 1 ) return 1; return fib( x - 1 ) + fib( x - 2 ); } int main() { int ret = fib( 10 ); return 0; }
23.
Iteration 不斷的利用已知,持續的求出結果以
近答案。 道生一,一生二,二生三,三生萬物。《老子》
24.
Fibonacci Sequence
0 1
25.
Fibonacci Sequence
0 1 1
26.
Fibonacci Sequence
0 1 1 2
27.
Fibonacci Sequence
0 1 3 1 2
28.
Fibonacci Sequence
0 1 3 1 2 5
29.
int main() {
int f0 = 0, f1 = 1, f2; for ( int i = 0; i < 10; ++i ) { f2 = f0 + f1; f0 = f1, f1 = f2; } return 0; }
30.
遞迴只應天上有,凡人應當用迴圈。
31.
Practice Now POJ
1664 - 放苹果
32.
reference • http://www.csie.ntnu.edu.tw/~u91029/
IterativeRecursive.html
33.
Thank You for
Your Listening.
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